THE ILLYRICA: GREEK TEXT AND TRANSLATION

THE ILLYRIAN HISTORY

The lllyrian History is the entirely preserved supplement to Appian's fragmentarily preserved History of Macedonia {Macedonica). Kai Brodersen is preparing a new critical edition of all Appian's works for the Oxford Classical Texts, which has not yet been published. He kindly sent me his edition of the Illyrica, the text of which (although not the apparatus) differs minimally from the current standard edition in Volume 1 of Appian's Roman History: Viereck, Roos, Appian, 1962, 326-351. The Greek text published here is taken from the Viereck-Roos edition (with permission of K. G. Saur Verlag, Miinchen), and is additionally annotated with Brodersen's notes based on his use of the important codex Laurentianus LXX 5 (/), which had not been used by previous editors. The modern editions of the Roman History of Appian and their various advantages and shortcomings are discussed by Famerie, Latin, 1998, 41 ff. Conspectus codicum V: Vaticanus gr. 134 B: Venetus Marcianus 387 L: Leidensis Vossianus miscel. 7 a: Parisinus 1681 b: Parisinus 1682 d: Vratisl. Rhedigeranus 14 1: Laurentianus LXX 5 C: Candidi translatio \

1.1 The Greeks define as Illyrians those peoples who live beyond Macedonia and Thrace, from the Chaones and the Thesprotians to the river Ister. That is the length of the country, however in width it extends from the Macedonians and Thracians, who live in the mountains, to the Paeones, the Ionian Sea and the foothills of the Alps. 2 The width is equal to five days of walking, the length thirty - which is also claimed by Greek writers. According to the statement of the Romans, who measured the country, the length amounts to more than 6000 stades, and the width around 1200 stades. II. 3 It is said that the country received its name from Polyphemus' son Illyrius; the Cyclops Polyphemus and Galatea had sons Celtus, Illyrius and Galas (Fig. 5); they left Sicily and ruled over the peoples who were named after them the Celts, the Illyrians, and the Galatians. This mythological story pleases me the most, although many others are also told by many writers. 4 Illyrius had sons Encheleus, Autarieus, Dardanus, Maedus, Taulas, Perrhaebus and daughters Partho, Daortho, Dassaro and others, from whom arose the peoples of the Taulantii, Perrhaebi, Enchelei, Autariatae, Dardanians [and Maedi], Partheni, Dassaretii and Darsi. Autarieus himself had a son Pannonius or Paeon, who in turn had Scordiscus and Triballus, from whom nations also were descended that were named after them. 5 But I shall leave this subject to the antiquarians. III. There are many lllyrian peoples, which is not surprising in such a large country; even today the Scordisci and Triballi are famous, who lived in an extensive region, although in mutual fighting they destroyed each other to such an extent that the remainder of the Triballi - if there was any - fled to the Getae on the other bank of the Ister. And this people, although it flourished in the

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THE I LLYR ICA : GREEK TEXT AND TRANSLATION

THE I LLYR ICA : GREEK TEXT AND TRANSLATION

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period before Philip and Alexander, died out, and where it had once lived, it is now no longer known by name. 6 The power of the Scordisci declined greatly because of these events, and thus the same fate befell them later in wars with the Romans, and they took refuge on islands in the same river. In time some of them returned and settled at the far reaches of the Paeonian land; this is the reason that the Scordisci still live among the Paeones. 7 In a similar manner the Autariatae, who had a more powerful army on land, destroyed the superior maritime power of the Ardiaei, after great damage had been done to them by the latter. Another maritime people next to the Ardiaei were the Liburni, who were also one of the Illyrian peoples. They were active in piracy in the Ionian Sea and the islands with fast and light vessels, after which the Romans even today call their light and swift double-banked galleys 'liburnians'. IV. 8 The Autariatae found themselves - so it is said - in extreme misfortune, as they were punished by Apollo with madness. They had joined Molistomus and the Celts called the Cimbri in an expedition against Delphi; the majority of them, however, were annihilated even before the attack by downpours, tempestuous storms and lightning, which struck them. Those who returned were set upon by a boundless multitude of frogs, whose decaying bodies poisoned the water sources. 9 Unwholesome vapours rose from the ground and caused a plague among the Illyrians, which particularly destroyed the Autariatae, until they fled from their homeland. They carried the plague with them, and from fear of it no one wished to admit them. They travelled a twenty-three day journey and settled in a marshy and deserted region of the Getae, near the people of the Bastarnae. 10 Among the Celts, however, the god caused an earthquake and demolished their cities; there was no end to the disaster until these had also fled from their homeland and invaded the land of their accomplices the Illyrians, who had been weakened by the plague. They plundered throughout their land and contracted the plague, and again fled, looting as far as the Pyrenees. When they were returning to the east, the Romans, who remembered previous wars with the Celts and were afraid that these also might invade across the Alps into Italy, sent an army against them with both consuls, which the barbarians entirely destroyed. 11 This Roman defeat spread great fear of the Celts over all Italy, until they chose Marius for their commander, who had not long before successfully fought against the Libyan Numidians and Mauretanians, and who defeated the Cimbri and several times inflicted great losses on them, as I reported in my Celtic history. These, extremely weakened and because of their weakness excluded from all countries, returned to their homeland, after having inflicted and suffered much evil. V. 12 Such an end to impiety was intended by the god for the Illyrians and the Celts. Nonetheless they did not refrain from plundering sanctuaries; instead some Illyrians, mainly the Scordisci, the Maedi and the Dardanians, again together with the Celts, invaded both Macedonia and Greece, looted many temples - including that of Delphi - and at that time, too, lost many men. 13 The Romans, who had first come to blows with the Celts thirty-two years earlier, having fought periodically with them since then, already had Greece and Macedonia under their control; after this sacrilegious robbery, under the leadership of Lucius Scipio, they attacked the Illyrians. It is said that the neighbouring peoples would not give aid to the despoilers of temples, rather they intentionally left them to Scipio without help, remembering the misfortune that had occurred to all of the Illyrians because of the Autariei. 14 Scipio, it is said, crushed the power of the Scordisci, and those who remained supposedly retreated to the Ister and settled on the river islands; with the Maedi and the Dardani he con-

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