Bipolar Junction Transistors - III

(BJT-III )

Analyzing Transistor Amplifiers
2
Transistor as an Amplifier
Choose a proper Q-point

Make sure that the input is
such that the transistor does
not get driven outside its
active region
To Analyze a BJT Amplifier

Short all the bypass capacitors and connect power supplies (i.e.
V
CC
, V
BB
etc.) to ground. From the point of view of AC signals, capacitors
are SHORT-CIRCUITS and the power supply points are equivalent to
GROUND.

Replace transistor with its small signal equivalent model
3
V
CC
R
1
R
C
C
1
C
2
R
E
R
2
v
S
C
3
v
o
+
-
+
-
R
S
B
C
E
Basic BJT Amplifier
C
1
, C
2
- Coupling Capacitors
C
3
Emitter Bypass Capacitor
C
1
, C
2
, C
3
values are chosen high enough so that
under ac these act as a short circuit.
4
The coupling capacitor (C
1
,C
2
) is used to pass the ac input
signal and block the dc voltage from the preceding circuit. (AC-
Coupled Amplifier)

This prevents dc in the circuitry on the left of the coupling
capacitor from affecting the bias.

The coupling capacitor also blocks the bias of the transistor
from affecting the input signal source.

Special DC-Coupled Amplifiers needed if you want to amplify a
signal which has a DC component!

The emitter bypass capacitor (C
3
) is used to bypass the R
E
and
short circuits the ac signal through C
3
since voltage gain
decreases because of presence of R
E

5
A.C. Equivalent Circuit is obtained by :

1. Setting all D.C. sources to 0 and replacing them by a short
circuit equivalent

2. Replacing all capacitors by a short circuit equivalent

3. Removing all elements bypassed by the short circuit equivalents
introduced in steps 1 and 2

4. Redrawing the network in a more convenient and logical form
6
V
CC
R
1
R
C
C
1
C
2
R
E
R
2
v
S
C
3
v
o
+
-
+
-
R
S
B
C
E
R
1
R
C
R
2
v
S
v
o
+
-
+
-
R
S
B
C
E
A.C. Equivalent Circuit Basic BJT Amplifier
7
R
1
R
C
R
2
v
S
v
o
+
-
+
-
R
S
B
C
E
R
C
R1R
2
v
S
v
o
+
-
+
-
R
S
B
C
E
Simplify circuit by replacing R
1
and R
2
with R
B
R
B
=R
1
|| R
2
We now replace the transistor with its small signal equivalent circuit.

The details of this would be available from the manufacturers
specifications for the transistor.
Small Signal AC Equivalent
Model for an NPN Transistor
used in the Common Emitter
Configuration
(Reverse the current and diode
directions for PNP)
B
E
C
i
b
i
e
i
c
B
E E
npn
C
B
E E
C
i
b
i
c
i
e
i
c
= i
b

Replace BE diode by its
equivalent resistance r
e

i
c
B
E E
C
i
b
i
e
i
c
= i
b

r
e
26 mV
T
e
E E
V
r
I I
= =
I
E
is the DC Emitter
Current
B
E E
C
i
b
i
e
i
c
= i
b

r
e
Small Signal AC Equivalent
Model for an NPN Transistor
used in the Common Emitter
Configuration
Add r
o
to represent the
output impedance of
the transistor
r
o
large (typically 40-50 K and
may be ignored in simplifed
analysis! (When can we ignore
it?)
This is known as the r
e

Model for the Common
Emitter configuration
RC
R1R2
vS
vo
+
-
+
-
RS
B
C
E
Using the r
e
small signal model (for AC signal analysis)
e
b
e
c
(

+
1
)
r
e
i
b
i
c
i
b
r
o
v
i
R
B
R
C
v
o
(Without Source and Load Resistances)
( 1)
i
b
e
v
i
r |
=
+
||
o
b
o C
v
i
r R
| =
||
1
o C o
v
i e
v R r
A
v r
|
|
| |
= =
|
+
\ .
For r
o
>>R
C
and >>1
C
v
e
R
A
r
=
Note the phase
reversal between
input and output
RC
R1R2
vS
vo
+
-
+
-
RS
B
C
E
(Without Source and Load Resistances)
e
b
e
c
(

+
1
)
r
e
i
b i
c
i
b
r
o
v
i
R
B
R
C
v
o
i
i
i
o
[ || ( 1) ]
i
i
B e
v
i
R r |
=
+
Input Impedance
Output Impedance
||
O C o
Z R r =
|| ( 1)
i
i B e
i
v
Z R r
i
| = = +
( 1)
B
b i
B e
o
o b
o C
R
i i
R r
r
i i
r R
|
|
=
+ +
=
+
Current Gain
( )
1
o o B
i
i B e o C
i r R
A
i R r r R
|
|
| |
| |
= =
|
|
|
+ + +
\ .
\ .
V
CC
R
1
R
C
C
1
C
2
R
E
R
2
v
S
C
3
v
o
+
-
+
-
R
S
B
C
E
R
L
i
i
i
L
Basic BJT Amplifier (with source resistance R
S
and load
resistance R
L
)
Note that the circuit between the dotted lines is what we have analyzed before
*
o
V
S
v
A
v
=
VCC
R1
RC
C1
C2
RE R2
vS
C3
vo
+
-
+
-
RS
B
C
E
RL
Finding A
V
Voltage Gain
1. Use the same procedure as before except you
now have to add R
S
and R
L
to the circuit
Try this approach yourself!

2. Use the results we got for A
v
, Z
i
and Z
o
for the
earlier case. This approach is given below.
v
s
R
S

Z
i
v
Ai
i
i
v
Ao
Z
o
R
L
v
o
Ai i o L
s i s Ao L o
v Z v R
v Z R v R Z
= =
+ +
*
o o Ao Ai
v
s Ao Ai s
i L
v
L o i s
v v v v
A
v v v v
Z R
A
R Z Z R
= =
=
+ +
Fixed Bias Transistor Amplifier
V
CC
R
B
R
C
C
1
C
2
v
i
v
o
B
E
C
v
s
+
-
+
-
R
s R
L
+
-
Fixed Bias Transistor Amplifier
VCC
RB RC
C1
C2
vi
vo
B E
C
vs
+
-
+
-
Rs RL
+
-
R
C
v
S
v
o
+
-
+
-
R
S
B C
E
v
i
+
-
i
i
i
o
Input port
output port
Z
i
Z
o
R
B
R
L
(+1)r
e i
b
i
b i
c
r
o
|| ( 1)
||
i B e
o C o C
Z R r
Z R r R
| = +
= ~
if r
o
>>R
C

Fixed Bias Transistor Amplifier
VCC
RB RC
C1
C2
vi
vo
B E
C
vs
+
-
+
-
Rs RL
+
-
R
C
v
S
v
o
+
-
+
-
R
S
B C
E
v
i
+
-
i
i
i
o
Input port
output port
Z
i
Z
o
R
B
R
L
(+1)r
e i
b
i
b i
c
r
o
|| ( 1) ( 1)
( || || ) ( || )
S B
b
S B e B e
o b C o L b C L
v R
i
R R r R r
v i R r R i R R
| |
| |
| || |
=
| |
+ + + +
\ .\ .
= ~
( || ) || ( 1)
|| ( 1) ( 1)
||
o C L B e
V
s S B e e
C L
e
v R R R r
A
v R R r r
R R
r
| |
| |
| || |
+
= =
| |
+ + +
\ .\ .
~
for || ( 1)
B e S
R r R | + >>
Emitter and Collector Feedback Bias
+
+
+ V
CC
-
-
v
i
v
o
R
C
R
E
R
F
C
E
C
1
C
2
Emitter and Collector Feedback Bias
( 1)
|| 1
i
b
e
i o o i
b
F o C e
v
i
r
v v v v
i
R r R r
|
|
|
|
=
+

= =
+
We can of course solve this to
get the exact gain A
V
=v
o
/v
i
Assuming >>1 and r
o
>>R
C
, we get
1 1 1 1
o i
F C e F
v v
R R r R
( (
+ =
( (

Since typically, r
e
<<R
F
||
o F C C
v
i e e
v R R R
A
v r r
= ~ ~
E
+
-
v
i
+
-
v
o
R
F
(+1) r
e
i
b
i
b
r
o R
C
i
i
B C
For
R
F
>>R
C
Voltage Gain Calculation
Emitter and Collector Feedback Bias
E
+
-
v
i
+
-
v
o
R
F
(+1) r
e
i
b
i
b
r
o R
C
i
i
B C
( 1)
1 1
1
1
1 1
i i o
i
e F
C
i
e F F e
i e
i
C
i
C
F
e F F e
v v v
i
r R
R
v
r R R r
v r
Z
R
i
R
R
r R R r
|
|
|
|

= +
+
(
~ + +
(

= ~ ~
(
+
+ +
(

Input Impedance
Calculating the Input Impedance
Emitter and Collector Feedback Bias
E
+
-
v
i
R
F
(+1) r
e
i
b
i
b
R
C
i
i
I
SC
B C
Calculating the Output Impedance
We do this as Z
o
=V
OC
/I
SC
OC o V i
V v A v = =
and then use the following circuit to get I
SC
Ignore r
o
1
i i i
SC b
F F e
i
e
v v v
I i
R R r
v
r
|
|
|
= =
+
~
Using
||
C F
v
e
R R
A
r
=
we get
Output Impedance ||
o C F
Z R R =
or || ||
o C o F
Z R r R = if we take r
o
into account
Amplifier with Un-bypassed Emitter Resistance
+
+
+ V
CC
-
-
v
i
v
o
R
C
R
E
R
2
C
1
C
2
R
1
Amplifier with Un-bypassed Emitter Resistance
+
+
+ VCC
-
-
vi
vo
RC
RE R2
C1
C2
R1
( 1) ( 1)
i b e b E o b C
v i r i R v i R | | | = + + + =
Voltage Gain
1
o C C C
V
i e E e E E
v R R R
A
v r R r R R
|
|
| |
= = ~ ~
|
+ + +
\ .
Note that voltage gain reduces compared to the circuit where
the emitter resistance has been bypassed using a capacitor!
E
+
-
v
i
+
-
v
o
(

+
1
)

r
e
i
b
i
b r
o
R
C
i
i
R
B
=
R
1
|
|
R
2
R
E
C B
Neglecting r
o

Amplifier with Un-bypassed Emitter Resistance
+
+
+ VCC
-
-
vi
vo
RC
RE R2
C1
C2
R1
Output Impedance
O C
Z R = (neglecting r
o
)
( 1) ( 1) ( 1)( )
i
i b e b E e E BE
b
v
v i r i R r R Z
i
| | | = + + + = + + =
(say)
Input Impedance | |
|| || ( 1)( )
i B BE B e e
Z R Z R r R | = = + +
(higher than before)
E
+
-
v
i
+
-
v
o
(

+
1
)

r
e
i
b
i
b r
o
R
C
i
i
R
B
=
R
1
|
|
R
2
R
E
C B
Emitter Follower Circuit
+
+
+ V
CC
-
-
v
i
v
o
R
C
R
E
R
2
C
1
C
2
R
1
+
Bias (Q-Point)
R
B
=R
1
||R
2

V
BB
=V
CC
R
2
/(R
1
+R
2
)
0.7
( 1)
( 1)
BB
B
B E
C B
CE CC B E
V
I
R R
I I
V V I R
|
|
|

=
+ +
=
= +
Emitter Follower Circuit
E
+
-
v
i
+
-
v
o
(

+
1
)

r
e
i
b
i
b
i
i
R
B
=
R
1
|
|
R
2
R
E
C B
Simplified equivalent
circuit omitting r
o
0
0
( 1) ( 1)
( 1) ( )
( 1)
1
i b e b E
b e E
b E
E
v
i e E
v i r i R
i r R
v i R
v R
A
v r R
| |
|
|
= + + +
= + +
= +
= = <
+
Voltage Gain
Input Impedance | |
|| ( 1)( )
i
i B e E
i
v
Z R r R
i
| = = + +
, ,
( 1)
( 1)
i E
OC o i SC b SC b SC
e E e
v R
V v v I i i
r R r
|
|
= = = + =
+ +
Output Impedance
||
OC
o e E e
SC
V
Z r R r
I
= = ~
Why use the Emitter-Follower Configuration?
The Emitter Follower circuit does not provide any voltage gain
(Gain 1) but is useful for impedance matching purposes.

For example, as an interface between a high-output
impedance sensor and a low input impedance detection
circuit.

This is because it has a high input impedance and a low
output impedance recall that impedances should be matched
for maximum power transfer.
Darlington Connection

How can we get very large values of ?
B
C
E
Q1
Q2
Darlington Pair

overall

1

overall
=
1

2
+
1
+
2
Differential Amplifier

How to amplify differential signals? i.e. v
o
=A
v
(v
1
-v
2
)
Q1 Q2
- V
EE
+ V
CC
v
i1
v
i2
v
o1 v
o2
R
C1
R
C2
R
E
v
01
-v
02
=A
v
(v
i1
-v
i2
)
Push-Pull Configuration
+V
CC
-V
CC
Q1
Q2
R
1
R
2
R
3
C
1
C
2
v
i
v
o
R
L
Matched npn and pnp transistors used to make amplifiers with high
efficiency. Typically used as Power Amplifiers.
Class B Power
Amplifier
Q1 Q2
R
L
V
CC1
V
CC2
R I=(V
CC1
-V
BE
)/R I
mirror
I
Current Mirror Circuit
Current Mirror Circuit
Q1 Q2
R
L
V
CC1
V
CC2
R I=(V
CC1
-V
BE
)/R I
mirror
I
B I
B
I
B
I = (+2)I
B
I
mirror
= I
B
mirror
1
I = I
2
1+

Transistor as a Switch
I
C
s
a
t

=
6
.
1

m
A

R
C
0.82K
R
B
68 K
V
i
V
o
=V
C
V
CC
=+5 V
t
V
i
0 V
5V
V
C
0 V
5V
t
=125
Transistor Inverter
I
C
-V
CE
Characteristics (=125)
Assume (a) I
C
=I
CE0
=0 mA when I
B
=0 A
(b) V
CEsat
=0 V This is more typically 0.1-0.3 V
Transistor as a Switch (Inverter)
(a) V
i
=0 V Transistor is OFF, I
C
=0 and V
o
=V
C
=+5 V
(b) V
i
=+5 V Transistor is ON, V
CEsat
=0 V

I
B
=(5-0.7)/68=63 A

I
Csat
=V
CC
/R
C
=5/0.82=6.1 mA

Note that I
B
=7.88 ma > I
Csat
=6.1 mA
Therefore, the transistor is indeed in saturation
R
C
0.82K
R
B
68 K
V
i
V
o
=V
C
V
CC
=+5 V
t
V
i
0 V
5V
V
C
0 V
5V
t
Relationship between A
v
, A
i
, Z
i
and Z
o
Ao Ai
V i
Ai i
Ao V Ai V i i
O
o L o L o L
v v
A Z
v i
v A v A Z i
i
Z R Z R Z R
= =
= = =
+ + +
O V i
i
i o L
i A Z
A
i Z R
= =
+

Z
i
v
Ai
i
i
v
Ao
Z
o
R
L
v
o
i
O