Name: ___________________

MET School: Grade 9 Science

Unit 2: Atoms and Elements

Name: ______________________________ Teacher: Don Claudio

1|Page

Name: ___________________ Unit Record Sheet

Assignment #

Assignment Date

Title of assignment/test, page numbers, question numbers, etc.

Assignment due date

#1- Safety Quiz #1

October 18 October 23

Household materials and WHIMIS labels WHIMIS Quiz

October 23rd October 23rd

#2 History October 23 of Chemistry #3 Getting October 23 to Know the Elements #4 Bohr October 23 Model #5 Atomica Quiz #2 #6 Reactivity #7 Chemical Formula and Physical Change UNIT TEST October 28 October 30th October 30th October 30th History, Elements, Atoms, Periodic Table, Bohr Model

October 25th

October 25th

October 25th November 1st October 30th November 4th November 4th

November 4

November 4

2|Page

Name: ___________________

Unit Outline
Introduction to Atoms and Elements In this unit, you will Become familiar with the basic constituents of matter by learning about the historical development of the atomic model and the periodic table. 2. Investigate the properties of elements and compounds. 3. Become familiar with chemical symbols and families. 4. Become familiar with natural phenomena and everyday technologies that demonstrate chemical change.
1.

Section 1
o o

Safety Procedures Safety Information

Section 2
o o o o o o o o

Science in Ancient Times Early Atomic Theories Bohrs Atomic Model A History of the Elements Modern Atomic Theory Drawing Bohr Atoms Mendeleevs Periodic Table Modern Periodic Table

Section 3
o o o o o o o o

Metals, Non-metals and Metalloids Reactivity and Stability of Chemical Families What is a Compound? Chemical Formulas Properties of Substances Physical and Chemical Changes Indicators of Physical and Chemical Changes Chemical Changes In Everyday Life

3|Page

Name: ___________________ Unit Vocabulary It is important to understand the meaning of words used in this unit so that you are better able to understand the concepts that will be taught. Use the words below and your textbook to create flashcards. You must use all 15 words so you must have 15 flashcards in total. On each flashcard, you need to include the word, its definition and a picture. The picture must be coloured!

Element Atom Proton Electron Neutron Atomic number Atomic mass Period Family Conductivity Lustre Compound Molecule Physical change Chemical change

4|Page

Name: ___________________ Section 1: Safety Procedures and Information Follow the guidelines and general safety rules listed below when in the lab. Students must

report to your teacher all accidents and hazards (no matter how minor) learn the location of safety goggles, protective aprons, heat- resistant gloves, fire extinguisher, and fire blankets inform the teacher of any allergies, medical condition, or other physical problems obtain the teacher's approval before carrying out an experiment clear the laboratory bench of all material except those being used in the activity wear protective clothing (a lab apron or a coat) and closed shoes during activities involving equipment or materials (long hair must be tied back). wear safety goggles when using hazardous materials and when heating materials avoid tasting or touching any material, unless instructed to do so do not chew gum, eat, or drink in the laboratory double-check the label when taking something from a bottle or container do not pour liquids while holding the containers close to the face clean up any spilled water and chemicals do not return unused chemicals to original containers and do not pour them down the drain unless instructed to do so use flames only when instructed to do so wear safety goggles and use hand protection if required when heating materials use a test tube holder when heating a test tube over a flame apply water immediately if suffering from a burn make sure your hands are dry when handling electrical cords and plugs make sure electrical cords are not placed where anyone can trip over them always cut away from the body when using a scalpel place broken or waste glass only in special containers 5|Page

Name: ___________________

Clean all equipment before putting it away wash hands thoroughly using soap and warm water after all lab activities do not take any equipment, materials, chemicals, or biological specimens out of the laboratory

WHMIS WHMIS (Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System) is a system of symbols and warnings for household products and other materials. WHMIS legislation requires all hazardous materials must be labelled properly and include a Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS). WHMIS Hazard Symbols
Name Symbol

Class A: Compressed gas

Class B: Flammable and combustible material

Class C: Oxidizing material

Class D: Poisonous and Infectious Material 1. Material causing immediate and serious toxic effects

2. Material causing other toxic effects

3. Biohazardous infectious material

6|Page

Name: ___________________

Class E: Corrosive material

Class F: Dangerously reactive material

Hazardous Household Product Symbols It is important to identify the warning symbols that are placed on household products. You should be able to identify and understand each of the labels shown below. The warning symbols on household products indicate exactly why a product is dangerous.

These four symbols may appear in the following shapes - depending on the severity of the hazard. (danger is most severe, caution is least severe.)

7|Page

Name: ___________________

Assignment #1: Safety Poster /20 marks

In groups of 3-4, create a one page poster for a household cleaning product. You will pick the product that is found in the class.

Your poster should include: Picture of the cleaning product Name of the cleaning product Hazardous symbols on the bottle/container and what they stand for Your poster must be coloured BE CREATIVE!!!

Product: _________________________________

8|Page

Name: ___________________ Rubric

3 CATEGORY 4 Requirements The poster includes all All required elements

required elements as well as additional information. are included on the poster.

2
All but 1 of the required elements are included on the poster.

1
Several required elements were missing. The poster is distractingly messy or very poorly designed. It is not attractive.

Attractiveness

The poster is The poster is attractive The poster is acceptably exceptionally attractive in terms of design, attractive though it may be in terms of design, layout and neatness. a bit messy. layout, and neatness.

Title

Title can be read from Title can be read from 6 Title can be read from 4 ft. The title is too 6 ft. away and is quite ft. away and describes away and describes the small and/or does creative. content well. content well. not describe the content of the poster well. Capitalization and There is 1 error in punctuation are correct capitalization or throughout the poster. punctuation. Used time well during each class period. Focused on getting the project done. Never distracted others. Used time well during each class period. Usually focused on getting the project done and never distracted others. There are 2 errors in capitalization or punctuation. Used some of the time well during each class period. There was some focus on getting the project done but occasionally distracted others. There are more than 2 errors in capitalization or punctuation. Did not use class time to focus on the project OR often distracted others.

Mechanics

Use of Class Time

Your Score: _____________ Teachers Score: _______________

Average Score: _______________

9|Page

Name: ___________________ Section 2: Science in Ancient Times Science in Europe originated with the Greek philosophers. The ancient Greek philosophers wondered why matter behaves as it does but did almost no experimentation because they did not have the tools to do so. Two philosophers developed opposite viewpoints about matter: Empedocles, 450 BC, proposed that matter was composed of four elements: Earth, Water, Air, Fire Democritus, 400 BC, suggested matter was made of tiny particles that could not be broken down further. He called these particles "atomos", which means indivisible.

Aristotle, 350 BC, was a highly respected philosopher. After the death of Democritus, Aristotle rejected the atomic model and adopted Empedocles' "four elements" model. This model influenced and dominated scientific thinking for almost 2000 years. Middle Ages (500 - 1600 AD)

The alchemists were the first people to perform hands-on experiments. Alchemists believed that: a. Some elements could be changed into others. b. They could find a substance that would give them eternal life. c. They could produce a universal solvent that would dissolve all substances.

Industrial Revolution

13 elements were known to exist by 1600: antimony, arsenic, bismuth, carbon, copper, gold, iron, mercury, lead, silver, sulphur, tin, and zinc. Antoine de Lavoisier (late 1700s) defined element as a pure substance that cannot be chemically broken down into simpler substances. He discovered and identified 23 elements. He recognized mixtures exist and identified air as a mixture of oxygen and some other gas.

10 | P a g e

Name: ___________________ Early Atomic Theories Daltons Model of the Atom Lavoisier demonstrated the difference between elements and non-elements. Newton stated his understanding of the structure of matter, while Dalton added his understanding of the structure of the atom. As a result of his experiments, Dalton developed a theory in 1808 about the structure of matter that is called the atomic theory:

all matter is made of atoms (particles too small to see) each element has its own kind of atom (atoms of the same element have the same mass; atoms of different elements have different masses) compounds are created when atoms of different elements combine atoms cannot be created or destroyed

Thompsons Model of the Atom Thompson contributed to the atomic model by hypothesizing that:

Atoms contain particles called electrons Electrons have a small mass and a negative charge The rest of the atom is a sphere of positive charge Electrons are embedded in the sphere, making the atoms neutral (no charge)

Thomson discovered that atoms have charges inside them. He hypothesized that there are equal numbers of positive and negative particles spread throughout the atom, similar to plums in a pudding. He called the negatively charged particles electrons. Rutherfords Model of the Atom Rutherford contributed to the atomic model by hypothesizing:

The nucleus is a very small, dense, positively charged core of the atom All of the atoms positively charged particles, called protons, are located in the nucleus of the atom.

11 | P a g e

Name: ___________________ Bohrs Atomic Model Bohr's model of the atom proposed that electrons occupy special positions around the nucleus called orbits or shells. He suggested that electrons move in these orbits in much the same way that planets travel around the Sun. An electron will occupy the orbit closest to the nucleus first. The first orbit can contain a maximum of 2 electrons. All other orbits allow a maximum of 8 electrons. Example: Hydrogen Has one proton in the nucleus and one electron. It resembles a solar system with one planet (electron) travelling around the Sun (nucleus). Example: Helium Has two electrons. The inner orbit cannot hold more than two electrons, so helium's inner orbit is considered full. Example: Lithium Has three electrons. The first two electrons occupy the inner orbit and the third occupies the second orbit.

Quantum theory The Quantum model of the atom proposed the following:

Electrons do not move around the atom's nucleus in a definite path like planets around the Sun. The probable location of an electron is based on its energy. Electrons move randomly in electron clouds called orbitals.

The Atomic Nucleus Protons have a positive charge and are located in the nucleus. o The number of protons in an atom is its atomic number. Electrons have a negative charge and are located in orbitals around the nucleus o There are equal numbers of protons as electrons in an atom. Neutrons have no charge and are located in the nucleus of the atom.

12 | P a g e

Name: ___________________ Assignment #2: History of Atoms Use your notes to answer the following questions. These are due before the next class. 1. State the four main points of Dalton's atomic theory.

2. Describe how Thomson's plum pudding model added to an understanding of the structure of the atom.

3. Describe the atom's structure according to Rutherford's hypothesis.

4. In Bohrs atomic model, how many electrons are able to occupy: a. the first orbit? b. the second orbit? c. the third orbit?

Draw a Bohr model of the atom carbon which has six electrons.

Describe how the Bohr model advanced understanding of the structure of the atom.

13 | P a g e

Name: ___________________ A History of the Elements: Once early scientists began discovering the existence of a few elements, many more elements were discovered. Element: a pure substance that consists of only one kind of atom. New techniques for isolating elements were used with great success. All these new elements needed names and symbols and are organized in to the Periodic Table. Table of Elements and Symbols Element Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Symbol H He Li Be B C N O Element Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium Aluminum Silicon Phosphorus Sulphur Symbol F Ne Na* Mg Al Si P S Element Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Iron Nickel Copper Zinc Symbol Element Symbol Cl Ar K* Ca Fe* Ni Cu* Zn Silver Tin Iodine Tungsten Gold Mercury Lead Uranium Ag* Sn* I W* Au* Hg* Pb* U

* Elements with an asterisk do not obey the rules for determining symbols from element names.

14 | P a g e

Name: ___________________ Practice Questions Element Lead Aluminum Mercury Symbol Observations

Copper

Magnesium

Zinc

Tin

Nickel

Carbon

Iron

Iodine Copper

Zinc

Magnesium

15 | P a g e

Name: ___________________ Assignment #3: Getting to Know the Elements This exercise has two questions. Answer all of them. 1. Fill in the symbols for the elements in the table below. Element Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Symbol Element Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Iron Nickel Copper Symbol

2. Write the name of the element beside the appropriate symbol in the table below. Use the table of elements to check your answers. Symbol O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Element Symbol Zn Ag Sn I W Au Hg Pb U Element

16 | P a g e

Name: ___________________ Modern Atomic Theory Every atom is made of 3 smaller or subatomic particles: Electrons, Protons, Neutrons Subatomic Particle Electron Proton Neutron Location in the Atom Outside the nucleus Inside the nucleus Inside the nucleus Charge + Neutral Mass (amu) 0, very small 1 1 Standard Atomic Notation

Neutral = no charge; amu = atomic mass unit

Atomic Number: the number of protons in the nucleus. Example: Carbon has 6 protons; therefore, its atomic number is 6. Atomic Mass: the number of protons plus the number of neutrons.

12 6

Atomic mass = number of protons (atomic number) + number of neutrons Example: Carbons atomic number = 6 Carbons atomic mass = 6 (protons) + 6 (neutrons) = 12 amu To find the number of protons: # of Protons = Atomic mass # of neutrons To find the number of neutrons: # of Neutrons = Atomic mass #of protons Remember: In a neutral (no charge) atom, the number of protons = the number of electrons = the Atomic Number Examples: 1. Place the atomic symbol in the brackets following the names in the table below. Fill in the blanks with the values for the atomic number and number of protons.

Iron( Atomic Number Number of Protons

Krypton(

Uranium(

Sodium(

17 | P a g e

Name: ___________________ 2. Use your understanding of mass number to calculate the values for the blank spaces in the table below. Place the proper symbol for the elements in the brackets. Lithium( Number of Protons Number of Neutrons Mass Number 3 4 35 ) Chlorine( 17 34 63 ) Copper( ) Silver( 47 61 )

3. An atom of gold has an atomic number of 79 and an atomic mass of 197amu. a. How many protons are there in one atom of gold? b. How many electrons are there in one atom of gold? c. How many neutrons are there in one atom of gold? d. How many protons are there in 10 atoms of gold?

18 | P a g e

Name: ___________________ Drawing Bohr Atoms Before we draw Bohr atoms, lets review what weve learned about atomic structure... Nucleus - a nucleus is made of protons and neutrons Electrons - travel around the nucleus in specific paths called shells or orbits.

Maximum of 2 electrons in the first shell/orbit Maximum of 8 electrons in the second shell and 8 in the third shell. Each shell must be filled before electrons occupy the next one.

Drawing a Bohr Atom Example: Nitrogen 1. Determine the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in the atom. Number of protons = atomic number = 7 protons Number of neutrons = atomic mass - atomic number = 14 - 7 = 7 neutrons Number of electrons = number of protons = 7 electrons 2. Draw a small circle to represent the nucleus of the atom. 3. Label the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus 4. Draw a larger circle around the nucleus and place two tiny circles representing electrons opposite each other on the larger circle. A maximum of two electrons is allowed in the first shell. 5. Draw another, larger, circle around the one already there and place electrons on it. The electrons should be equally spaced. A maximum of eight electrons is allowed in the second shell. Remember, the number of electrons is equal to the number of protons (atomic number) in an atom. 6. If needed, draw a third shell larger than the second. The third shell can also hold a maximum of eight electrons.

19 | P a g e

Name: ___________________ Examples:

1.

Write the standard atomic notation for a) An atom of oxygen with 8 protons and 8 neutrons: _______________ b) An atom of sulfur with 16 protons and 16 neutrons: ________________

2.

Draw the Bohr diagrams for a) Oxygen (O): 8 protons, 8 neutrons

b) Aluminum (Al): 13 protons, 14 neutrons

c) Sodium (Na): 11 protons, 12 neutrons

20 | P a g e

Name: ___________________ Assignment #4: Bohr Models Determine the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons for the following elements. Write the standard atomic notation and draw the Bohr diagram.
1.

Hydrogen o Protons: _____ o Neutrons: _____ o Electrons: _____ o Standard atomic notation: _______

Bohr Diagram

2.

Calcium o Protons: _____ o Neutrons: _____ o Electrons: _____ o Standard atomic notation: _______

Bohr Diagram

3.

Boron o Protons: _____ o Neutrons: _____ o Electrons: _____ o Standard atomic notation: _______

Bohr Diagram

4.

Silicon o Protons: _____ o Neutrons: _____ o Electrons: _____ o Standard atomic notation: _______

Bohr Diagram

5.

Arsenic o Protons: _____ o Neutrons: _____ o Electrons: _____ o Standard atomic notation: _______

Bohr Diagram

21 | P a g e

Name: ___________________

Bohr Atomic Model of: ____________________

22 | P a g e

Name: ___________________ Lab #2: Atomica Activity Guide Select a partner for this activity. Number 1 or 2 designations will be assigned to each student in the groups. Number 1 will start at the computer while number 2 will record. Roles will be switched for lesson two. How to Start Go to: www.explorelearning.com Click on: login Enter username: claudiod Enter password: met2013 Click on: Browse Gizmos Enter the following in the search box and click Search: Element builder Locate: Element Builder Click on: Launch Gizmo Lesson 1: Identify the Element Q .1 the Predict the element if you have 12 protons, 12 neutrons and 12 electrons using periodic table of elements. _______________________ Now lets use the Gizmo Step 1 Make sure the following boxes are highlighted: Show element name & Show element symbol

Now, check your predictions using the simulation 23 | P a g e

Name: ___________________

Step 2 Add and remove protons, neutrons and electrons using the arrows next to the category Add 3 protons, 3 neutrons and 3 electrons and observe the diagram Step 3 Using the control panel, select play

Q. 2 Was your prediction correct? _____________________________________________________________ Q. 3 In your own words what do you observe regarding this element? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ Q. 4 Experiment by adding the following protons, what element do you get and what do you observe? a) 4 protons _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________

b)

5 protons

c)

6 protons

24 | P a g e

Name: ___________________ Q. 5 Given the following example 94Be determine the number of subatomic particles in the element. Draw the element using a Bohr model. Chemical Symbol Atomic Number Atomic Mass Protons Neutrons Electrons _______ _______ _______

_______ _______ _______

Q. 6 Fill in the missing information listed in the following table Atomic Particle Proton Neutron Electron Charge Where is it found

* * * * * * Class discussion and observations Were our predictions correct? What do we observe?

25 | P a g e

Name: ___________________ Lesson 2: Identify Elemental Properties Step 1 Reset gizmo by using the key highlighted by the arrow on the control panel

Step 2 Once again make sure the following boxes are highlighted: Show element name & Show element symbol Step 3 Build an atom with 3 protons, 3 neutrons and 3 electrons - start Gizmo

Q. 1 From the simulation what does the number in the left hand corner of the element seen in show element symbol represent? _________________________________________________________________

26 | P a g e

Name: ___________________ Q. 2 What are the properties that determine this number? _______________________________________________________________ Q. 3 Experiment by adding and removing protons, neutrons and electrons Of the three properties, protons, neutrons and electrons what affects the atomic mass? ________________ Why? _____________________________________________________________ Q. 4 Which property does not affect the atomic mass of the element? ______________ Why? _____________________________________________________________ * * * * * * Class discussion and observations Were our predictions correct? What do we observe? * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

Extension Questions Question 1 A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical or physical means is called ____________________________________________ Question 2 The atomic number of an atom is equal to the number of _____________ in the atom nucleus. This will also specify the number of __________________ orbiting the nucleus. Question 3 Choose an element with an atomic number between 1 and 18 Draw a Bohr diagram of an atom for this element Make sure to include the nucleus, protons, neutrons and electrons in your diagram All components and fundamental principles should be labelled

27 | P a g e

Name: ___________________

Question 4 There are a maximum number of electrons that can be accepted into the electron shell surrounding the nucleus of an atom? What is the maximum number that can go in? a) b) First Shell ____________________ Second Shell ____________________

Question 5 Determine the number of atomic particles and fill in the missing information on the table below # of protons in atom 7 5 1 30 13 9 23 3 11 28 23 11 # of electrons in atom 7 5 1 # of neutrons in atom 6 0 Ca 35 27 19 13 Vanadium V Li Atomic mass of atom Atomic number of atom Element name Symbol

Organization of Elements in the Periodic Table Choose 1 element from the table (not the chart) on page 16 and create a Bohr diagram of it using The template on the next page Silver beads (electrons) Multiple coloured beads (neutrons and protons in the nucleus) Glue Once you have finished your Bohr diagram, put your name on it and attach it to the wall (it should be in the proper placement like in the Periodic Table). Answer the following questions and hand this paper in when you are finished.
1.

Describe the location of the atoms with 1 outer shell electron on the Periodic Table?

28 | P a g e

Name: ___________________
2.

Describe the location of the atoms with 7 outer shell electrons in the Periodic Table? Describe the location of the atoms with 8 outer shell electrons in the Periodic Table? Why should Helium be in the second column of the Periodic Table? Why do you think that Helium is not shown in the second column of the Periodic Table?

3.

4.

5.

Building A Structure : Bohr Diagram and Questions 1-5

CATEGORY 4 Construction A lot of care taken in - Care Taken construction. Diagram is
neat and attractive.

3
Careful construction for the most part.1-2 details could have been refined.

2
Careful construction, but 3-4 details could have been refined.

1
Construction appears careless or haphazard. The proper number of beads was not selected.

Accuracy

The proper number of beads were selected for all subatomic particles

The proper number of beads The proper number of beads were selected for 2 out of 3 were selected for 1 out of 3 subatomic particles subatomic particles The diagram was placed 1 column away from the proper spot on the periodic table All questions were completed; some were not given meaningful answers

Place on the The diagram was placed in the proper column of P. T.

the periodic table

The diagram was placed 2 The diagram was placed columns away from the proper more 2 columns away spot on the periodic table from the proper spot on the periodic table 3 - 4 questions were completed Less than 3 questions were completed

Questions Answered

All questions were completed and given meaningful answers

29 | P a g e

Name: ___________________ The Periodic Table: Mendeleevs Periodic Table and the Modern Periodic Table Mendeleev organized elements into the periodic table by Increasing atomic mass across rows; and Similar characteristic properties down columns Mendeleev's periodic table allowed him to predict the properties of chemicals before they were discovered. Property: the characteristic or description of a substance that may help to identify it or the behaviour of a substance as it becomes a new substance. There were some flaws in Mendeleev's periodic table. As he used increasing atomic mass to place elements, some elements were reversed in their properties. Today, we know that it is the electron that determines properties. Period: Horizontal rows on the periodic table. Families (groups) Columns on the periodic table Contains elements that have similar but not identical properties. Elements in a group have the same number of electrons in their outermost shell. The families are: alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, chalogens, halogens, and noble gases.
Halogens Noble Gases Alkali Metals
-1 electron in the outer orbit -most reactive -7 electrons in the outer orbit -most reactive non-metals -0 electrons in the outer orbit -unreactive

Chalcogens
-6 electrons in the outer orbit -slightly less reactive than halogens

Alkaline Earth Metals

-2 electrons in the outer orbit -less reactive than alkali metals

30 | P a g e

Name: ___________________ Questions: 1. Describe where the following are found on the periodic table a. alkali metals b. halogens

2. Using the periodic table to answer the following questions. a. How many orbits are there in the elements in the third row (period)? b. How many orbits are there in the elements in the fourth period? c. What conclusion can you draw about the periods on the periodic table and the number of orbits the elements have in that period? 3. Draw Bohr models for the first two alkali metals, the first two halogens, and the first two noble gases.

4. Use the Periodic Table to help you answer the following questions. a. List the elements along the third period of the periodic table. b. What happens from the left to the right elements in the period in i. atomic number ii. iii. atomic mass number of electrons in outer shell

31 | P a g e

Name: ___________________ Metals, Non-Metals and Metalloids The periodic table below shows several groups of elements: metals, non-metals and metalloids.

Metals Examples:

Most common form of matter (about 75% of the periodic table). Have similar physical properties (description of a substance to help identify it): o Have lustre o Solid (except mercury) o Malleable o Conductors o Ductile

All metals do not have these characteristics to the same degree. For example, copper is used for electric wiring as it is the second best electrical conductor and is ductile.

Non-Metals Examples: About 15% of all elements 32 | P a g e

Name: ___________________ Demonstrate properties that are the opposite of metals. o No lustre o Insulators (except for Carbon) o Brittle o Either a solid or gas (except for o No ductile bromine)

Metalloids About 6% of all the elements in the periodic table. Have some properties of metals and some properties of non-metals. o Solid o Some have lustre o Behave like non-metals in their physical and chemical properties. They only differ in their ability to conduct electricity. o Semiconductors - used in electronics for components and microchips.

33 | P a g e

Name: ___________________ Reactivity and Stability of Chemical Families Chemical reactivity is based on the need for an element to have its outer electron shell completely filled. Completely filled electron shells in any element will occur when one element combines with another element or another atom of the same element. When any element has a completely filled outer electron shell (8 electrons), it does not want to react with any other substance; it is un-reactive. Elements that do not have completely filled electron shells want to react with other substances to fill their outer shell. The most reactive elements are:

In the alkali metal family - have one electron in the outer shell o Needs to lose one electron to have a filled shell In the halogen family have 7 electrons in the outer electron shell. o Needs to gain one electron to have a filled electron

The fewer the number of electrons needed, the greater the reactivity of the element. Three types of activities will provide completely filled outer electron shells for an element.
1.

An element can give up one or more electrons depending on the family. Example: sodium will give off one electron to have 8 electrons in its outer electron shell.

2.

An element will take in one or more electrons depending on the family. Example: chlorine will gain one electron when combining with another element to fill its outer electron shell.

3.

An element will share one or more electrons with another element to form a compound and achieve a full outer electron shell.

34 | P a g e

Name: ___________________

Assignment #6:Reactivity

Complete the following table. Use high, moderate and zero for reactivity.
Rating the Reactivity of Chemical Families
Element Reactivity # of Electrons in Outer Shell # of Electrons Gained or Lost Family

Hydrogen Radon Sodium Fluorine Sulfur Calcium Lithium Neon Beryllium Oxygen Helium

35 | P a g e

Name: ___________________ What is a Compound? An element is the simplest form to which any material can be broken down. It is impossible to break the element gold down into something simpler than gold. Some substances are made of 1 element. Copper is a metal made of 1 element. Neon in brightly lit signs is a gaseous element. Mercury in thermometers is a liquid element. An element is the simplest form of a material; an atom is the smallest particle of an element. It is possible to take one atom of chlorine (Cl) and one atom of sodium (Na), heat them and have them form a compound of sodium chloride (NaCl), or table salt. Most substances are made of 2 or more elements, called compounds. Water, steel, rubber, nylon, and sugar are all compounds. If you were able to take a grain of sugar, a special microscope and knife, you could divide that grain of sugar in half repeatedly. Eventually, you would reach a point where there was a single particle that could not be further divided. This particle would be a molecule. A molecule is the smallest particle of a compound. A molecule made of 2 atoms that are the same, like oxygen gas (O2) and hydrogen gas (H2), are called diatomic meaning "two atoms".

Element Atom Compound Molecule

The simplest form of a substance The smallest particle of an element The simplest form of any material containing two or more elements Two or more atoms joined together chemically - also, the smallest particle of a compound

36 | P a g e

Name: ___________________ Chemical Formulas Compounds are formed whenever 2 or more elements share or transfer electrons. The process in which compounds are formed is called a chemical reaction. Example: hydrogen and oxygen combine to form water. Compounds are represented by chemical formulas. A chemical formula is a shorthand method to show the elements that make up the compound and the number of atoms that combine to form the compound. E.g. In one molecule of water (H2O), two atoms of hydrogen combine with one atom of oxygen. Similarly, 20 atoms of hydrogen combine with 10 atoms of oxygen to form 10 molecules of water.

Example: A form of sugar called glucose has the chemical formula C6H12O6. State the name of the elements and the number of atoms needed to make one molecule of glucose. Carbon - 6 atoms, Hydrogen - 12 atoms; Oxygen - 6 atoms for a total of 24 atoms

Example: If we had 3 molecules of the compound carbon dioxide (CO2), we would have a total of

3 molecules x 1 atom of carbon per molecule = 3 atoms of carbon 3 molecules x 2 atoms of oxygen per molecule = 6 atoms of oxygen.

37 | P a g e

Name: ___________________ Assignment #7: Chemical Formulas 1. Fill in the gaps in the table below.
Table of Atoms Forming Compounds Compound # of Molecules Element Names # of Atoms of each element

KHCO3 AlCl3 CBr4 H2SO4 C11H22O12

1 molecule 3 molecules 6 molecules 5 molecules 4 molecules ,

K=

,H=

,C=

,O=

, , , , , H= C=

Al = C=

, Cl = , Br =

,S= ,H=

,O= ,O=

2. Match the definition on the left to the word on the right. __________ a) Simplest form of a substance He __________ b) Two or more atoms combined in a specific way __________ c) Diatomic molecule __________ d) Ozone __________ e) Two or more materials combined to produce a new substance __________ f) Carbon dioxide Element __________ g) Aluminum Al __________ h) Is stable since the outer electron shell is filled __________ i) Table salt Compound O2 CO2 O3 Molecule

NaCl

38 | P a g e

Name: ___________________ 3. A sample of air is brought into the lab and analyzed (taken apart). The sample was found to contain the following materials. Indicate whether the components are in the form of an atom or a molecule. a. Oxygen (O2) b. Oxygen (O3) c. Carbon dioxide (CO2) d. Carbon monoxide (CO) e. Nitrogen (N2) f. Argon (Ar) g. Methane (CH4) 4. Complete the table below by filling in the columns.

Chemical Formula H2SO4 Na2O CCl4 Al2O3 BeS KOH Cu3PO4

Element 1

Element 2

Element 3

# of atoms of Element 1

# of atoms of Element 2

# of atoms of Element 3

39 | P a g e

Name: ___________________ 5. Analyze the molecules below by writing down the following: a) How many kinds of atoms there are in the molecule? b) How many atoms of each kind there are in this molecule? c) What is the total number of atoms this molecule? o o o o o Na2O H2 Al S8 H3PO4

40 | P a g e

Name: ___________________ Properties of Substances Physical Properties: characteristics that exist in a material. Examples: State (gas, liquid or solid), hardness, malleability, ductility, melting point and boiling point, density, etc. Temperature usually accompanies the state of a material. Example: Water changes from ice to liquid at 0 oC and liquid to steam at 100 oC. Diamond is one of the hardest known natural materials. Chemical Properties: describe the behaviour of a substance as it reacts with another substance to form new materials. Examples: combustion, corrosion, heating When two or more chemicals combine they sometimes burn - that is, they are combustible. Some materials react with acids and corrode. A penny will disappear in nitric acid. Some substances react to heat. Whenever you have an egg for breakfast, a chemical reaction activated by heat takes place. Questions: What are the properties of the following substances that make them important for the stated uses? 1. Diamond is used in drill bits that travel through rock. Hardness of diamond 2. Antifreeze is used as a car coolant. Antifreeze has a higher boiling point and lower freezing point 3. Helium is used to fill the Good Year blimp. Density of helium is less than air 4. Hydrogen is not used to fill the Good Year blimp. Hydrogen is flammable 5. Copper is used in house wiring. Copper is a good conductor of electricity 6. Some cooking pots have a copper bottom. Copper is a good conductor of heat 7. Fiberglass insulation is used in walls. Fiberglass is a poor conductor of heat

41 | P a g e

Name: ___________________ Physical and Chemical Changes In a physical change, the material remains the same even though its state has changed. A good test for physical change is to see if you can get the original substance back. Example: An ice cube can melt into water but can be put into the freezer to form an ice cube again. In a chemical change, the original substance is changed into a new material that has new properties. Examples: burning, rusting and cooking. If a piece of wood burns, the ash cannot be converted back to wood. Whenever you want to determine whether a physical or chemical reaction has taken place, you can check the following clues.

Has a new colour appeared? If you allow a piece of iron to sit outside, it will change from grey to dull orange. Has heat or light been given off? When a candle burns, heat and light are given off. Are bubbles formed? When some chemicals are placed together they react chemically to form bubbles of gas. Does a solid appear? When a solid, called a precipitate, appears after adding a chemical to a liquid, a chemical reaction has occurred. Is the reaction reversible? If Jello is left out of the fridge or heated slightly it will become a liquid -physical change. After heating an egg we cannot make it return to its original material chemical change.

42 | P a g e

Name: ___________________ Assignment # 7: Physical Change 1. The table shown below lists some ordinary occurrences. In the second column list whether each situation represents a physical or chemical change taking place. Observed Action A Water boils out of a kettle or condenses on a cold glass B A silver spoon tarnishes C An aluminum pot is put on a burner and gets hot D An iron rod rusts E Sand is mixed in with salt F A piece of chalk is ground to dust G An antacid tablet neutralizes stomach acid H Glass breaks I Yeast is used to make carbon dioxide in bread and cause it to rise Type of Change

J A lump of sugar dissolves in water 2. Place a (C) or a (P) to indicate whether the following examples illustrate a chemical or physical reaction. a. A fluorescent bulb lights up when an electric current passes through it. b. A baker makes a loaf of bread. c. A block of aluminum is rolled into a thin sheet of foil. d. An iron bar is magnetized. e. Dry ice evaporates to form a fog for a school play. f. A candle is lit at a birthday party. g. The birthday candle is blown out and the heat causes it to continue melting. h. You get your hair dyed at a beauty salon. i. A piece of copper is drawn into a long wire. j. A cement floor is poured and three days later is hard enough to walk on. 43 | P a g e

Name: ___________________ 3. What is the difference between: a. An element and a compound?

b. A chemical reaction and a physical reaction?

44 | P a g e

Name: ___________________ Laboratory # 2: Indicators of Physical and Chemical Changes

Activity 1: Salt and Water Take a teaspoon of salt and observe it carefully with a magnifying glass. Dissolve as much of the salt as possible in a beaker of water with a stirring rod. Observe the mixture with a magnifying glass. 1. Describe what the grains of salt look like before dissolving the salt in water.

2. Do you think a chemical reaction has taken place? Justify your answer.

3. Where you able to see any grains of salt in the mixture?

4. Do you think that you would be able to reverse this change (i.e. separate the salt from the water)? Why or why not?

5. Did a physical or chemical change take place when salt was dissolved in water? Justify your answer.

Activity 2: Alka Seltzer and Water Dissolve the Alka Seltzer tablet in a beaker of water. 1. What happened when the Alka Seltzer tablet was placed in the water?.

2. Has a chemical reaction taken place? Justify your answer.

45 | P a g e

Name: ___________________

Activity 3: Observing a Candle Locate a candle and place it in an appropriate holder. 1. Light a match and place it close to, but not touching the side of the candle about half-way down the candle. What happens to the candle?

2. Has a chemical reaction taken place? Justify your answer.

3. Light the candlewick. Has a chemical reaction taken place? Justify your answer.

4. While the candle is still burning, light a match. Blow the candle out and immediately place the lighted match about 4 inches directly above the candle. Bring the match down until the candle burns again. Where was the match when the candle began burning again?

5. Blow the candle and match out. Let the candle sit for several minutes without burning. Light the candle again. 6. Where was the match placed before the candle began burning again?

7. Why was there a difference in positions of the match for the candle to light in each case (#4 and #5)?

8. What do you think was happening to the candle wax before it began to burn?

46 | P a g e

Name: ___________________

Activity 4: Steel Wool You will need steel wool, a jar with a lid, a thermometer, some vinegar and some water. 1. Put the thermometer in the jar and close the lid. 2. Wait about 5 minutes and write down the temperature. 3. Remove the thermometer from the jar. 4. Soak a piece of steel wool in vinegar for one minute. 5. Squeeze the vinegar out of the steel wool pad. Wrap the steel wool around the bulb of the thermometer. 6. Place the thermometer and steel wool back into the jar and close the lid. 7. Wait 5 minutes. Now, look at the temperature.
1.

What happened to the temperature measured by the thermometer after step seven? Has a chemical reaction taken place? Explain your answer.

2.

47 | P a g e