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Membrane Processes for Desalination
and Water Reuse
and Water Reuse
Raphael Semiat
1
2004 Water deficiency
1 5B
1.5B
2004
3B2025
2004 2025
Source: Seckler et al, 2002
2
Driving Forces for Water R&D
Related
Related Documents
Documents
Need for Water
Global need, Industry, Agriculture, Remote
L ti
Locations, Desertification,
D tifi ti Et
Etc.
Cost Difference - (Industry/Urban - Agriculture)
C t Diff
Cost Difference - (Thermal
(Th lPProcesses - Membrane
M b Processes)
P )
Technologies for Export
3
RDL GWRI Technion 3
RO DESALINATION
Large
g plants:
p NAHAL TANINIM (1997) MIZPE SHALEM ((1983))
BRACKISH (SURFACE) WATER 50 m3/day
GROFIT (1974)
RO DESALINATION 50 m3/day
4
SDE UVDA 2 (1980)
500 m3/day (RESERV.) 4
Eilat Plants
Eilat Plants
Sabha A: 25,500m3/day BW
Sabha B: 10,000 BW
Sabha C: 10,000 SW
RDL
5 GWRI Technion
5
cent/m3 - feed water Initial Design Actual Design Changes
%
Investment 4.0 2.6 -35.0%
Ch i l
Chemicals 58
5.8 24
2.4 -58.6%
58 6%
- HCl 2.96 1.85 -37.5%
- NaHSO 3 1.16 -100.0%
Operational - FeCl3 0.70 0.34 -51.7%
- NaOCl 0.99 0.22 -78.1%
Experience:
9.8
-78.1%
Saving on - NaOCl
-51.7%
10.0 - FeCl3
chemicals
chemicals. C
H N HSO3 -100%
- NaHSO3 100%
9.0 E - HCl -37.5%
M
Eilat plants 8.0 I
C
5.8 A
7.0 L
cent//m - feed water
S 5.0
6.0
-58.6%
5.0
3
I
40
4.0 N 24
2.4
V
E
3.0 S
T
4.0 M
2.0 E
-35.0%
N
2.6
1.0 T
0.0
Initial Design Actual Design
7
Ashkelon Plant
100,000.000 M3/year
8
Reverse Osmosis ‐ Membrane Desalination
10
RDL GWRI Technion Picometer 10-12 m Femtometer 10-15m …
Significant membrane properties
Main Characteristic properties:
p p
Selectivity Membrane thickness,
Permeability P
Permeability,
bilit rejection,
j ti
Mechanical stability (creep and compaction) Size, size distribution
Anti fouling treatment
Anti-fouling
Chemical
h i l Stability
bili (Hydrolytic
( d l i stability,
bili
Catalitic reactivity.
Organic material stability, pH,
Microbial resistance, Cl2 attack, etc.
•Surface anti-fouling properties
(Phtalates, cellulose acetate, Chlorine in water, NaOH in
cleaning,
IInitial
iti l fluxes
fl reduction,
d ti suspended
d d materials
t i l andd
precipitants (CaCO3, CaSO4, SiO2, CaF2, SrSO4, BaSO4,
RDL GWRI Technion
etc.)
Expensive product, 50/50 mm. A tool for production of the cheapest
product on Earth, 5-6 m2
12
Spiral Wound
Membranes
membranes thickness-
200 nm and down
down.
Holes size and size
distribution,, membrane
properties
RDL
13 GWRI Technion
Bio-Fouling
14
RDL GWRI Technion
Man made polluted waters: Industrial, agriculture and urban effluents
Secondary
treatment
Sludge/ solids
treatment
Adsorption
Reverse-Osmosis Polishing
Concentrate disposal
15 or Nano-Filtration
RDL GWRI Technion
16 RDL GWRI Technion
Prof. Moris eizen
17
Performance of new membranes
40
ejection (%)
30
20
Re
10
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
membrane type
18
Module view and sampling
3 2 1
7 6 5 4
11 10 9 8
15 14 13 12
18 17 16
19
Energy usage in Desalination ‐ comparison
Subject \ Fuel
Subject \ Fuel Gas Gasoil Heavy fuel
Heavy fuel Coal
Caloric value Kcal/Kg fuel 9000 10750 10000 7700
Caloric Value Kwht/Kg fuel 10.5 12.5 11.6 9
Electricity production (45% eff.)
Electricity production (45% eff.)
Kwhe/Kg fuel large Power station 4.7 5.6 5.2 4
Electricity production (80% eff.)
High efficiency gas turbine
High efficiency gas turbine
Kwh/Kg fuel 8.4
Capacity ‐ Seawater Desal (50%
Recovery) m3/ kg fuel
Recovery) m3/ kg fuel 1.3
1 3 16
1.6 15
1.5 12
1.2
80% efficiency 2.4
Fuel consumption/ ton
Desalinated water Kg fuel /m3
Desalinated water Kg fuel /m3 0.7
0 7 06
0.6 07
0.7 09
0.9
80% efficiency 0.4
How many km can I drive with 1
m3 Desal water fuel consumption?
m3 Desal water fuel consumption? 27
2‐7 2‐6
26
How many hours of AC ‐ single
room (2.5 Kw‐h) can I operate? 1.4
Household Energy Consumption
Electricity, transportation and desalinated water…
A small family, consumes water at a rate of 18 m3/month,
1200 KWh f l
1200 KWh of electricity /month, Drives 1500 km/month, consumes
i i / h Di 1500 k / h
160 liter gasoil/month
Energy consumption assuming only desalinated seawater used ‐
140 KWh/
140 KWh/month (fuel value)
th (f l l )
Energy consumption ‐ driving a car ‐ 1500 KWh/month (fuel value)
Energy consumption ‐ electricity ‐ 1200/0.45=2667 KWh/month
(f l l )
(fuel value)
Energy for desalination/ energy for transportation ‐
gy gy p 9.3%
Energy for desalination/ energy for electricity ‐ 2.6%
Energy for desalination/ total energy consumption ‐ 3.4%
Can we save 3 4% in our household energy consumption?
Can we save 3.4% in our household energy consumption?
Where we should put our energy for use? In water? In high energy
consuming cars? In overused AC?
Desalination and proper water usage
p p g
Other costs should be included
besides Energy
besides Energy
• Cost of water in negligible for regular household
• Cost of water is tolerable for most industries
• Cost of water is significant in agriculture
Cost of water is significant in agriculture
Make better usage of water:
– Use of greenhouses
Use of greenhouses
– Use Drip‐Irrigation – save 30‐90% of water
consumption by other irrigation techniques – reduce
consumption by other irrigation techniques reduce
the cost problem
Pushing the Limits of Desalination
R d ti off RO d
Reduction desalination
li ti process costs
t
Main directions for reducing desalination costs
M b
Membrane improvement
i
Permeability, rejection, resistance to fouling
Concentration polarization - Flow
Improvement of membrane modules
Foulingg and scalinggpprevention
Optimization of the water recovery level
The boron problem
Pretreatment – MF, UF etc.
Energy aspects
Concentrates - Environmental
23
Process optimization RDL GWRI Technion