Virtualization

Definition
Virtualization is the creation of a virtual (rather than actual) version of
something, such as an operating system, a server, a storage device or
network resources.

How Does Virtualization Work?

The VMware virtualization platform is built on a business-ready architecture.
Use software such as VMware Infrastructure and VMware ESXi (a free
download) to transform or “virtualized” the hardware resources of an x86-
based computer—including the CPU, RAM, hard disk and network controller—
to create a fully functional virtual machine that can run its own operating
system and applications just like a “real” computer. Each virtual machine
contains a complete system, eliminating potential conflicts.
VMware virtualization works by inserting a thin layer of software directly
on the computer hardware or on a host operating system. This contains a
virtual machine monitor or “hypervisor” that allocates hardware resources
dynamically and transparently. Multiple operating systems run concurrently
on a single physical computer and share hardware resources with each other.
By encapsulating an entire machine, including CPU, memory, operating
system, and network devices, and a virtual machine is completely
compatible with all standards x86 operating systems, applications, and
device drivers. You can safely run several operating systems and applications
at the same time on a single computer, with each having access to the
resources it needs when it needs them.

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Utility Computing
Definition
Utility computing is a service provisioning model in which a service provider
makes computing resources and infrastructure management available to the
customer as needed, and charges them for specific usage rather than a flat
rate. Like other types of on-demand computing (such as grid computing), the
utility model seeks to maximize the efficient use of resources and/or
minimize associated costs.

How Does Utility computing Work?

Utility computing is the packaging of computing resources, such as
computation and storage, as a metered service similar to a traditional public
utility (such as electricity, water, natural gas, or telephone network). This
system has the advantage of a low or no initial cost to acquire hardware;
instead, computational resources are essentially rented. Customers with very
large computations or a sudden peak in demand can also avoid the delays
that would result from physically acquiring and assembling a large number of
computers.

Conventional Internet hosting services have the capability to quickly

arrange for the rental of individual servers, for example to provision a bank
of web servers to accommodate a sudden surge in traffic to a web site.
"Utility computing" has usually envisioned some form of virtualization
so that the amount of storage or computing power available is considerably
larger than that of a single time-sharing computer. Multiple servers are used
on the "back end" to make this possible. These might be a dedicated
computer cluster specifically built for the purpose of being rented out, or
even an under-utilized supercomputer. The technique of running a single
calculation on multiple computers is known as distributed computing.

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Nanotechnology
Definition
Nanotechnology, which is sometimes shortened to "Nanotech", refers to a
field whose theme is the control of matter on an atomic and molecular scale.
Generally nanotechnology deals with structures of the size 100 nanometers
or smaller, and involves developing materials or devices within that size.

How Does Nanotechnology Work?

Nanotechnology is extremely diverse, ranging from novel extensions of
conventional device physics, to completely new approaches based upon
molecular self-assembly, to developing new materials with dimensions on the
nanoscale, even to speculation on whether we can directly control matter on
the atomic scale.
There has been much debate on the future of implications of
nanotechnology. Nanotechnology has the potential to create many new
materials and devices with wide-ranging applications, such as in medicine,
electronics, and energy production. On the other hand, nanotechnology
raises many of the same issues as with any introduction of new technology,
including concerns about the toxicity and environmental impact of
nanomaterials, and their potential effects on global economics, as well as
speculation about various doomsday scenarios. These concerns have led to a
debate among advocacy groups and governments on whether special
regulation of nanotechnology is warranted.phill bill bob.
There are two more concepts commonly associated with nanotechnology:
• Positional assembly.
• Massive parallelism.

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REFERENCE

1) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtualization

2) http://utilitycomputing.com

3) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility_computing

4) http://www.crnano.org/whatis.htm

5) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnology