EE 2170 Design and Analysis of Signals and Systems

Instructor: Carlos Davila Dept. of Electrical Engineering Sout!ern "et!odist #niversity

$a%oratory &: Introduction to Simulin'(Dou%le Side%and )DS*+ "odulation,Demodulation

In lecture we have been studying the spectrum (both line spectrum for periodic signals and Fourier Transform spectrum for non periodic signals). We have also begun to look at filters and how these affect the frequency distribution of signals which pass through them. In this lab we will apply what we have been studying in lecture to double sideband modulation ( !"). ouble sideband and related modulation techniques are used e#tensively in wireless wireless communications applications such as cell phones. $ general modulation system is shown below. The baseband signal (speech% audio% data) is shifted up in frequency to a radio frequency (&F) band by the transmitter. The &F signal is then sent via the transmitting antenna through the wireless channel to the receiving antenna. For e#ample in a cellular phone uplink the transmitter is in the handset and the receiver is the cellular base station (or vice versa for the downlink).

transmitting antenna wireless channel (air)

receiving antenna

speech audio data

Transmitter

&eceiver

This laboratory will look at modulation while at the same time give you a hands on introduction to the use of !imulink. Things that should be recorded during this lab and put in the lab writeup web page appear highlighted in yellow. "egin by clicking on the 'atlab ( icon to run 'atlab. The 'atlab interface looks like this)

In the 'atlab command window% type *simulink* followed by return. $fter !imulink loads% you will see a window that looks like this)

+e#t% click on the blank page icon in the !imulink ,ibrary "rowser% this opens up an additional window where you can build !imulink models. This first lab will consist of putting together some simple models of signal generators. We will then view the signals in both the time and frequency domain. -lick on the *.* sign ne#t to *!imulink* in the ,ibrary "rowser then click on *!ources*% you should see the following)

!croll down until you see the !ine Wave icon and drag that icon to the blank model window. +e#t click on *!inks* in the left part of the ,ibrary "rowser and drag the *!cope* icon to the model window. The model window should now look like this)

+e#t% connect a *wire* between the !ine Wave generator and the !cope. This can be done by dragging the mouse from the sinewage icon output terminal to the !cope icon input terminal. ouble click on the !cope icon% this will cause an oscilloscope screen to appear. $n osciloscope is a device which enables one to view the appearance of a signal. +e#t go to the model window and from the *!imulation* menu% select *!tart*. /ou should then see the following on the !cope screen)

+ote the length of the simulation is 01 seconds. The scope can plot multiple channels at one time% in the !cope window% click on the *parameters* icon and set the number of a#es to 2. $ second plot window should appear and a second input terminal should also appear on the !cope icon. +e#t go back to the *!ources* pallette and drag the square wave generator to the model window. Then connect the square wave generator to the second input in the !cope icon)

&un the simulation again% how many cycles of the square wave appear in the scope window3 What is its period3 Include a copy of your plot in your writeup. This can be done by pressing the *$lt* and *4rint !crn* keys simultaneously to copy the active window to the notepad% then paste the image into your Word document. +e#t put together the following model. The !ignal 5enerator can be found in the *!imulink6!inks* area of the !imulink ,ibrary "rowser and the *4ower !pectral ensity* block can be found under *!imulink 7#tras6$dditional !inks*.

ouble click on the *!ignal 5enerator* block and set its parameters as follows)

!imilarly% set the parameters of the *4ower !pectral ensity* block to)

The power spectral density block plots the squared magnitude of the Fourier Transform of the signal connected to its input. It does this by sampling its input every 1.10 seconds% then computing an appro#imation to the Fourier Transform called the FFT (which we8ll discuss later in 77 29:1). +e#t run the simulation and paste the resulting graph in your writeup (you may need to resi;e it first). <ow does the graph compare to the theoretical Fourier Transform magnitude for a sine wave3 +ow set the signal coming from the signal generator to *!quare Wave* and rerun the simulation. 4aste the graph in your writeup and discuss how the Fourier Transform magnitude computed with !imulink compares to the theoretical value. +ow change the sample time of the *power spectral density* plot to 1.110 and rerun the simulation% and paste the resulting plots in your writeup. <ow does changing the sample time affect the resulting plots3 +e#t% we will investigate the Fourier

Transforms of a modulated signal. $dd a multiplier (from the *!imulink6'ath* area of the !imulink ,ibrary "rowser) and a *!ine Wave* generator from the *!imulink6!ources* area of the ,ibrary "rowser)

This is called a ouble !ideband 'odulator and is the basis for many radio communications systems. The signal being modulated (typically voice% data% or music from a radio station) is the output of the !ignal 5enerator (a square wave here)% and the !ine Wave output is the *carrier signal*% which is typically at a much higher frequency than the signal being modulated. !et the parameters of the !ine Wave generator to)

and run the simulation (making sure that the *4ower !pectral ensity* sample time is still set to 1.110). 4aste the plots to your writeup and e#plain the appearance of the Fourier Transform of the modulator output. The modulator output is the signal which is transmitted to a receiver. It is up to the receiver to recover (in this case) the square wave from the modulator output. This can be done by first translating the signal back to its original frequency (baseband) and lowpass filtering the received signal. $dd another !ine Wave generator having the same frequency as the carrier frequency as well as a second multiplier and connect them as shown below)

The second !ine Wave and multiplier are a part of the demodulator of a communications system. &un this simulation% record the resulting plots in your writeup and e#plain your results. To complete the demodulator% we must add a lowpass filter to the output of the multiplier. $ lowpass filter is a filter which passes only low frequencies. !etting the cutoff frequency to one=half the carrier frequency will do the trick. $dd a lowpass filter as follows)

The parameters of the *Transfer Fcn* block should be set to)

+ow run the simulation. -opy the resulting plot of the receiver output into your writeup and e#plain your results. To look at the transfer function of the lowpass filter% use the 'atlab *freqs("%$)* command with " > ?0@ and $ > ?06A11B2 sqrt(2)6A11 0@. $dd a plot of the lowpass filter transfer function to your writeup and indicate why the filter is lowpass.