Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Introduction to
Ultrasonic Testing
SD 218
Introduction to
Ultrasonic Testing
SD 218
Michael Berke
Agfa NDT GmbH, Hrth, Germany
1994 - 2002
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
socket
matching-
element
damping-
block
crystal
protecting face
(probe delay)
housing
workpiece Sound pulse
Straight beam probe
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
crystal
perspex wedge
(probe delay)
damping blocks
socket
housing
workpiece Sound pulse
Angle beam probe
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
near field
far field
acoustical axis (central beam)
N = near field length
= angle of divergence
3
Sound field
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
Flaw detection
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
10 20 30 40
Flaw detection
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
10 20 30 40
Flaw detection
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
Bad flaw orientation
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
crack
Improper flaw location
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
10 20 30 40
crack
Angle reflection
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
Angle reflection
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
10 20 30 40
Vertical, near surface flaw
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
10 15 5 10 15 5
T R
a
1
Tandem technique (top)
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
10 15 5 10 15 5
T R
a
2
Tandem technique (middle)
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
10 15 5 10 15 5
T R
a
3
Tandem technique (bottom)
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
10 20 30 40
Improper flaw orientation
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
10 20 30 40
Perfect flaw orientation
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
sound beam
flat defect
15 10 5
reflected sound waves
Flaw detectability with improper flaw
orientation
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
s
Flaw distance
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
start signal
(pulse)
finish signal
(echo)
transmitter
transit time
measurement
probe
work piece
sound transit
path
Stop-
watch
Principle of transit time measurement
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
0 2 4 6 8 10
CRT / A-scan display
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
0 2 4 6 8 10
work piece
probe
sound wave starts at crystal
light point
transmitter
transmitter
transmission
pulse
Priciple, transmission pulse
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
0 2 4 6 8 10
work piece
probe
sound wave
transmitter
transmitter
Priciple, sound wave in the workpiece
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
0 2 4 6 8 10
work piece
probe
transmitter
transmitter
Priciple, sound pulse at the back wall
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
0 2 4 6 8 10
work piece
probe
transmitter
transmitter
Priciple, sound pulse at the coupling
surface
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
0 2 4 6 8 10
work piece
probe
back wall
echo
transmitter
transmitter
Priciple, echo display and 2nd run
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
2 4 6 8 10
protecting face
crystal
probe
electrical
zero
(initial pulse)
mechanical
zero
(surface)
Probe delay
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
electical
zero
(initial pulse)
mechanical
zero
(surface)
sound wave
work piece
delay
(wedge)
probe 0 2 4 6 8 10
Probe delay
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
0 2 4 6 8 10
work piece
probe
back wall
echo
flaw
flaw
echo
Flaw location and echo display
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
0 2 4 6 8 10
work piece
probe
back wall
echo
flaw
flaw
echo
Flaw location and echo display
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
0 2 4 6 8 10
work piece
probe
back wall
echo
flaw
flaw
echo
Flaw location and echo display
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
0 2 4 6 8 10
flaw echo
covered
by initial
pulse
work piece
probe
back wall
echo
flaw
Flaw location and echo display
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
0 2 4 6 8 10
back wall
echo:
without
with flaw
work piece
probe
flaw
Flaw location and echo display
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
0 2 4 6 8 10
flaw echo
sequence
work piece
probe
flaw
Flaw location and echo display
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
0 2 4 6 8 10
dead zone
Dead zone
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
direction of
osscillation
direction of propagation
wave length
Longitudinal wave
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
direction of
osscillation
direction of propagation
wave length
Transverse wave
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
L
L
L
L
L
medium 1
medium 2
reflected
wave
refracted
wave
incident
wave
Relection and refraction
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
0 2 4 6 8 10
10 20 30 40
L
T
possible flaw
locations
Angle beam probe with both wave
types
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
T
L
L
T
L
perspex
steel
reflected
wave
refracted
waves
incident
wave
=
1
= 27.5

T
= 33.3

L
= 90
=
1
= 27.5

T
= 33.3

L
= 90
Longitudinal surface wave
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
T
L
T
perspex
steel
reflected
wave
refracted
transverse wave
incident
wave
= 36.4

T
= 45
= 36.4

T
= 45
45 transverse wave in steel
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
L
T
O
surface
wave
perspex
steel
reflected
wave
incident
wave
=
2
= 57

T
= 90
=
2
= 57

T
= 90
Transverse surface wave
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
L
total reflection
perspex
steel
reflected
wave
incident
wave
> 57
> 57
Total reflection
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
27,5
57
33,3
90
perspex
steel
L
T
Ranges for incident waves
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
10 20
Near surface detectability with angle
beam pobes
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
receiver
socket
transmitter
socket
damping blocks
crystal
delay
acoustical
barrier
TR-probe / dual crystal probe
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
0 2 4 6 8 10
IP
BE
work piece
TR-probe
Probe delay with
TR-probes
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
0 2 4 6 8 10
IP
BE
flaw
cross talk
echo
flaw
echo
TR-probe
Cross talk at
high gain
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
0 2 4 6 8 10
0 100 mm 50
steel, L
div.
Range calibration
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
5 10 15
70
45
1
0
0

m
m
60
Calibration block 1 with angle beam
probes
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
5 10 15
0 2 4 6 8 10
100 mm
1st echo from circular section
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
5 10 15
0 2 4 6 8 10
100 mm 200 mm 300 mm
Echo sequence from 100 mm radius
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
s = 25 mm
s = 100 mm
s = 175 mm
etc.
1
2
3
this wave will be
absorbed !
25 mm radius of calibration block 2
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
s = 50 mm
s = 125 mm
s = 200 mm
etc.
1
2
3
50 mm radius of calibration block 2
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
5 10 15
0 2 4 6 8 10
0 100 mm
steel
100 mm range calibration on K2
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
5 10 15
work piece reflector
s
0 2 4 6 8 10
s = kR
s = sound path
k = scale factor
R = screen reading
Flaw loaction
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
flaw location
a
s
d
Sound entry point
projection
point
a = ssin
d = scos

= probe angle
s = sound path
a = surface distance
d = depth
"flaw triangle"
Flaw location with angle beam probes
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
5 10 15
work piece
reflector
a
a'
s
d
x
index point -
front edge of probe
a = surface distance
a' = reduced surface distance
x = x-value = distance:
Flaw location with angle beam probes
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
5 10 15
apparent flaw location
a
s
d
= apparent depth
T
Flaw location with an angle beam probe
on a plate
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
5 10 15
apparent flaw location
real flaw location
a
s
d
d'
d' = apparent depth
d = real depth
T = work piece thickness
T
a = s sin
d = s cos
d = 2T - d
a = s sin
d = s cos
d = 2T - d
Flaw location with an angle beam probe
on a plate
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
Large defects parallel to the scanning
surface
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
Scanning the edge of the defect
Flaw echo drops to 50% of
its maximum value
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
"half value" positions
delamination
probe position
with echo amplitude
reduced to 50 %
Determination of the defect area
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10
IP BE R IP BE R IP BE R
Flaw sizes and echo amplitudes
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
0 2 4 6 8 10
0 2 4 6 8 10
0 2 4 6 8 10
IP BE R
IP BE R
IP BE R
Flaw distances and
echo amplitudes
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
0
500 100 200 300 400
B 4 S
6

m
m
4

m
m
3 mm
BE
F
Distance amplitude curves on the CRT
screen
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
0 2 4 6 8 10
IP BE F
F
instrument gain: G = 34 dB
80 %
Defect evaluation by comparison - 1
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
0 2 4 6 8 10
IP BE R
instrument gain: 34 dB
Defect evaluation by comparison - 2
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
0 2 4 6 8 10
IP BE RE
+ 8 dB
instrument gain: 42 dB
Defect evaluation by comparison - 3
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
0 2 4 6 8 10
10 20 30 40 10 20 30 40 10 20 30 40 10 20 30 40
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
Echo
Position
Distance amplitude curve (DAC)
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
0 2 4 6 8 10
0 2 4 6 8 10
time corrected gain DAC
DAC and TCG
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems