De La Salle University - Dasmarias

BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT Assessment of the Plant Diversity and Carbon Storage of Mangrove Species in Lian, Batangas

A Research Presented to the Biological Sciences Department College of Science and Computer Studies De La Salle University - Dasmarias City of Dasmarias, Cavite

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Biology with Concentration in Environmental Science

Arciaga, Jerry Paul P. Palaya, Gerard John March 2014

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ABSTRACT The mangrove trees in Lian Batangas particularly in Talim Bay is known for a considered site of tree planting project by many organizations, schools and some NGOs in earlier years. This made the fact that the inventory trees planted are not updated, its current diversity and the total carbon storage that the mangrove holding will be evaluated and recorded for future researches. Lian Batangas area is 76.8 km in north east of Batangas city. For recording the carbon storage The abstract should contain a one-paragraph summary of the study. It contains a short introduction, a summary of the methodology, and most importantly the major findings of the study. It should be no more than 200 words. Key terms may be enumerated below the abstract. Key words: Scientific name of the plant, another term, another term.

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APPROVAL SHEET

(This page will be provided for by the Research Teacher)

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The researchers wish to express their utmost gratitude and appreciation to the following: ... this should be no more than 2 pages

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page Abstract Approval Sheet Acknowledgments Table of Contents List of Tables List of Figures List of Plates CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Background of the Study Theoretical Framework Statement of the Problem Scope and Limitations Significance of the Study Definition of Terms

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CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Conceptual Literature 00

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BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT 2.2 Related Studies 00

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Research Design Research Setting (or Instrument) Research Procedure Data Gathering and Statistical Analysis 00 00 00 00 00

Cited References Appendices A. Map of Study Site (if needed) B. Standard Procedure C. Raw Data and Statistical Analysis D. Photo Documention E. Certifications F. Curriculum Vitae

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BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT LIST OF TABLE

1. Title of the first table 2. Title of the second table 3. Title of the third table

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BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT LIST OF FIGURES

1. Title of the first figure 2. Title of the second figure 3. Title of the third figure

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BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT LIST OF PLATES

1. Title of the first plate 2. Title of the second plate 3. Title of the third plate

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BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

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1.1

Background of the Study Mangroves are unique kind of trees that can withstand the high salinity

of ocean because of their ability to excrete salts through their leaves. Mangroves grow in areas with shallow water and where the action of waves is not extreme. Mangroves germinate their seeds on the tree itself. At the moment that their seeds fall to the water, they will float and then eventually when these seeds are trapped in the mud, they start to develop root system. The trees also have highly developed roots that extends above the water that can accumulate ocygen in the atmosphere and then absorb it

(pneumatophores). Mangroves also serves as a habitat for mollusks, sponges and other ichtyofauna species.

Mangrove forest is also known as the rainforest of the sea. Among the worlds 70 known species of mangroves, 46 of these can be found growing in our country. Highly diversed mangrove areas can be found in; Bohol (26 spp.), Pagbilao Bay in Quezon province (24 spp.), Aurora province (23 spp.), Ibajay in Aklan province (22 spp.), Puerto Galera in Mindoro Island (18 spp.), Cebu (18 spp.) (Primavera, 2000).

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BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT Mangroves also serve as carbon sink/storage by decreasing organic pollution at the shore lines. High carbon content of 10 percent or more can be found in soil layers and peat that compose the mangrove substrate. A hectare of mangrove area might also house almost 700 metric tons of Carbon per meter depth. But these carbons stucked in mangroves substrates can be release back to the atmosphere when the area is disturbed by the means of mangrove destruction or conversion of the area for other purposes. Now, the mangrove ecosystems are greatly reduced due to the conversion the area. The global warming caused by too much greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is also continuing that is why this study is important to know the actual number of mangrove in a selected area in Lian, Batangas and by knowing so, we can estimate how much carbon can be stored by the quantity of mangroves assessed. Previous studies focuses on the mangrove species diversity and some environmental factors affecting them in Kawit, Cavite ( BIO 1220 and BIO 1222-call numbers) and there are also some previous studies that assessed the carbon storage of a mangrove area in Verde Passage (Gevaa and Pampolina, 2009) and none of the both studies have been conducted in Lian, Batangas at the same time.

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Write here some definitions of important concepts about your topic. Also, write here the present scenario to justify that your topic is something

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BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT new and theres really a need to conduct such study. This may be sup plied with some important data (dont forget to cite your source, 2003).

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Write here some information to prove that there are some research gaps to justify that your topic is something new and theres really a need to conduct such study. You may include some data that will justify your study. Just make sure that sources of your supporting data must properly cited using the CSE format and as much as possible your sources should not be older than 5 years ago. The next few paragraphs should contain some background

information or related literatures and recent findings about the topic. It may not be that long, some of the detailed information may be placed in the literature review. The present study determines the plant diversity and the carbon storage of mangroves species in Lian, Batangas. The last paragraph is a statement that will introduce your study, something like this: The present study will determine the effects of different concentrations of the independent variables to the dependent variables of the test organisms. 1.2 Theoretical Framework

In the previous research by Dixon T. Gevana and Nelson M. Pampolina ( Plant Diversity and Carbon storage of a Rhizopora Stand in Verde passage San Juan, Batangas) the study assessed the diversity (H1) and carbon density of Rhizopora stand. The diversity index is ( H1 = 0.8165 to 1.4185 is low with a total of nine species recorded. ( Gevana and Pampolina 2009).

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The diversity was still regarded as healthy in mitigating the effects of climate change due to its large carbon estimates, and it was estimated to be around 115.45 t ha-1 .(Gevana and Pampolina 2009). The observed diversity of species is low due to that there are very few species recorded in this study (Gevana and Pampolina 2009). Rhizopora sp. was found abundant among the species present in the area. Biomass and carbon density estimates were high meaning to that stand's healthy condition mitigating the effects of the climate change through carbon sequestration (Gevana and Pampolina 2009). The result of the study of Maria Fernanda Adame, Ruth Reef , Jorge A. Herrera-Silveria and Catherine E. Lovelock (Sensitvity of dissolved organic carbon exchange and sediment bacteria to water quality in mangrove forest 2012). Is that the relationship between water quality and microbial community and DOC (dissolved organic carbon) exchange that , at least some period of years, low water quality increases bacterial abundance and changes the DOC exchange of mangrove forest with flood water, thus this supports near-shore productivity. (Adame, Reef, Herrera-SIlveria, Lovelock 2012). The result of the study by Danna Mae T. Bondoc and Loi D. Dollete with the title Inventory of Mangroves and other Floral Species and Description of Environmental Factors in Barangay Wakas/Poblacion in Kawit, Cavite was the determination of 28 species of mangroves which belong to 18 families. 6 species of mangrove were found belonging to 4 mangrove families. 22 species of mangrove were found belonging to the remaining mangrove-associated families. (Bondoc and Dollete, 2013).

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The result of the study by Genevive Star A. Castillo and Anna Lorraine L. Estacio with the title Vegetational Analysis of Mangrove Areas on Barangay Wakas/Poblacion in Kawit, Cavite was the determination of abundance of mangrove species in the area where Rhizopora apiculata was found to be the most abundant with 43 individuals. It was followed by Avicennia marina with 34 species and then with Nypa fruticans and Xylocarpus granatum as the ones with the least number in the area. (Castillo and Estacio, 2013).
The result of the study by Annie Grace B. Baldove, Cedrick Neil J. Cruz and Apple Chantal J. Santos with the title Mangrove Species of Barangay Marulas in Kawit, Cavite was the identification of the dominant species in the area. Avicennia oficinalis and Avicennia marina were found to be the most dominant in the area. There are also other species found in the area namely; Hibiscus tiliaceus, Pongamia pinnata and Rhizophoraceae species. (Baldove, Cruz and Santos, 2002).

1.3

Statement of the Problem (or Objectives of the Study)

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BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT The study generally aims to assess the Plant Diversity and Carbon Storage of Mangrove Species in Lian, Batangas; this is actually repetition of your title which states the general objective of the study. Specifically, the study will answer the following questions (if Objectives is used, the specific objectives should be stated in declarative form): 1. To determine what Mangrove Species are present in Lian, Batangas Problem 1 or Objective 1, if problem, interrogative form?; if objective, declarative form. 2. To determine the Carbon Storage of the Mangrove Area in Lian, Batangas Problem 2 (if objectives are used, be sure that it should be goal-objective and not procedure-objective; 3. To determine the impact of the mangrove area to the community, to the other species and to the environment Problem 3, if problems are used it be a question?

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1.4

Scope and Limitations The study will focus on the determination of the plant diversity of

Mangroves species in the study site. The study will also focus on measuring and determining how much carbon can be stored in the area. The study will also include the effect of the mangrove area and the carbon sinking in the area to the community, other species and the environment. effects of the

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BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT following different concentrations; you may enumerate here the different levels of the independent variables to the dependent variables. The

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dependent variables should also be specified here and should be explained when will be observed or measured. This paragraph is all about the scope or the inclusions of the study. The scope sets the boundaries of your research. You may also include here the duration of the experimental procedure. It is not the intention of the study to identify the physico-chemical factors affecting the mangrove area. The light penetration, wave actions, temperature, wind patterns, etc. The study will also not focus on the other nutrients/elements present in the soil such as nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur. Heavy metals such as mercury, lead, copper, zinc, cadmium, chromium, arsenic and nickel will also not be focused. Other components of the study. This paragraph is all about the limitations or the exclusions of the study.

1.5

Significance of the Study

Mangrove forest is one of the most productive terrestrial ecosystems natural and renewable resource. Mangroves are not a marvel for their adaptations but also for the significant role in our environment. Mangroves are also a source of variety of wood and non-wood forest products. Determining the abundance and the plant diversity of a

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mangrove is crucial for economical uses and preserving issues.The significance of this study is to obtain, record and asses the abundance of plant diversity of mangrove in Lian, Batangas. Including its species composition, structure and distribution of the mangrove and its ecosystemic functions as well as the carbon storing capabilities of a mangrove in a manner of how much carbon can the mangrove stores in its substrate. The data gathered can be used by different agencies that have concerns on mangrove preserving or any other ecological use, the inventory of trees in the area will determine what species is the most or the least abundant in the area and this study is also for the future references and researchers.
By developing an accurate and reliable understanding of your topic here, you may include here some of the expected results of your study. You may cite some of the groups or beneficiaries from your study and explain also how your findings would give them some benefits. They may be arranged according to size, from bigger organization to smaller groups.

1.6

Definition of Terms

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Germinate: This means to cause the (seeds or spores) to sprout or (of seeds or spores) to sprout or form new tissue following increased metabolism Mangroves: Any of several tropical evergreen trees or shrubs of the genus Rhizophora, having stiltlike roots and stems and forming dense thickets along tidal shores Pneumatophores: a specialized root of certain swamp plants, such as the mangrove, that branches upwards, rising above ground, and undergoes gaseous exchange with the atmosphere Salinity: the relative proportion of salt in a solution Substrate: A surface on which an organism grows or is attached. Ecosystem: everything that exist in a particular environment
The following important terms (arranged in alphabetical order) are defined based on context or how they were used in the study: Term 1. The definition should be based on how it was used n the study; it should be in complete sentence. Term 2. The definition should be based on how it was used n the study; it should be in complete sentence. Term 2. The definition should be based on how it was used n the study; it should be in complete sentence.

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

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2.1

Conceptual Literature

First topic The conceptual review is developmental in nature and is arranged by topics. There is no limit to the number of cited references but all should be relevant to the objectives of the research study. Second topic The arrangement of topic should be from general to specifics. Mostly, these literatures are taken from books. Third topic The conceptual review is developmental in nature and is arranged by topics. There is no limit to the number of cited references but all should be relevant to the objectives of the research study.

2.2

Related Studies

A study conducted by Dixon T. Gevaa and Nelson M. Pampolina with the title Plant Diversity and Carbon storage of a Rhizopora Stand in Verde

passage San Juan, Batangas in the year 2009 was done to know what mangrove species are in the study area and also, in their study, they measured the amount of carbon in the mangrove substrate. Rhizopora sp.

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was found to be the most abundant mangrove species in the area. The carbon composition of the area is also high which indicates its capability to counteract the effect of climate change through the process of carbon sequestration (Gevana and Pampolina, 2009). A study conducted by Maria Fernanda Adame, Ruth Reef , Jorge A. Herrera-Silveria and Catherine E. Lovelock with the title Sensitivity of dissolved organic carbon exchange and sediment bacteria to water quality in mangrove forest in the year 2012 was done to know the amount of dissolved carbon and its effect to the water quality in the mangrove forest. Their findings results to the understanding that the low water quality in the study area increases the bacterial abundance and at the same time, alters the DOC exchange of mangrove forest with flood water (Adame, Reef, Herrera-SIlveria, Lovelock 2012). A study conducted by Danna Mae T. Bondoc and Loi D. Dollete with the title Inventory of Mangroves and other Floral Species and Description of Environmental Factors in Barangay Wakas/Poblacion in Kawit, Cavite in the year 2013 was done to determine the number of mangrove species in the area. The species were grouped to those who belong to the mangrove

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families and those to the mangrove-associated families where those species that belong to the mangrove associated families are the most abundant (Bondoc and Dollete, 2013). A study conducted by Genevive Star A. Castillo and Anna Lorraine L. Estacio with the title Vegetational Analysis of Mangrove Areas on Barangay Wakas/Poblacion in Kawit, Cavite in the year 2013 was done to know the number of mangrove species in the study area. Rhizopora apiculata was the most abundant while the Nypa fruticans and Xylocarpus granatum are the least in number. The most important species in the area is Avicennia marina (Castillo and Estacio, 2013).
A study conducted by Annie Grace B. Baldove, Cedrick Neil J. Cruz and Apple Chantal J. Santos with the title Mangrove Species of Barangay Marulas in Kawit, Cavite in the year 2002 was done to assess the number of mangroves species in the study area. The findings were; the two abundant species in the area were Avicennia oficinalis and Avicennia marina. Other species found in the area were Hibiscus tiliaceus, Pongamia pinnata, Rhizophoraceae species ( Baldove, Cruz and Santos, 2002).

Related studies could be clustered together. One should integrate and synthesize all local and foreign related studies coherently to link the past

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BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT studies to the current study being undertaken. No more titles for the topics. Sixty to 70% of Literature Review must be related studies.

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CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY

3.1

Research Design State here the particular type of research design of your proposed

study. You may also include the different levels/sets of groups under study.

3.2

Research Setting State here the place where the study will be conducted. This portion

may only be required if the setting is important or is a main factor in your results. The duration (in weeks) of gathering of data or experimentation may also be stated here.

3.3

Research Procedure

Procedure 1 Explain here how you will be doing this particular step in a way that your reader can replicate your work by just following this particular part. Therefore, each step should be written in detail. Remember also that the arrangement of steps should be on how you actually conducted your study.

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BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT It is also important to acknowledge your source or basis using the CSE format.

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Procedure 2 Explain here in detail how would go about this particular step of your methodology. Procedure 3 Explain here in detail how would go about this particular step of your methodology.

3.3 Data Gathering and Statistical Analysis Enumerate here all dependent variables that you observed or measured. Explain also how and when (including the frequency) you

observed or measured those variables. This paragraph should contain the specific statistical tool that you employed in the analysis and interpretation of results. This includes the poststatistical tool, if any. You should also include the formula for those tools that are not common in research. Mention also the probability level used in the analysis, like this: All statistical analyses were done at 5% probability level.

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CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1

Results

Subtitle of the first topic or problem Write here short details about how you obtained your data. The last statement should introduce the data (table or chart) below. Soil samples collected from the dumpsite were found to contain significantly (p<0.05) more metals than those collected from a farm land. Table 1 shows the

concentrations of heavy metals analyzed for both the dumpsite and farmland (control site).

Table 1. Metal Concentrations in Dumpsite and Farm Soils Collection Sites Farmland Dumpsite Concentration (ppm) Cu 4.271X 15.184AY Zn 3.464X 53.283AY Cd 0.076X 0.167BY Pb 1.764X 15.465AY

Letters XY show the significant difference between rows (farm and dumpsite). Letters AB show the significant differences between columns (Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb). Different letters indicate significant statistical (p<0.05)

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BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT Write only the highlights of your results without the need to justify or to explain why you obtain such. You may also mention the trends or patterns of your results. Results obtained show that soils from dumpsite recorded higher metal (Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb) concentrations than their corresponding levels at the normal farmland. All heavy metals investigated in the dumpsite have significant differences from those obtained in the control.

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Sub-title of the second topic or objective Write here short details about how you obtained your data. The last statement should introduce the data (table or chart) below. Heavy metal concentrations in different parts of collected plant from the Smokey mountain dumpsite and control soils are given in the figure below.

Fig. 1. Bioconcentration factor of Zn on studied plants and their parts collected in farmland and dumpsite

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BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT Again write here only the highlights of your results without the need to justify or to explain why you obtain such. You may also mention the trends or patterns of your results. Results obtained show that soils from dumpsite recorded higher metal (Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb) concentrations than their corresponding levels at the normal farmland. All heavy metals investigated in the dumpsite have significant differences from those obtained in the control.

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4.2

Discussion Discussions should not be grouped according to topic but a

continuous flow of explanation about your results. Discussion should explain and justify why you obtained such results based on the findings of previous related studies. related literatures. Do not forget to always cite or acknowledge your source using the CSE format for in-text citation. Remember that, ideally, this portion of your paper should contain the most number of pages. Thus, your discussion should be comprehensive, in detail, and complete. You may compare your own findings to the findings of

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CHAPTER 5 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1

Summary Write here a summary of your major findings. But you may start first

with a very short narration of your methodology like this: Collection of soil and plants in the dumpsite of Smokey Mountain, Tondo, Manila was done on September 2010. Heavy metal analysis for both soil and plants were done. Results were compared with soil and plants collected from farmland in Cavite which served as the control. You may include the most important quantitative values of your results and a brief justification like this. Heavy metals found in the soil of the

dumpsite were significantly higher than the control. Zn (53.283 ppm) was recorded in highest concentration and Cd (0.1668 ppm) in lowest. This indicated the high heavy metal content in soils of the dumpsite. Muntingia calabur (aratiles), Zea mays (corn) and Corchorus olitorious (saluyot) were the common plants found in the dumpsite and were investigated. Plant parts differed in traced metal concentrations in each

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BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT species. Leaves, stem and seeds of all plants showed significant differences within their metal concentrations. Plant accumulation of heavy metals

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differed in the kind of metal and plant species.

5.2

Conclusions Conclusion should be the direct answer to each of the specific

questions or objectives or the study. Each conclusion should be qualitative statement or without the use of the quantitative values of your findings. The investigated dumpsite soil of Smokey Mountain, Tondo, Manila were found to have higher levels of metal concentrations compared to the control. It further revealed that generally, plants grown on dumpsite soils can accumulate more of toxic metals than plants grown in normal agricultural soil. Heavy metal accumulation varies on the variety of plant and the heavy metal contents of the soil. Muntingia calabura (tree), Zea mays (food crop) and Corchorus olitorious (shrub) were studied and it was revealed that parts of these plants have the capacity to accumulate heavy metals from soil, specifically, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb. Furthermore, the result obtained in this study showed the potential of the investigated plants for phytoremediation of polluted sites as shown by their bioconcentrationfactors (BCF).

5.3

Recommendations

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BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT The following recommendations were drawn based on the results and conclusions of the study: 1. Further study of other metals present in the dumpsite is suggested. Studies may also be done in different seasons to see if weather or temperature may affect the availability of heavy metal contents in dumpsite soil. 2. Investigation on the plants studied to support the findings of its capability as bioaccumulator, specifically, the Muntingia calabura (tree). 3. Effects of eating plants cultivated in the dumpsite may also be taken into consideration by the next studies.

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CITED REFERENCES Environmental Science: A Study of Interrelationships 11th Edition Enger and Smith, Pp 128
http://www.denr.gov.ph/index.php/component/content/article/52.html

Primavera, J.H. 2000. Philippine Mangroves: tatus, Threats and Sustainable Development. In International Workshop Asia-Pacific Cooperation Research for Conservation of Mangroves. 26-30 March 2000, Okinawa, Japan
http://mangroveactionproject.org/issues/climate-change

[CSE] Council of Science Editors, [STM] Style Manual Committee. 2006. Scientific style and format: the CSE manual for authors, editors and publishers 7th ed. Reston (VA): The Council. Andrews JE. 1960a. Cold hardiness of sprouting wheat as affected by duration of hardening and hardening temperature. Can J Plant Sci. 40(1):93-102. Andrews JE. 1960b. Cold hardening and cold hardiness of young winter rye seedlings as affected by stage of development and temperature. Can J Bot. 38(3):353-363.

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BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT Fauci AS. 2002. Smallpox vaccination policy- the need for dialogue. N Engl J Med. 346(17):1319-1320. Lutz M. 1989. 1903: American nervousness and the economy of cultural change [dissertation]. [Stanford (CA)]: Stanford University. Oviedo S. 1995. Adolescent pregnancy: voices heard in the everyday lives of pregnant teenagers [masters thesis]. [Denton (TX)]: University of North Texas. Savage E, Ramsay M, White J, Beard S, Lawson H, Hunjan R, Brown D. 2005. Mumps outbreaks across England and Wales in 2004: observational study. BMJ [Internet]. [cited 2005 May 31];

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330(7500):1119-1120.

Available

from:

http://bmj.bmjjournals.

com/cgi/reprint/330/7500/19 doi: 10.1136/bmj.330.7500.19. Schott J, Priest J. 2002. Leading antenatal classes: a practical guide. 2nd ed. Boston (MA): Books for Midwives. Smith CE. 1970. Studies on arbovirus epidemiology associated with established and developing rice culture. Introduction. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 64(4):481-482. Smith CE. 1975. The significance of mosquito longevity and blood-feeding behavior in the dynamics or arbovirus infections. Med Biol. 53(5):288294. Todd JK. Strptococcus pneumoniae (Pneumococcus). In: Behrman RE, Kliegman RM, Jenson HB, editors. Nelson textbook of pediatrics. 16 th ed. Philadelphia (PA): W.B. Saunsers Company; c2000. p. 799-801. UT Southwestern Medical Center [Internet]. Dallas (TX): University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; c2005. Holographic movies show promise for medical, military applications; 2005 Jun 14 [cited 2005 Jun 26]; [about four screens]. Available from:

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BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT http://www8.utsouthwestern.edu/utsw/cda/dept37389/files/228328.htm l.

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A MAP OF THE STUDY SITE

Area with Vegetation

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Map of the abandoned dumpsite, Smokey Mountain in Tondo, Manila

APPENDIX B STANDARD PROCEDURE

Title of the procedure (Citation 2008) Write here the basis of your methodology or the standard procedure followed in your study. Do not forget to acknowledge your source.

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APPENDIX C RAW DATA

1. Uptake and distribution of Cu in the three studied plants

Heavy metal Collection sites Concentration (ppm) Corn corn corn saluyot leaves seeds roots 0.9553 0.9622 2.3101 0.9622 0.9208 2.3309 0.9277 0.9069 2.3447 1.1143 0.9415 2.3309 1.1350 0.9899 2.3516 0.0587 0.1691 1.0682 0.0010 0.1654 1.0610 0.0716 0.1691 1.0610

Cu landfill Cu

Cu farm

Aratiles tree leaves 1.2180 1.2387 1.2529 1.3424 1.3770 0.4440 0.3916 0.3391

corn roots 3.0774 3.0843 3.0981 3.4990 3.5267 2.6783 2.6910 2.6892

Saluyot saluyot stems 0.9830 1.0175 1.0106 1.1281 1.1350 0.0842 0.0806 0.0842

saluyot leaves 1.5498 1.5705 1.5152 1.0866 1.1143 0.1365 0.1021 0.0913

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0.3084 0.3066 2.5499 2.5444 0.3699 0.3464 0.1365 0.1021 0.6250 0.6177 0.0860 0.0951 0.4006 0.3862

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2. One-way ANOVA of Copper in Leaves of Plants

Anova: Single Factor Copper SUMMARY Groups Count Sum Average Variance Aratiles 6.0000 7.7852 1.2975 0.0047 Corn 6.0000 6.1881 1.0314 0.0086 Saluyot 6.0000 7.9576 1.3263 0.0579 ANOVA Source of Variation Between Groups Within Groups Total

SS

df

MS 0.1587 0.0237

F 6.6832

Pvalue 0.0084

F crit 3.6823

0.3173 2.0000 0.3561 15.0000 0.6734 17.0000

APPENDIX D PHOTO DOCUMENTATION

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Plate 1. Origanum vulgare L. (Oregano) Class: Order: Magnoliopsida Lamiales Family: Lamiaceae Origanum O. vulgare

Genus: Species:

A small perennial sub-shrub, perennial ground covers with many forms. Most have stems that can get very woody. Leaves are oval, dark green and in opposite pairs. Some varieties have fuzzy leaves, others not. The flowers stalks are spiky and may be white, pink or purple. Oregano starts out as a ground hugging rosette of leaves, but it can easily grow to about 40-50 cm tall.

APPENDIX E TIME TABLE OF ACTIVITIES

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July Research activity 1 Procedure 1 Procedure 2 Procedure 3 Procedure 4 Procedure 5 Procedure 6 Procedure 7 2 3 4 1

Aug 2 3 4 1

Sept 2 3 4 1

Oct 2 3 4 1

Nov 2 3 4

APPENDIX F BUDGETARY REQUIREMENTS

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Items 2 Cages 72 albino rats Feeds Vitamin supplements Blood glucose kit Blood cholesterol kit Histology preparation Heavy metal analysis Total

Amount 200/cage 100/rat 20/100 g 200 6,000 300/kit 500 800

Total PhP 400 7,200 40 200 6,000 900 500 800 PhP 16,040.00

APPENDIX G CURRICULUM VITAE

De La Salle University - Dasmarias

BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT

40

In paragraph form, write here all pertinent information about proponent 1.

De La Salle University - Dasmarias

BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT

41

In paragraph form, write here all pertinent information about proponent 2.