BIOLOGY DCN QUALITATIVE TESTS FOR CARBOHYDRATES LAB #3 PART 2 RESULTS: Test Tube 1 2 3 4 5 !

ANALYSIS: 1# $hich carboh drates %a&e a 'ositi&e Benedict(s test) Glucose* +ructose and maltose %a&e a 'ositi&e Benedict(s test# 2# $hat distin%uishes the molecular structure o+ these carboh drates +rom those that %a&e ne%ati&e results) "arboh drates ieldin% a ne%ati&e result contain a reducin% %rou' ,aldeh de or -eto %rou'. that is tied down in a %l cosidic lin-a%e* e/# sucrose in which the 1 0 2 %l cosidic bond in&ol&es carbon 11 o+ %lucose and carbon 12 o+ +ructose# 2n a situation* "u++ cannot be reduced# Glucose* +ructose and maltose all ha&e +ree reducin% %rou's# Brie+l e/'lain wh the reducin% su%ars %a&e di++erent amounts o+ 'reci'itates and di++erent colours e&en thou%h each solution was at the same 13 concentration# 2n a disaccharide such as maltose onl one reducin% %rou' is 'resent +or e&er two %lucose units* while each +ree %lucose unit in a monosaccharide solution acts as a reducin% a%ent# Ca b!"#$ ate Glucose Fructose Maltose Sucrose Am lose "ontrol C!%!u Reddish brown Reddish brown Reddish brown Blue Blue Blue P e&'('tate +++ +++ ++ ----

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4# Ran- the +ollowin% accordin% to the number o+ reducin% %rou's in a 13 solution4 maltose* sucrose* am lose* +ructose and %lucose# Glucose and +ructose ha&e one reducin% %rou'# Maltose has one reducin% %rou'52 %lucose units# Sucrose has no reducin% %rou's# Am lose has one reducin% %rou'5'ol mer o+ about 36*666 %lucose units # IODINE TEST FOR POLYSCCHARIDES LAB #3

PART 2 RESULTS: Test Tube 1 2 3 4 5 ! ANALYSIS: 1# 9escribe the s'eci+icit o+ the iodine test +or 'ol saccharides# 8ol saccharides that ha&e si/ or more %lucose units connected in a chain will interact with iodine# :he colour 'roduced de'ends on the len%th and or%ani;ation o+ the chains# 2# $hat molecular +eature characteri;es those carboh drates that %i&e 'ositi&e results) Glucose units +ormin% lon% interru'ted chains characteri;e carboh drates ieldin% a 'ositi&e result# $hen ! or more %lucose units are in a chain in a 'ol saccharide* the chain +orms a heli/ which binds iodine* ieldin% a characteristic colour# 3# $h do am lose* am lo'ectin and %l co%en all %i&e di++erent results when tested with iodine) Am lose* bein% a com'letel strai%ht chain* allows +or the +ormation o+ man helices# Am lo'ectin has branches and there+ore +orms +ewer helices# Gl co%en branches the most and there+ore +orms +ew helices* ieldin% little or no colour chan%e when iodine is added# Recall that ! consecuti&e %lucose units are re<uired to +orm a heli/* so branchin% at 'ositions less than a multi'le o+ ! reduces the number o+ helices* which limits the number o+ iodine molecules associatin% with the 'ol mer# 4# =/'lain what occurs when the mi/ture o+ am lose and iodine was heated and the cooled# Ca b!"#$ ate Glucose Maltose Am lose Am lo'ectin Gl co%en "ontrol 7ellow 7ellow Blue-blac8ur'le 7ellow5brown 7ellow C!%!u

As a result o+ heatin%* the helices that held the iodine were disru'ted* and the iodine was released into the solution# >'on coolin%* the helices re+ormed and were able once a%ain to bind iodine* restorin% most o+ the colour#

BIOLOGY DCN QUALITATIVE TESTS FOR A)INO ACIDS AND PROTEINS LAB #3 PART 3 BIURET TEST RESULTS: Substa*&e Gelatin Alanine Gl cine Albumin 9istilled water C!%!u !+ S!%ut'!* ?iolet Blue Blue ?iolet Blue P !te'* , ! -+ --+ --

NINHYDRIN TEST RESULTS:

Substa*&e Gelatin Alanine Gl cine Albumin 9istilled water

C!%!u !+ S!%ut'!* "olourless Blue Blue 8ale-blue "olourless

A.'*! a&'$s , ! --+ + @ sli%htl + --

:his is not due to the 'resence o+ the 'rotein albumin# :he source o+ this albumin is e%% white* which also contains contaminatin% amino acids#

RESULTS OF SOLUBILITY OF PROTEINS P !te'*s A/NO3 C!*$'t'!*s Et"a*!% 301C 2111C

Albumin "asein 1 results were &ariable

+++ ++

+ 1 -- ,+.

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+ 1 -- ,+.

ISOELECTRIC PRECIPITATION OF CASEIN RESULTS: 'A at isoelectric 'oint +or casein B C 5 ,actuall 4#D. "EF"G>S2EFS 1# 9o all 'roteins %i&e a 'ositi&e Biuret test) $h is this the case) All 'roteins %i&e a 'ositi&e Biuret test because the ha&e more than two 'e'tide lin-a%es and hence* the react with "uSE4# 2# 2s a 'rotein is com'letel h drol sed to amino acids* will the h drol sate %i&e a 'ositi&e Biuret test) =/'lain# Fo* a com'letel h drol sed 'rotein will not ield a 'ositi&e test# A drol sis o+ a 'rotein brea-s the 'e'tide bonds* liberatin% the +ree amino acids that do not react with "uSE4# $hat chemical %rou' in amino acids is res'onsible +or a 'ositi&e ninh drin test) :he amino %rou'* FA2* which +orms FA3* interacts with the ninh drin ieldin% a coloured com'le/# 9escribe the e++ects o+ hea& metals* alcohols and heatin% on the structure o+ a 'rotein# All o+ these a%ents disturb the +oldin% o+ the 'ol 'e'tide chains and* as such* the threedimensional sha'e o+ the 'rotein b disru'tin% those +orces ,A-bonds* electrostatic attractions between R %rou's* h dro'hobic interactions etc#. that are res'onsible +or the sha'e o+ the molecule# Aea& metals* such as A% and A% ma crosslin- 0SA %rou'sH also interact with the carbo/ l %rou's* thus disru'tin% the +oldin% re<uired +or biolo%ical acti&it # $h is mil- or e%% white used to treat indi&iduals who ha&e swallowed sil&er nitrate) :hese 'roducts are used to treat in%ested A% ions because the carbo/ l and +ree 0SA %rou's bind to the A% in its ionic +orm# $h can alcohols and A%FE3 be used as disin+ectants) :hese solutions destro bacteria b denaturin% bacterial 'roteins# "an heat be used to detect the 'resence o+ albumin in a urine s'ecimen) =/'lain how this could be accom'lished# Aeat will coa%ulate an lar%e 'rotein* includin% albumin* howe&er coa%ulation would not be s'eci+ic +or albumin# Aeatin% a urine sam'le and causin% 'rotein coa%ulation is there+ore not a method to detect the 'resence o+ albumin# Also the concentration would ha&e to be hi%h enou%h to %et a''reciable <uantities o+ the 'reci'itate#

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:he s'eci+ic detection o+ albumin would re<uire 'rocedures more so'histicated than the sco'e o+ this laborator # I# 9escribe the casein molecule at its isoelectric 'oint# Aow is this di++erent +rom this molecule at di++erent 'As) At its '2 ,isoelectric 'oint. the sum o+ the 'ositi&e char%es is e<ual to the sum o+ the ne%ati&e char%es# At this 'A* electrostatic re'ulsion between 'rotein molecules is minimal and the are more li-el to band to%ether and 'reci'itate out o+ solution# At a 'A below the '2 the number o+ 'ositi&e char%es is e/'ected to be %reater that the number o+ ne%ati&e char%es* so the molecules re'el each other and remain in solution# Re'ulsion also occurs at a 'A abo&e the '2* where the number o+ ne%ati&e char%es is %reater than the number o+ 'ositi&e char%es# $h do curds +orm as mil- sours) Mil- contains lactic acid bacteria# :hese bacteria 'roduce lactic acid* which acidi+ies the mil-# :he reduced 'A denatures the mil- 'roteins* casein +or e/am'le* renderin% them insoluble# :he curds are the denatured 'roteins#

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