Chapter 1 Chemical Foundations

1.9 Classification of Matter

Copyright 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Matter
Matter is the stuff that makes up all things that occupies space and has mass. 3 states of matter are solid, liquid, and gas

Copyright 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Pure Substances
A pure substance is classified as

matter with a specific and constant composition. an element when composed of one type of atom. a compound when composed of two or more
elements combined in a definite ratio.

The Three States of Water

Elements
Elements are pure substances that contains atoms of only one type. Copper, Cu Lead, Pb Aluminum, Al
Copyright 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Compounds
Compounds

contain two or more elements

in a definite ratio. Salt (NaCl) Table sugar (C12H22O11) Water (H2O)
Copyright 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Elements in a Compound
Table salt is a compound that contains the elements sodium and chlorine.

Copyright 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Mixtures
A mixture is a type of matter that consists of two or more substances that are physically mixed, not chemically combined. two or more substances in different proportions. substances that can be separated by physical methods.

Physical Separation of A Mixture

Example: Pasta and water are separated with a strainer.

Simple Laboratory Distillation Apparatus

A mixture

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Homogeneous Mixtures
In a homogeneous mixture,

the composition is uniform

throughout. the different parts of the mixture are not visible.

Copyright 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

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Heterogeneous Mixtures
In a heterogeneous mixture, the composition of substances is not uniform. the composition varies from one part of the mixture to another. the different parts of the mixture are visible.
Copyright 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

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Classification of Matter

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Learning Check
Identify each of the following as a pure substance or a mixture. A. pasta and tomato sauce B. aluminum foil C. helium D. air

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Solution
Identify each of the following as a pure substance or a mixture. A. pasta and tomato sauce B. aluminum foil C. helium D. air mixture pure substance pure substance mixture

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Learning Check
Identify each of the following as a homogeneous or heterogeneous mixture: A. hot fudge sundae B. shampoo C. sugar water D. peach pie

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Solution
Identify each of the following as a homogeneous or heterogeneous mixture: A. hot fudge sundae B. shampoo C. sugar water D. peach pie heterogeneous mixture homogeneous mixture homogeneous mixture heterogeneous mixture

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