SDMA (Space-Division Multiple Access or Spatial Division Multiple Access):

It is a MIMO(Mutiple-Input and Multiple-Output, a multiple antenna schematic architecture)based wireless communication network architecture, primarily suitable for mobile ad-hoc networks, which enables access to a communication channel by identifying the user location and etablishing a one-to-one mapping between the network bandwidth division and the identified spatial location. SDMA architecture can be configured and deployed for most of the well-known mobile communication architectures such as CDMA (Code division Multiple Access), TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) and FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access). In a mobile cellular communication network, the SDMA leverages the spatial location of mobile terminals, equipments and devices within that cell, thereby enhancing the efficiency in network bandwith utilization. Unlike traditional mobile cellular network systems, where the base station is tied up, radiating radio signals in all directions within the cell, with no knowledge of the location of mobile devices, SDMA architecture enables the channeling of radio signals based on the mobile devices' locations. In this way, SDMA architecture not only protects the quality of radio signals, safeguarding against interference causing noise and signal degradation coming from adjacent cells, but also saves on redundant signal transmission in areas where mobile devices are not currently active or

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Common-channel signaling In telephony, common-channel signaling (CCS),in the US also common-channel interoffice signaling (CCIS),is the transmissionof signaling information (control information) on a separate channel from the data, and, more specifically, where that signaling channel controls multiple data channels. For example, in the public switched telephone network (PSTN) one channel of a communications link is typically used for the sole purpose of carrying signaling for establishment and tear down of telephone calls. The remaining channels are used entirely for the transmission of voice data. In most cases, a single 64kbit/s channel is sufficient to handle the call setup and call clear-down traffic for numerous voice and data channels The logical alternative to CCS is channel-associated signaling (CAS), in which each bearer channel has a signaling channel dedicated to it. CCS offers the following advantages over CAS, in the context of the PSTN:

Faster call set-up time Greater trunking efficiency due to the quicker set up and clear down, thereby reducing traffic on the network

Can transfer additional information along with the signaling traffic, providing features such as caller ID

Signaling can be performed mid-call

The most common CCS signaling methods in use today are Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) and Signalling System No. 7(SS7). ISDN signaling is used primarily on trunks connecting end-user private branch exchange (PBX) systems to a central office. SS7 is primarily used within the PSTN. The two signaling methods are very similar since they share a common heritage and in some cases, the same signaling messages are transmitted in both ISDN and SS7.