Comparative Investigation of Organic Compounds

Cayabyab, Alissandra B.; Co, Alyssa Kyrsten; Cruzado, Kevin, Cu, Sharmay; Cua, Gwendolyn Ashley Abstract
ydrocar!ons e"ist anywhere in the world, and some are very essential for us to live# $hey are classified according to the replacement of the functional groups with hydrogen, which are further classified into principal and su!ordinate groups# $he main o!%ective of this e"periment was to differentiate organic compounds in terms of& certain physical properties, !ehavior towards ignition, and the infrared spectra of their functional groups# $here were four tests that were performed which are o!serving their physical properties, solu!ility test, reaction with litmus paper, and ignition test# Cyclohe"ane, 'C(, and ethyl acetate are immisci!le with water and misci!le with )aO and Cl# *thanol and ethyl amine are misci!le with the solvents used# +henol and !enzoic acid, which are !oth acidic, are solu!le with )aO and insolu!le with water and Cl# $he results of the e"periment concluded that different organic compounds each have distinguishing properties whether it,s in solu!ility or flamma!ility#

Introduction According to Greeves -.//01, hydrocar!on is an organic chemical compound composed of car!on and hydrogen# ydrocar!ons may !e gases, li2uids, or solids# In nature, they are found mainly in plants, petroleum, natural gas, coal, and oil shale# (ost !urn readily and dissolve more readily in alcohol than in water# Some are to"ic and some form an e"plosive mi"ture with air# ydrocar!ons are used as fuels and solvents and in the manufacture of industrial chemicals, e"plosives, plastics, synthetic ru!!er, dyes, drugs, and other products# Organic compounds could !e classified into hydrocar!ons and hydrocar!on derivatives# $hey are conveniently classified !y the replacement of hydrogen with a functional group# Saturated hydrocar!ons, also called al3anes, are the simplest of all the hydrocar!on species !ecause it is composed entirely of single !onds and are saturated

with hydrogen according to (eierhenrich -.//41# Organic halides, ethers, thioethers, alcohol, and thiols are such e"amples of some of the 3inds of hydrocar!ons# 5unctional groups, called hydrocar!yls, that contain only car!on and hydrogen, !ut vary in the num!er and order of 6 !onds# *ach one differs in type -and scope1 of reactivity# $he main o!%ective of this e"periment was to differentiate organic compounds in terms of& certain physical properties, !ehavior towards ignition, and the infrared spectra of their functional groups# +rincipal functional groups are listed in order of increasing priority, and the su!ordinate groups have no esta!lished priority order# 7efore delving into the e"periment, it is important to 3now that the e"periment was to compare !etween the different 3inds of hydrocar!ons which are specifically cycloal3anes, al3yl halides, alcohols, phenols, car!o"ylic acids, esters, and

amines# Although the range of the e"periment was too narrow, that goal of the e"periment was to practice determining an un3nown organic compound !y its solu!ility, flamma!ility, physical properties and acidity# $he solu!ility of car!o"ylic acids and amines is so characteristic that solu!ility tests alone differentiate these functional groups from all the others in this e"periment# Organic compounds follow three interdependent rules of solu!ility& small organic molecules are more solu!le in water than are large organic molecules; polar organic molecules, especially those capa!le of hydrogen !onding, are more solu!le in water than are nonpolar molecules; and compounds in their ionic forms are more solu!le in water than their neutral forms# Materials and Methods 5our ma%or steps were done for the comparative analysis of organic compounds# $hese were o!serving the physical state, color and the odor of the organic sample; solu!ility in neutral, acidic, and al3aline conditions; their reaction with litmus paper; and lastly, the ignition test# $here was supposed to !e a fifth step which is infrared analysis, !ut the reason for not doing that was un3nown# $he instructions for the procedures were primarily followed from the 8a!oratory (anual in Organic Chemistry -.//91 !y 7ay2uen, Cruz, de Guia, 8ampa, +ena, Sarile, and $orres# $he organic samples which were cyclohe"ane, dichloromethane -'C(1, ethanol, phenol, !enzoic acid, ethyl acetate, and ethyl amine, were introduced in clean dry test tu!es# It is important for the test tu!es to !e clean and dry !ecause the samples may react with the water and contaminants# $hen, their physical state at room temperature and their color was

o!served and noted# $he odor was carefully smelled with a wafting motion !ecause inhaling it might cause to"ic conse2uences# After o!servation, the solu!ility test was conducted# In each la!eled test tu!e, four drops of the li2uid samples and /#0:grams of the grinded sample, if it,s a solid, were separately reacted with ;:m8 of distilled water, <= Cl and <= )aO # $he solvents were added drop:wise with a cali!rated dropper to each of the samples# -.< num!er of drops > 0 m81 If the sample is a li2uid, it was descri!ed whether it is misci!le, slightly misci!le, and immisci!le to the solvents# If the sample is a solid, you descri!e it as very solu!le, slightly solu!le or insolu!le# It was written if any effervescence -glowing1, color changes or warming occurred# If the sample is misci!le with water, it was reacted with red and !lue litmus papers# If the !lue litmus turned red, the sample is acidic# If the red litmus turned !lue, it was !asic# If no color changes occurred, then it is pro!a!ly neutral# 5inally, the ignition test was performed# 7y placing ;:< drops of the li2uid sample or a pinch amount of the grinded solid sample, each was lighted with a match# It was o!served whether the sample is flamma!le, the color of the flame produced, and optionally, the !urning time#

Results and Discussions $a!le 0# 'ata for the analysis of the organic sample compounds Sample Cyclohe: 'C( *thanol +henol 7enzoic Compoun "ane Acid ds +hysical 8i2uid 8i2uid 8i2uid 8i2uid Solid state at room temp# Color Colorless Colorless Colorless ?eddish: @hitish pin3 Odor Gasoline: Odorless Odorless +aste:li3e (ildly li3e odor odor rancid odor *thyl acetate 8i2uid *thyl amine 8i2uid

Colorless Smells li3e nail polish and plastic !alloon Immisci! le (isci!le (isci!le 7lue to red : acidic 5lamma! le with a luminous flame

8ight Aellow Strongly smells li3e ammonia and fish

Solu!ility in& a# distilled water !# <= )aO c# <= Cl ?eaction with litmus paper Ignition test

Immisci! le Bery misci!le Bery misci!le )o color changes : neutral 5lamma! le with a non: luminous flame < seconds

Immisci! le misci!le (isci!le )o color changes : neutral )on: flamma!l e

misci!le misci!le (isci!le )o color changes : neutral 8uminous !lue flame -!urns cleanly wCo residue1 D seconds

Slightly misci!le misci!le immisci!l e 7lue to red: Acidic )on: flamma!l e

Insolu!le Solu!le in e"cess volume Bery slightly solu!le 7lue to red : acidic )on: flamma!l e

(isci!le (isci!le (isci!le: sign of warming ?ed to !lue: !asic )on: luminous flame

7urning time

)CA

)CA

)CA

0D seconds

E seconds

?eferring to $a!le 0, it was gathered that cyclohe"ane is a neutral colorless li2uid

with a gasoline:li3e odor# Cyclohe"ane was immisci!le with water, and misci!le with !oth )aO and Cl# Cyclohe"ane was misci!le with Cl and )aO !ecause cyclohe"ane reacts with Cl which is a strong acid, and )aO is a strong nucleophile# Cyclohe"ane was highly flamma!le !ecause of its non:luminous flame which generates more heat# $hat is !ecause cyclohe"ane is a non:polar solvent, it has wea3 intermolecular forces# 'ichloromethane was a neutral, colorless, odorless, and volatile li2uid# 'uring the e"periment, it 3ept on evaporating !y itself in the test tu!e# 'C( is the least to"ic of the simple chlorohydrocar!ons, !ut it is not without health ris3s, as its high volatility ma3es it an acute inhalation hazard according to ?iou" -0994#1 'C( was immisci!le with water, and misci!le with )aO and Cl, and also was non: flamma!le# *thanol was also neutral, colorless, and an odorless li2uid# It was flamma!le with a luminous, smo3e:less flame# In addition, it was misci!le with distilled water, Cl, and )aO # +henol was a non:flamma!le, reddish:pin3 solution which has a paste:li3e odor# It was only slightly misci!le with water and Cl, and misci!le with )aO !ecause it produces sodium pheno"ide# According to 7rown and +oon -./001, Fphenols are significantly more acidic than alcohols# $he acid ionization constant for phenol is 0/GE larger than alcoholHI $he ne"t on the list was !enzoic acid which was a whitish crystalline solid with a mildly rancid odor# It was solu!le with )aO , a strong !ase, and insolu!le with water and Cl# It was also non:flamma!le, as it is a solid, and acidic# *thyl acetate was a colorless li2uid that smells li3e nail polish and the plastic !alloon that 3ids used to play with# It was immisci!le with water, !ut misci!le with Cl and )aO # It reacted with )aO to give ethanol and sodium acetate# *thyl acetate was flamma!le that !urned for 0D

seconds# 5inally, ethyl amine was a volatile light:yellowish li2uid that smelled li3e ammonia or fish# It was misci!le with all the solvents which are water, )aO and Cl, and !urned strongly with a non:luminous flame that lasted for E seconds# $here were errors that were made during the e"periment# 5irstly, it was re2uired to cali!rate the +asteur pipet or dropper !y counting the num!er of drops to reach 0 m8# owever, only one dropper was cali!rated and the rest of the droppers were assumed to !e the same as the cali!rated one# Secondly, it was possi!le that there were contaminants present in some of the test tu!es !ecause it was only rinsed with tap water# $hird, the transferring of the solutions with the droppers themselves might have caused errors# 7ecause of the limited time, they were only washed carelessly with tap water, and were reused again#

References:

7rown, @illiam; +oon, $homas# -./001 Introduction to Organic Chemistry. -<th ed#1 @iley International Clayden, J#, Greeves, )#, et al# -.//01 Organic Chemistry O"ford ?iou" J+, (yers ?A -09441# K(ethylene chloride poisoning& a paradigmatic reviewK# J Emerg Med 6 -;1& ..LM.;4 (eierhenrich, Nwe# Amino Acids and the Asymmetry of Life# Springer, .//4#

+rofessor Carl C# @amser# -.//E#1 Classification of Functional Groups for purposes of Nomenclature. +ortland State Nniversity. ?etrieved

from& http&CCwe!#pd"#eduCOwamsercCC;;E S/ECnomenclature#pdf