Airframe

AIRFRAME
HYDRAULIC SYSTEM
1. Hydraulic System Definition a. Hydraulics is concerned with the transmission of fluid under pressure through pipelines and control devices to components that will do useful work. b. Hydraulic systems have a good power/weight ratio and are used extensively to operate such things as wheel brakes, landing gear, flaps, spoilers, powered controls etc. !. An ideal "ydraulic fluid s"ould a. Be fire resistant. b. Be a good lubricant. c. Have a low viscosity. d. Be inexpensive. e. Be available. f. Help prevent corrosion of the metal parts. g. Have a wide temperature operating range. h. Be resistant to foaming. i. Be chemically stable. #. $asic Hydraulic Systems a. Reservoir. b. ump. c. !ontrol valve. d. "ack. e. ressure relief valve. f. #ilter. g. A!$%&. h. Accumulator %. Hydraulic Systems S&ecification a. An $pen !enter 'ystem. b. A !losed !enter 'ystem. c. A power back system. '. (um&s ty&es( a. !onstant )*isplacement) delivery + #ixed volume pump. b. %ariable *isplacement + %ariable volume pump.

&

. It allows a constant volume pump to idle when system pressure reaches normal maximum.

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Airframe ). *al+es Ty&es a. ,R%. b. ressure Relief %alve. c. 'elector valve )-way, .way and may be manually or electrically operated. ,. -ac. Arran/ement a. 'ingle acting "ack. b. *ouble acting "ack. c. Balanced "ack )may be used in power steering circuits and powered flight control). 0. Electrical com&onents fitted to "ydraulic system a. 'elector valves. b. 'ome hydraulic pumps. c. /ow pressure warning switch. d. ressure transducers. 1. 2"y 2e &ressuri3e Reser+oirs A pressuri0ed reservoir would be fitted below the pump, and it is only desirable to fit them this way when the pump is high. 1he reservoir needs to be low for ease of maintenance 2checking level etc.3. 14. Accumulator ( i. 4t prevents A!$% to on5load or off5loads too 6uickly which reducing wear. ii. 7mergency. 4f the pump fails, a small reserve of fluid power is available. iii. 8aintenance. #or example, if the aircraft is to be towed, then fluid power is available for the brakes. iv. 4nstant 9ack movement. :hen selection is made. v. 4nstant pressure is available. vi. 'moothes pump ripple. 8ost pumps produce what is called pump ripple 2small variations due to piston action3.

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Airframe

5LI6HT C78TR7L
11. 5li/"t control ty&es a. rimary )Aileron, 7levator, 'tabili0er, Rudder). b. Auxiliary )1rimmers and !ontrol 1abs). c. High left devices.

1!. Eac" Control Surface 5unction a. Ailerons 5 to move the aircraft about the longitudinal axis to make a roll. b. 7levator 5 to move the aircraft about the lateral axis to make a pitch. c. Rudder 5 to move the aircraft about the normal axis to make a yaw.

1#. Ty&es of Sta9ilities a. /ongitudinal ;5 around lateral axis < made by elevator. b. /ateral <5 around longitudinal axis < by ailerons. c. *irectional <5 around normal axis < by radar. 1%. S:eet 9ac. effect 'weep back of the wing is an aid in directional stability =help to keep A/! without self yaw>. 1'. Effect of Di"edral 4t helps in lateral stability it stops self rolling. 1). Center of &ressure;C.(.<( !enter of pressure 1ends to move forward as angle of attack increased. 1,. Left Au/mentation de+ices a. 'urfaces modify the air foil section so that increase left like 'lats and flaps. a. /eading edge devices 2flaps and slats3 are deployed by the same control lever that is used to operate the trailing edge flaps. b. edestal is used to control these type o devices.

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Airframe 10. Slates a. Are located in the leading edge of the wing at it?s used to increase the value of stall angle of attack. b. 'lates 1ypes( i. #ixed slats. ii. 'lats with built in slots. c. 'lats positions( i. Retracted < closed up. ii. 'ealed < make a camber and its trailing edge is contact with wing =1ake off position>. iii. 'lotted < further movement to allow airstream to come over the wing. iv. rogramming tracks give the slats their correct deployment shape into the airflow. 11. 5la&s( a. are used to increase the left coefficient( b. /eading edge flaps are usually @rueger type flaps which have a retracted and an extended position.!4. 5la&s Ty&es i. /eading edge #lap or *roop /eading edge. ii. 1railing edge flap. !1. Trailin/ ed/e fla&s &ositions i. 'plit flap. ii. #owler flap. iii. 'lotted flap. !!. Ta9s a. 1abs are small airfoils that are located on primary surfaces control. b. 4t reduces the effort needed by the pilot to move one of the control surfaces. !#. Ty&es of Ta9s# i. Ad9ustable. ii. !ontrollable. iii. Balance tab. iv. 'ervo tab. v. 'pring tab. vi. Anti5balance tab. !%. S&oilers a. 'peed brake during flight. b. Roll spoiler helps during roll. c. Around spoilers. d. 1here is more than one spoiler on the wing.

.A1i1A page -BCD. . 4t only differs in the mechanical arrangement for each tab.

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Airframe

LA8DI86 6EAR
!'. Landin/ 6ear E=tension Se>uence % a. /anding gear control lever in the cockpit ad9usted at down position. b. !ontrol lever moves the selector valve through cables. c. 1he Hydraulic pressure goes to u&?loc. and releases it from lock position. d. 1he hydraulic pressure goes to door actuator in order to opens the door. e. :hen doors are fully open it gives a signal to the gears to begin their extension. i. 4n case of electrical signal( 4t will open a proximity switch which sends a signal to a computerE this computer sends a signal to gear to be extended. ii. 4n case of a mechanical signal( 4t will open the door operated se6uence valve, in order to allow hydraulic supply to the gear. f. #inally when gears are fully extended and secured it gives an indication of =gears down and secure>. i. 4n case of electrical signal signals sent to !omputer through proximity switch which send a signal to doors to close. ii. 4n case of mechanical signal, the gear operated valve opens the way for the hydraulic pressure to the door actuator in order to close the doors. !). 2"eels ty&es a. /oose a detachable flange. b. *ivided =have an $ ring seal in between two halves>. c. !,. C"an/in/ :"eel Ste&s a. Reduce the tire pressure to -F psi. b. Apply brakes. c. !rack wheel nut. d. "ack up Aircraft. e. Replace wheel. f. 1or6ue load nut. g. 4nflate the tire. h. /ower 9ack. i. #it inflation valve cap. !0. Tire treads 1hey are patterned to provide a grip on a wet runway. !1. #% @ 1.'4 ? 10 $verall diameter x tire width x Bead diameter. #4. Landin/ /ear com&onents a. Aircraft structure. b. 'hock absorber cylinder. c. 'hock absorber ram. d. #oot.
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. The same reverse sequence is happened in case of retraction.

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Airframe #1. Ty&es of 7LE7?(8EUMATIC SH7CA A$S7R$ERS a. :ith separator. b. :ithout separator. #!. Ser+icin/ S"oc. A9sor9ers Ste&s a. Bleed valve must be opened to permit a free flow of oil. b. $il from oil charging rig through charging valve at the top o the shock absorber. c. $il pressure reaches about &GG psi by continued operation of the pump. d. 1his ensures that separator reached the bottom of its travel. e. 1o ensure that bleed valve left opened to prevent )cushioning) of the separator. f. 1he oil level is now correct and bleed point is tightened and locked. g. Air line is connected to a source of dry, high pressure source of nitrogen or air through a turner inflation adaptorF. h. 1o ensure that the correct extension in the $/7$ has been achieved we use pressure/extension graph. i. Air charging valve is now blanked and off. ##. Steerin/ ( a. 8echanical nose wheel steering )8echanical linkage hooked to the rudder pedals like push5pull rods). b. ower steering. #%. Means of turnin/ Aircraft on t"e /round BSteerin/C a. Hsing Rudder ='teering angle IJK> at high speeds. b. 1iller ='teering angle ICFK> at low speeds. c. 1owing ='teering angle IDFK> at low speeds. #'. T"e t"ree 9asic met"ods used in Steerin/ System a. 'ingle 9ack. b. 1wo 9acks. c. Rack and pinion. LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL

$RAAES
F

. This adaptor permits the pressure in the gas chamber of the shock absorber to be checked during the inflation process, and also incorporates a means of reduce the pressure if over-inflation has occurred. 10

Airframe #). Aircraft $ra.e systems a. ,ormal brake system =Auto < 8anual>. b. Alternate braking 'ystem =:ith or without anti5skid>. c. 4n flight brake system it stops landing gears from rotating after take5off and before retracting them. d. arking brake when the aircraft on the ground, in this only case the hydraulic is supplied from the accumulator. #,. $ra.es t:o 9asic ty&es a. *isc brake. Braking is accomplished by applying friction to both sides of a rotating disc which is keyed to the /A wheel. b. 7xpander tube brake. :hen hydraulic fluid under pressure enters the expander tube, the tube expands. #0. $ra.e assem9lies commonly used on aircraft are a. 'mall A!( 1he single5disc and dual5disc. b. 8edium A!( 8ultiple5disc. c. /arge A!( 'egmented rotor, or expander tube types. #1. Accumulators a. Are used to stores a reserve supply of pressure in case of main hydraulic power loss. b. 1hey also act to top up the system when the parking brake is in use. %4. S"uttle +al+es 'huttle valve prevents the two systems feeding the same brake unit at the same time. %1. Anti S.id System Ty&es a. 8echanical 1ype !omponents. i. 'himmed installation. ii. 'elf ad9usting 2by spring loading3. b. 7lectrical 1ype !omponentsJ( c. :heel speed transducer. d. Anti5skid control unit. e. Anti5skid valve. %!. Anti S.id System Definition a. All anti5skid systems work on the principle of releasing the brake on a wheel that has, or is about to lock up. b. And limiting the hydraulic supply to the brakes in order to prevent the wheel from sliding on the ground without rotationC. %#. T"e ad+anta/es of anti?s.id systems are a. 8aximum braking efficiency.
J C

. Faster response, less maintenance required, more reliable. . Like ABS system in carsAnti-lock Braking System or CAB (Controller Anti-lock Brake .

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Airframe b. c. d. e. Reduces the landing run. ,o skidding or locking of the wheels. 4ncreased tire life. ilot can apply any degree of braking effort without fear of tire scrub damage.

%%. Alternate lo:erin/ 1he alternate lowering system is fitted to the aircraft to allow the undercarriage to be lowered by a separate system. %'. Alternate L6 lo:erin/ means are a. !ompressed air stored in a bottle which opens up5locks. b. Aravity or free fall by handle in the cockpit. c. An emergency hydraulic system. %). 7&enDClose t"e doors of t"e Landin/ /ears manually a. Remove safety pen. b. ush the plungers. c. Rotate the control handle. d. 1he control handles opened by pass valve in order to disable the hydraulic power from the hydraulic actuator of the door. %,. Landin/ /ear &osition indications By a micro switches operate lights in the cockpit like( a. Areen /ight 5 landing gear locked down. b. Red /ight 5 unlocked. c. ,o /ight 5 locked up. %0. *isual Indicators in case of Emer/ency L6 lo:erin/ a. ainted lines on the locking braces viewed through windows in the cabin floor. %1. M op up? indicators that stand proud of the upper wing surface when the landing gear is down and lockedN. '4. 2ei/"t 78D 2ei/"t 755 a. Aircraft is on ground =:eight $,>. i. ,ose steering. ii. 1hrust reverser. iii. Around 'poilers. b. Aircraft is on Air =:eight $##>. i. Ailerons.

(8EUM A TIC SYSTEM

N

. It can be viewed through the passenger cabin windows.

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Airframe

'1. Sources of t"e air in t"e aircraft a. 7ngines. b. A H. c. Around cart. '!. Air usa/e in t"e aircraft a. Air is used to start aircraft engine =&&G lb/min>. b. umping water to places inside the aircraft such as path rooms and kitchens =-N psi>. c. 1ail and wing anti ice system =around -GGK>. d. 7ngine nose coil anti ice system. e. Air conditioning packs and in heating the cargo compartment =&JG lb/min>. f. Air is used to operate the air driven Hydraulic pumps.

AIRC7 8DITI7 8I86 SYSTEM

'#. Ho: can :e control air tem&erature a. 1!% =1emperature control valve> is used to control the amount of hot air entering to the bleed air system( i. !old air 5 1!% is fully closed. ii. Hot air < 1!% is fully opened. iii. 4ntermediate ranges < 1!% is partially opened. b. 1A% =1rim air valve> is used to control the amount of hot air entering to the cabin and cockpit, it enters a specific amount of hot air in to the cold air line =air coming from the mixer unit>. c. %apor cycle cooling system is used to control temperature of the electronic compartment. '%. (ressuri3ation Aircraft pressuri0ation systems work on the principle that air which is supplied for ventilation, heating and cooling purposes, is maintained at a constant rate of flow into the cabin under all conditions of flight. ''. (ressuri3ation met"ods a. neumatic control( i. :hen the discharge valve is fully closed it increases the cabin pressure =!abin altitude there for decreases>. b. 7lectrical control( i. Auto. ii. 8anual. '). *al+es and main com&onents in (ressuri3ation system *ischarge valve.

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Airframe

Add to a9o+e >uestions ATA C"a&ters. Hydraulic System Dra:in/. Re?circulation fan. Control Surfaces on t"e ADC. ADC Moments. Effect of Slats and 5la&s on CL?al&"a cur+e. Electrical (o:er Sources on t"e ADC. (rocedure of t"e ADC To:in/. (rocedure of t"e ADC Le+elin/. Meant $y Ser+ices BATA CH 1!C. Re/ulations o ECAR )'. o ECAR 1%'. o ECAR %#. o ECAR 1!1. o . o . o AM7E o A88EFS And many.

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