Outline of Nachuras ConstiLaw Outline For Portians Only NOTES:

I. GENERAL PRINCIPLES A. Political Law, defined B. Scope/Division of Political Law 1. Constitutional Law 2. Administrative Law 3. Law on Municipal Corporations 4. Law of Public Officers 5. lection Laws C. Basis of the Study II. THE PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION A. Nature of the Constitution 1. !efinition 2. Purpose 3. Classification 4. "ualities of a #ood written Constitution 5. ssential Parts of a #ood written Constitution $. %nterpretation&Construction of t'e Constitution B. Brief Constitutional History C. he !"#$ Constitution

a. b.

D. A%end%ent 1. Amendment v. (evision Lambino v. COMELEC Two-part test 2. Constituent v. Le#islative Power 3. )teps in t'e amendator* process a. Proposal i. Con#ress+ b* a vote of , of all its members ii. Constitutional Convention iii. People+ t'rou#' t'e power of initiative 1. On t'e Constitution 2. On statutes 3. On Local Le#islation b. (atification i. !octrine of proper submission 1. Plebiscite ma* be 'eld on t'e same da* as re#ular elections 2. ntire Constitution must be submitted for ratification at one plebiscite onl*. Piece-meal amendments not allowed. 4. .udicial (eview of Amendments

a. b. c. a. b. c. d.

&. Power of 'udicial (eview 1. .udicial (eview 2. /'o ma* e0ercise t'e power 3. 1unctions of 2udicial review C'ec3in# Le#itimatin# )*mbolic 4. (e4uisites of .udicial (eview&%n4uir* Actual case or controvers* (aised b* t'e proper part* (aised at t'e earliest possible opportunit* !ecision must be determinative of t'e case itself 5. ffects of !eclaration of 5nconstitutionalit*+ two views6

Outline of Nachuras ConstiLaw Outline For Portians Only NOTES:

a. b. Ort'odo0 view Modern view $. Partial 5nconstitutionalit*+ re4uisites6 7'e Le#islature must be willin# to retain t'e valid portions+ usuall* s'own b* t'e presence of a separabilit* clause 7'e valid portion can stand independentl* as law III. THE PHILIPPINES AS A STATE A. Definition of a State 1. !istin#uis'ed from 8ation 2. !istin#uis'ed from 9overnment B. &le%ents of a State 1. People 2. 7erritor* a. 7'e 8ational 7erritor* b. Components c. 7'e P'ilippine Arc'ipela#o d. Ot'er territories over w'ic' t'e P'ilippines e0ercises 2urisdiction e. Arc'ipela#o doctrine 3. 9overnment a. !efined b. 1unctions c. !octrine of Parens Patriae d. Classification i. !e .ure ii. !e 1acto iii. Presidential iv. Parliamentar* v. 5nitar* vi. 1ederal 4. )overei#nt* a. !efined b. :inds i. Le#al ii. %nternal c. C'aracteristics d. ffects of c'an#e in soverei#nt* e. ffects of belli#erent occupation f. !ominium v. %mperium #. .urisidiction i. 7erritorial ii. Personal iii. 0traterritorial C. State )%%unity fro% Suit 1. ;asis 2. Par in parem non 'abet imperium 3. 7est to determine if suit a#ainst t'e )tate 4. )uits a#ainst 9overnment A#encies a. %ncorporated b. 5nincorporated 5. )uits a#ainst Public Officers $. 8eed for Consent a. 0press i. 9eneral Law ii. )pecial Law b. %mplied i. )tate commences liti#ation ii. )tate enters into a business contract

Outline of Nachuras ConstiLaw Outline For Portians Only NOTES:

<. )cope of Consent 8. )uabilit* not e4uated wit' outri#'t liabilit* IV. FUNDAMENTAL POWERS OF THE STATE A. *eneral Principles 1. %n'erent Powers - Police Power - minent !omain - 7a0ation 2. )imilarities 3. !istinctions 4. Limitations B. Police Power 1. !efinition 2. )cope&C'aracteristics 3. /'o ma* e0ercise t'e power 4. Limitations a. Lawful sub2ect b. Lawful Means 5. Additional Limitations a. 0press #rant b* law b. /it'in territorial limits c. 8ot contrar* to law C. &%inent Do%ain 1. !efinition&)cope 2. /'o ma* e0ercise t'e power 3. (e4uisites for e0ercise a. 8ecessit* b. Private Propert* c. 7a3in# in t'e constitutional sense i. =alid ta3in# - private propert* - for more t'an a momentar* period - under warrant or color or aut'orit* - propert* for public use or ot'erwise informall* appropriate or in2uriousl* affected - utili>ation of t'e propert* must be in suc' a wa* as to oust t'e owner and deprive 'im of beneficial en2o*ment of t'e propert* d. Public use e. .ust compensation i. Concept ii. .udicial prero#ative iii. 8eed to appoint Commissioners iv. 1orm of compensation v. /it'drawal of deposit b* re2ectin# landowner vi. (ec3onin# point of mar3et value of t'e propert* vii. ntitlement of owner to interest viii. /'o else ma* be entitled to 2ust compensation i0. 7itle to t'e propert* x. (i#'t of landowner in case of non-pa*ment of 2ust compensation f. !ue process of law 4. /rit of Possession

Outline of Nachuras ConstiLaw Outline For Portians Only NOTES:

5. Plaintiff?s ri#'t to dismiss t'e complaint in eminent domain 6. (i#'t to repurc'ase or re-ac4uire t'e propert* 7. 0propriation under )ec. 1@+ Art. A%% 8. 0propriation under )ec. 4 and B+ Art. A%%% D. a+ation 1. !efinition 2. /'o ma* e0ercise 3. Limitations on t'e e0ercise a. !ue Process b. PC c. Public purpose 4. !puble 7a0ation 5. 7a0 0emptions $. Police Power v. 7a0ation a. License fee v. 7a0 b. :inds of license fee i. 1or useful occupations or enterprises ii. 1or non-useful occupations or enterprises C amount ma* be a bit e0orbitant <. )upremac* of t'e national #overnment over L95s in ta0ation V. PRINCIPLES AND STATE POLICIES A. Prea%,le 1. !oes not confer ri#'ts nor impose duties 2. %ndicates aut'ors'ip 3. numerates primar* aims and aspirations 4. Aids in t'e construction of t'e Constitution B. (epu,licanis% 1. ssential features - (epresentation - (enovation 2. Manifestations a. Ours is a #overnment of laws and not of men b. (ule of t'e ma2orit* c. Accountabilit* of public officials d. ;ill of (i#'ts e. Le#islature cannot pass irrepealable laws f. )eparation of powers i. Purpose ii. La Bugal iii. D8ot doctrinaire nor wit' pedantic ri#or+ not independence but interdependenceE iv. Principle of ;lendin# of Powers v. Principle of C'ec3s and ;alances vi. (ole of t'e .udiciar* #. !ele#ation of Powers i. Potestas delegata non potest delegare ii. Permissible dele#ation 1. 7ariiff Powers to t'e President 2. mer#enc* Powers to t'e President 3. !ele#ation to t'e People a. (eferendum b. Plebiscite 4. !ele#ation to L95s 5. !ele#ation to Administrative ;odies iii. 7ests for valid dele#ation

Outline of Nachuras ConstiLaw Outline For Portians Only NOTES:

C. 1. Completeness 7est 2. )ufficient )tandard 7est he )ncorporation Clause 1. (enunciation of /ar 2. !octrine of %ncorporation a. D9enerall* accepted principles of international lawE refers to norms of #eneral or customar* international law w'ic' are bindin# on all states b. Fow international law becomes part of t'e sp'ere of domestic law i. ;* 7ransformation ii. ;* %ncorporation c. /'en applied d. Lex posterior derogat priori Civilian Supre%acy Duty of *overn%ent- people to defend the State (i#'t to ;ear Arms Separation of Church and State )ndependent forei/n policy and nuclear0free Philippines 'ust and Dyna%ic Social 1rder Pro%otion of Social 'ustice (espect for hu%an di/nity and hu%an ri/hts .a%ily and youth .unda%ental e3uality of %en and wo%en Pro%otion of health and ecolo/y Priority to education, science, technolo/y, etc. Protection to la,or Self0reliant and independent econo%ic order Land (efor% )ndi/enous cultural co%%unities )ndependent people6s or/ani7ations Co%%unication and infor%ation in nation0,uildin/ Autono%y of local /overn%ent &3ual access of opportunities for pu,lic service Honest pu,lic service and full pu,lic disclosure

D. &. .. *. H. ). '. 2. L. 4. N. 1. P. 5. (. S. 8.

T. V.
9.

VI. BILL OF RIGHTS A. )n *eneral 1. !efinition a. Civil (i#'ts b. Political (i#'ts B. Due Process of Law 1. Ori#in 2. !efinition 3. /'o are protected 4. Meanin# of life+ libert* and propert* a. Life b. Libert* c. Propert* 5. Aspects of due process a. )ubstantive b. Procedural i. An impartial court or tribunal clot'ed wit' 2udicial power to 'ear and determine t'e matter before it ii. .urisdiction must be lawfull* ac4uired over t'e person of t'e defendant and over t'e propert* w'ic' is t'e sub2ect matter of t'e proceedin#

Outline of Nachuras ConstiLaw Outline For Portians Only NOTES:

iii. 7'e defendant must be #iven an opportunit* to be 'eard iv. .ud#ment must be rendered upon lawful 'earin# $. Publication as part of due process <. Appeal and due process @. Preliminar* investi#ation and due process B. Administrative due process C. &3ual Protection of the Laws 1. Meanin#G Persons Protected 2. )cope of 4ualit* a. conomic b. Political c. )ocial 3. =alid classification a. )ubstantial distinctions b. 9ermane to t'e purpose of t'e law c. 8ot limited to e0istin# conditions onl* d. Applies e4uall* to all members of t'e same class D. Searches and Sei7ures 1. )cope of t'e protection 2. )ome Procedural (ules 3. Onl* a 2ud#e ma* validl* issue a. 0ception b. Harvey v. antiago 4. (e4uisites of a =alid /arrant a. Probable Cause b. !etermination personall* b* a 2ud#e i. %ssuance of a warrant of arrest ii. %ssuance of a searc' warrant c. After e0amination+ under oat' or affirmation+ of t'e complainant and t'e witnesses 'e ma* produce d. Particularit* of description i. 9eneral warrants ii. /arrant of Arrest iii. )earc' /arrant 5. Properties sub2ect to sei>ure )ub2ect of t'e offense )tolen or embe>>led propert* and ot'er proceeds or fruits of t'e offense - Propert* used or intended to be used as means for t'e commission of an offense $. Conduct of t'e )earc' <. /arrantless Arrests a. /'en t'e person to be arrested 'as committed+ is actuall* committin#+ or is attemptin# to commit an offense in 'is presence i. (ebel ma* be arrested at an* time+ wit' or wit'out a warrant ii. Fot Pursuit iii. ;u*-;ust Operation is a valid in fla#rante arrest b. /'en an offense 'ad 2ust been committed and t'ere is probable cause to believe+ based on 'is personal 3nowled#e of facts or of ot'er circumstances+ t'at t'e person to be arrested 'as committed t'e offense c. /'en t'e person to be arrested is a prisoner w'o 'as escaped from a penal institution or place w'ere 'e is servin# final 2ud#ment or temporaril*

Outline of Nachuras ConstiLaw Outline For Portians Only NOTES:

confined w'ile 'is case is pendin#+ or 'as escaped w'ile bein# transferred from one confinement to anot'er d. /'en t'e ri#'t is voluntaril* waived @. /arrantless )earc'es a. /'en t'e ri#'t is voluntaril* waived b. )top-and-fris3 c. )earc' and sei>ure is an incident to lawful arrest d. )earc' of vessel and aircraft e. Movin# ve'icles f. %nspection of buildin#s and ot'er premises for t'e enforcement of fire+ sanitar* and buildin# re#ulations #. /'ere pro'ibited articles are in plain view lements6 i. Prior valid intrusion ii. vidence inadvertentl* discovered iii. vidence immediatel* apparent iv. Plain view 2ustified t'e sei>ure '. )earc' and sei>ure under e0i#ent and emer#enc* circumstances i. Arial tar#et >onin# or D)aturation !rivesE B. 0clusionar* (ule Privacy of Co%%unications and Correspondence 1. %nviolabilit* 2. Mantle over tan#ible and intan#ible ob2ects !. "ulueta v. C# $. %aterous &rug v. 'L(C 5. 0clusionar* (ule .reedo% of &+pression 1. )cope 2. Aspects a. 1reedom from censors'ip or prior restraint b. 1reedom from subse4uent punis'ment i. Libel ii. Obscenit* iii. Criticism of official conduct iv. (i#'t of students to free speec' in sc'ool premises not absolute 3. 7ests of valid #overnmental interference a. Clear and Present !an#er (ule b. !an#erous 7endenc* (ule c. ;alancin# of %nterests 7est 4. Assembl* and Petition .reedo% of (eli/ion 1. 7wo #uarantees 2. 8on-establis'ment clause a. 0ceptions b. )cope i. #dong v. C)eong eng *ee ii. Laws w'ic' punis' blasp'em* iii. +slami, &awa) v. Exe,. e,. iv. %ntramural reli#ious dispute 3. 1ree 0ercise clause a. Aspects of freedom of reli#ious profession and wors'ip i. (i#'t to believe ii. (i#'t to act accordin# to one?s belief 1. Compellin# )tate %nterest 7est 2. )tate re#ulations on solicitations Li,erty of A,ode and of ravel

&.

..

*.

H.

Outline of Nachuras ConstiLaw Outline For Portians Only NOTES:

1. Limitation on libert* of abodeH

a. -illavi,en,io v. Lu.ban i. (uby v. Provin,ial Board b. /&H( 0! 2. Limitations on t'e ri#'t to travel a. P)il. Exporters v. &rilon b. Manoto, v. C# (i/ht to )nfor%ation 1. )cope 2. 8eed for publication reinforces t'e ri#'t 3. )ome cases a. #1uino- armiento v. Morato b. E,)egaray v. e,. o2 3usti,e ,. +n (e Coverage o2 Erap Plunder ,ases i. A=( onl* for documentar* purpose+ not for live or real-time broadcast d. Bantay (# 45$0 v. Comele, e. Hilado v. (eyes (i/ht to for% associations 1. )cope a. (i#'t to stri3e 2. (i#'t not absolute Non0i%pair%ent Clause 1. %mpairment must be substantial. Law must effect c'an#e in ri#'t of t'e parties wit' re#ard to eac' ot'er+ and not wit' respect to non-parties a. D%mpairmentE 2. Limitations a. Police Power b. minent !omain c. 7a0ation 3. 1ranc'ises+ privile#es+ licenses do not come wit'in t'e provision .ree Access to Courts 4iranda Doctrine 1. )ource6 Miranda v. Ari>ona 2. (i#'ts available onl* durin# custodial investi#ation a. /'en does it be#in b. Police Line-up c. 8ot custodial investi#ation d. (i#'ts refer to testimonial compulsion onl* 3. /'at ri#'ts are available a. (emain silent b. Competent and independent counsel c. %nformed of suc' ri#'ts d. (i#'ts cannot be waived+ e0cept... e. 8o torture+ force...w'ic' vitiates free will f. )ecret detention places...pro'ibited #. Confessions&Admissions inadmissible i. 7wo 3inds of coerced confessions 1. Coerced confessions 2. 5ncounselled statements 4. Applicabilit* 5. /aiver a. Must be in writin# and made in t'e presence of counsel b. 8o retroactive effect c. ;urden of proof d. /'at ma* be waived 6. 9uidelines for Arrestin#&%nvesti#atin# Officers. Must inform person of6

).

'.

2.

L. 4.

Outline of Nachuras ConstiLaw Outline For Portians Only NOTES:

a. %n lan#ua#e 3nown and understood b* 'im+ of t'e

reason for t'e arrest and 'e must be s'own t'e warrant of arrest b. ri#'t to remain silent+ and an* statement made ma* be used a#ainst 'im c. ri#'t to be assisted at all times and 'ave t'e presence of counsel d. if 'e 'as no counsel+ 'e s'all be provided wit' one e. custodial investi#ation onl* w'en t'ere is counsel f. ri#'t to communicate or confer g. ri#'t to waive an* ri#'ts provided '. waiver of ri#'t to a law*er must be in writin# and wit' assistance of a law*er i. 'e ma* indicate an* manner at an* time or sta#e of t'e process t'at 'e does not wis' to be 4uestioned 2. initial waiver does not bar 'im from invo3in# it at an* time durin# t'e process 3. an* statement or evidence obtained in violation s'all be inadmissible <. 0clusionar* (ule a. 1ruit of t'e poisonous tree b. (eceipt of sei>ed propert* inadmissible c. (e-enactment of t'e crime d. (es #estae e. /aiver of e0clusionar* rule N. (i/ht to Bail 1. !efined 2. /'en invo3ed 3. 0ceptions a. /'en c'ar#ed wit' an offense punis'able b* (P and evidence of #uilt is stron# b. 7raditionall*+ not available to militar* 4. !ut* of t'e court w'en accused c'ar#ed wit' offense punis'able b* (P or 'i#'er 5. ;ail is eit'er a matter of ri#'t+ or at t'e 2ud#e?s discretion+ or it ma* be denied a. ;ail+ a matter or ri#'t b. ;ail+ w'en discretionar* c. /'en s'all be denied $. )tandards for fi0in# bail <. (i#'t to bail and travel abroad @. (i#'t to bail and e0tradition 1. Constitutional (i/hts of the Accused 1. Criminal !ue Process a. Me6ia v. Pamaran b. 5nreasonable dela* in resolvin# complaint c. %mpartial court or tribunal d. (i#'t to a 'earin# e. People v. %ebb 2. Erap v. andiganbayan #. Plea of #uilt to a capital offense '. )tate and offended part* entitled to due process 2. Presumption of innocence a. Proof a#ainst accused must survive t'e test of reason b. /'en presumption not overcome c. Presumption of re#ularit* cannot+ b* itself+ prevail over constitutional presumption of innocence d. Lo#ical connection between fact proved and ultimate fact presumed

Outline of Nachuras ConstiLaw Outline For Portians Only NOTES:

10

e. Presumption ma* be overcome b* contrar*

presumptions based on e0perience of 'uman conduct 2. Ong v. andiganbayan #. Circumstantial vidence '. 4uipoise (ule 3. (i#'t to be 'eard b* 'imself and b* counsel a. 7'e ri#'t to counsel durin# t'e trial is not sub2ect to waiver b. !ecision of conviction set aside w'en appointment of counsel was pro forma and counsel did not e0ert best efforts c. )ome instances w'en ri#'t cannot be waived d. DPreference in c'oice of counselE applies to person under investi#ation rat'er to accused in criminal prosecution e. Client bound b* mista3es of law*er+ e0cept w'en ne#li#ence or incompetence of counsel is deemed so #ross as to 'ave pre2udiced t'e constitutional ri#'t of t'e accused 4. (i#'t to be informed of t'e nature and cause of t'e accusation a#ainst 'im a. (ationale b. (e4uisites c. =oid-for-va#ueness rule d. /aiver 5. (i#'t to speed*+ impartial and public trial a. )peed* 7rial b. %mpartial 7rial c. Public 7rial $. (i#'t to meet witnesses face to face <. (i#'t to compulsor* process to secure attendance of witnesses and production of evidence a. (e4uisites6 i. vidence is reall* material ii. Accused is not #uilt* of ne#lect in previousl* obtainin# t'e production of suc' evidence iii. vidence will be available at desired time iv. 8o similar evidence can be obtained @. 7rial in absentia a. /'en presence of accused mandator* i. Arrai#nment and plea ii. !urin# trial for identification iii. !urin# promul#ation of sentence+ unless for a li#'t offense w'erein accused ma* appear b* counsel or representative P. Ha,eas Corpus 1. !efined 2. /'en available 3. Procedure 4. 9rounds for suspension 5. )uspension does not suspend ri#'t to bail 5. Speedy Disposition of Cases 1. Cadalin v. POE# #dministrator 2. B+nay v. andiganbayan a. Li,aros v. andiganbayan 3. Tilendo v. OMB 4. (o1ue v. OMB 5. #badia v. C#

Outline of Nachuras ConstiLaw Outline For Portians Only NOTES:

$. *uerrero v. C# (. Self0incri%ination 1. Availabilit* 2. )cope 3. %mmunit* 4. /aiver S. Non0detention ,y reason of political ,eliefs or aspirations . )nvoluntary Servitude 1. (einforced b* (PC 2<2 C PM and 1I: fine to an*one w'o s'all purc'ase+ sell+ 3idnap or detain 'uman bein# for t'e purpose of enslavin# 'im 2. 0ceptions - punis'ment for a crime w'ereof one 'as been dul* convicted - service in defense of t'e )tate - naval enlistment - posse comitatus - return to wor3 order in industries affected wit' public interest - patria potestas 8. Prohi,ited Punish%ents 1. Mere severit* does not constitute cruel or unusual punis'ment 2. !eat' penalt* is not a cruel or unusual punis'ment a. Plea of #uilt in capital offenses 3. Automatic review :. Non0i%prison%ent for De,t 1. era2in v. Lindayag 2. Lo7ano v. Martine7 3. People v. 3udge 'ita2an 9. Dou,le 'eopardy 1. (e4uisites a. =alid complaint or information b. 1iled before a competent court c. 7o w'ic' t'e defendant 'ad pleaded i. /'en t'e accused+ after pleadin# #uilt*+ testified to prove MC+ t'e testimon* 'ad t'e effect of vacatin# 'is plea of #uilt* d. !efendant was previousl* ac4uitted or convicted+ or t'e case dismissed or ot'erwise terminated wit'out 'is e0press consent i. Mere filin# of two informations or complaints c'ar#in# t'e same offense does not *et place t'e accused in double 2eopard* ii. 8o double 2eopard* w'ere t'e accused was sentenced to plea bar#ainin# approved b* t'e court but wit'out t'e consent of t'e fiscal. Jfiscal consent necessar*K iii. Promul#ation of onl* one part of t'e decision is not a bar to t'e promul#ation of t'e ot'er part iv. &ismissal o2 a,tion Permanent dismissal Provisional dismissal 1. /'en t'e #round for t'e motion to dismiss is insufficienc* of evidence 2. /'en t'e proceedin#s 'ave been unreasonabl* prolon#ed as to violate

11

Outline of Nachuras ConstiLaw Outline For Portians Only NOTES:

t'e ri#'t of t'e accused to speed* trial v. (evival of criminal cases provisionall* dismissed vi. Appeal b* t'e prosecution 1. 7'ree relate protections provided b* !. a. A#ainst a second prosecution for t'e same offense after ac4uittal b. --- after conviction c. A#ainst multiple punis'ments for t'e same offense 2. After trial on t'e merits+ an ac4uittal is immediatel* final and cannot be appealed. 7'e onl* e0ceptionG mistrial resultin# in denial of due process 3. Court acted wit'out .! w'en it dismissed t'e case merel* because none of t'e witnesses notified b* t'e court appeared durin# pre-trial vii. !isc'ar#e of co-accused viii. /'ere t'e 2ud#e amended 'er decision of ac4uittal because s'e overloo3ed t'e testimon* of a witness+ t'e amended decision is void 4. Crimes Covered 5. !octrine of supervenin# event a. 8ot a bar w'en6 - #raver offense developed due to supervenin# facts arisin# from t'e same act or omission - t'e facts constitutin# t'e #raver offense arose or were discovered onl* after t'e filin# of t'e former complaint or information - t'e plea of #uilt* to a lesser offense was made wit'out t'e consent of t'e fiscal or t'e offended part* &+0Post .acto Law and Bill of Attainder 1. 0 Post 1acto Law a. :inds i. Ma3es criminal action done before t'e passa#e of t'e law and w'ic' was innocent w'en done+ and punis'es suc' action ii. A##ravates a crime+ ma3es it #reater t'an it was w'en committed iii. C'an#es punis'ment and inflicts #reater punis'ment iv. Alters le#al rules of evidence and receives less or different testimon* t'an t'e law re4uired at t'e time of commission of t'e offense in order to convict v. Assumin# to re#ulate civil ri#'ts+ imposes a penalt* or deprivation of ri#'t for somet'in# w'ic' w'en done was lawful

12

X.

Outline of Nachuras ConstiLaw Outline For Portians Only NOTES:

!eprives accused of a crime of some lawful protection to w'ic' t'e* 'ave become entitled+ suc' as t'e protection of a former conviction or ac4uittal+ or of a proclamation of amnest* b. C'aracteristics i. (efers to criminal matters ii. (etroactive+ and iii. Pre2udices t'e accused c. )ome Cases 2. ;ill of Attainder a. !efined C le#islative act t'at inflicts punis'ment wit'out trial b. C'aracteristics C substitutes le#islative fiat for a 2udicial determination of #uilt Anti-)ubversion Act is not a ;ill of Attainder because it does not specif* t'e Communist Part* or its members for t'e purpose of punis'ment+ it simpl* declares t'e part* to be an or#ani>ed conspirac* to overt'row t'e #overnment VII. CITIZENSHIP A. *eneral Principles 1. !efined 2. 5sual modes of ac4uirin# citi>ens'ip 3. Modes Jb* birt'K applied in t'e P'ilippines a. ;efore 1B35 Constitution i. .us )an#uinis ii. .us soli b. After 1B35 Constitution i. .us san#uinis 4. 8atural-born citi>ens 5. Marria#e b* 1ilipino to an alien $. Polic* a#ainst dual alle#iance <. Attac3 on one?s citi>ens'ip ma* be made onl* t'rou#' a direct proceedin# @. (es 2udicata in citi>ens'ip cases B. Citi7ens of the Philippines 1. 7'ose citi>ens of t'e P'ilippines at t'e time of t'e 1B@< Constitution a. -alles v. COMELEC b. (oa do,trine ,. Caram provision 2. 7'ose w'ose mot'ers or fat'ers are citi>ens of t'e P'ilippines 3. 7'ose born before .an. 1<+ 1B<3+ of 1ilipino mot'ers+ w'o elect P'ilippine citi>ens'ip upon reac'in# t'e a#e of ma2orit* a. Procedure for election b. /'en to elect ,. Cu v. (P d. -illa)ermosa v. Commissioner o2 +mmigration e. (P v. C)ule Lim 4. 7'ose naturali>ed in accordance wit' law C. Naturali7ation 1. Modes of naturali>ation a. !irect b. !erivative 2. !octrine of indelible alle#iance

13

vi.

Outline of Nachuras ConstiLaw Outline For Portians Only NOTES:

3. !irect naturali>ation under P'ilippine laws 4. 8aturali>ation under CA 4<3 a. "ualifications b. !is4ualifications c. Procedure d. ffects of 8aturali>ation e. !enaturali>ation 5. 8aturali>ation b* direct le#islative action $. Administrative 8aturali>ation D. Loss and (eac3uisition of Philippine Citi7enship ;CA <=> 1. Loss of citi>ens'ip a. ;* naturali>ation in a forei#n countr* b. ;* e0press renunciation of citi>ens'ip c. ;* subscribin# to an oat' of alle#iance d. ;* renderin# service to or acceptin# commission in t'e armed forces of a forei#n countr* e. ;* cancellation of t'e certificate of naturali>ation f. ;* 'avin# been declared b* competent aut'orit* a deserter of t'e P'ilippine armed forces in time of war 2. (eac4uisition of citi>ens'ip a. 7a3in# oat' or alle#iance b. ;* naturali>ation c. ;* repatriation d. ;* direct act of Con#ress VIII. THE LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT A. he Le/islative Power 1. !efinition 2. /'ere =ested a. Con#ress to provide a s*stem of initiative and referendum i. nablin# Act 1. %nitiative and (eferendum defined 2. Pro'ibited measures 3. Local %nitiative 4. Limitations on Local %nitiative B. Con/ress 1. Composition 2. ;icameralism v. 5nicameralism C. Senate 1. Composition 2. "ualifications 3. 7erm of Office a. Limitation D. House of (epresentatives 1. Composition a. !istrict representatives b. Part*-list representatives c. )ectoral representatives 2. Apportionment of le#islative districts a. %n'abitants b. 7erritor* c. (eapportionment i. Mariano v. Comele, Tobias v. #balos ii. Monte6o v. Comele, iii. ema v. Comele, 3. "ualifications

14

Outline of Nachuras ConstiLaw Outline For Portians Only NOTES:

a. +(M v. Comele, b. #1uino v. Comele, ,. Co1uilla v. Comele, 4. 7erm of Office 5. 7'e Part-List )*stem a. !efinition of 7erms i. Part* ii. Political part* iii. )ectoral part* iv. )ectoral or#ani>ation v. Coalition b. (e#istrationG Manifestation to participate c. (efusal and&or Cancellation of (e#istration d. 8omination of (epresentatives e. "ualifications of 8ominees f. Manner of =otin# i. Bantay (# v. Comele, #. 8umber i. -eterans v. Comele, 0. PM and Butil v. Comele, ii. #ng Bagong Bayani v. Comele, '. C'oosin# a (epresentative i. ffect of c'an#e of affiliation 2. =acanc* k. 7erm of officeG ri#'ts &lection 1. (e#ular 2. )pecial Salaries Privile/es 1. 1reedom from arrest a. (PC 145 b. People v. 3alos6os ,. Trillanes v. Pimentel 2. Privile#e of speec' and debate a. Osmena v. Pendatun Dis3ualifications 1. %ncompatible office 2. 1orbidden office 1ther inhi,itions 1. Appearin# personall* as counsel 2. 1ull disclosure Sessions 1. (e#ular 2. )pecial 3. .oint a. =otin# separatel* i. C'oosin# t'e president ii. !etermine president?s disabilit* iii. Confirmin# nomination of t'e =P iv. !eclarin# e0istence of a state of war v. Proposin# constitutional amendments b. =otin# 2ointl* 4. Ad2ournment 1fficers 5uoru% (ules of Proceedin/s Discipline of %e%,ers (ecords and ,oo?s of accounts Le/islative 'ournal and the Con/ressional (ecord 1. ntered in t'e 2ournal

15

&. .. *.

H. ). '.

2. L. 4. N. 1. P.

Outline of Nachuras ConstiLaw Outline For Portians Only NOTES:

2. nrolled ;ill 7'eor* 5. &lectoral ri,unals 1. Composition a. F( 7 b. ) 7 c. !octrine of Primar* .urisdiction 2. Power a. ampayan v. &a7a b. -in7ons-C)ato v. Comele, c. 7 independent of t'e Fouses. %ts decisions ma* not be reviewed b* t'e )C+ e0cept w'en t'ere is #rave abuse of discretion (. Co%%ission on Appoint%ents 1. Composition 2. Powers S. Powers of Con/ress 1. 9eneral&Plenar* le#islative power 2. Appropriation 3. 7a0ation 4. Le#islative %nvesti#ation 5. "uestion Four $. /ar Powers 7. Act as ;oard of Canvassers in lection of President @. Call special election for President and =P 9. .ud#e president?s p'*sical fitnessto disc'ar#e t'e functions of t'e Presidenc* 10. (evo3e or e0tend suspension of t'e privile#e of /FC or declaration of martial law 11. Concur in Presidential amnesties. 12. Concur in treaties or international a#reements 13. Confirm appointments&nominations made b* t'e President 14. %mpeac'ment 15. (elative to natural resources 1$. Propose amendments to t'e Constitution IX. THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT A. he President 1. "ualifications 2. lection a. (e#ular b. Con#ress as canvassin# board i. Overseas Absentee =otin# Act ii. Lope7 v. enate8 Con#ress ma* dele#ate initial determination of aut'enticit* and due e0ecution of certificates of canvass to a .oint Con#ressional Committee iii. Pimentel v. 3oint Committee iv. Brillantes v. COMELEC c. )upreme Court as P 7 3. 7erm of Office 4. Oat' of Office 5. Privile#es a. Official (esidence b. )alar* c. %mmunit* from )uit i. Estrada v. &esierto ii. *loria v. C# d. 0ecutive Privile#e

16

Outline of Nachuras ConstiLaw Outline For Portians Only NOTES:

i. enate v. Ermita ii. 'eri e. Pro'ibitions&%n'ibitions $. Pro'ibitions&%n'ibitions a. )'all not receive an* ot'er emoluments from t'e #overnment or an* ot'er source i. (epubli, v. andiganbayan b. 5nless provided in t'e Constitution+ s'all not 'old an* ot'er office or emplo*ment c. 8ot directl* or indirectl* practice an* ot'er profession+ participate in business+ or be financiall* interested in an* contract&franc'ise&privile#e #ranted b* #overnment d. Avoid conflict of interest e. 8ot appoint spouse or relatives b* consan#uinit* or affinit* wit'in t'e fourt' civil de#ree. <. (ules on )uccessions a. =acanc* at t'e be#innin# of t'e term i. !eat' or permanent disabilit* ii. 1ails to 4ualif* iii. 8ot c'osen iv. )enate President+ t'en )pea3er+ t'en Con#ress-c'osen succeeds b. =acanc* durin# term i. !eat'+ permanent disabilit*+ removal from office+ resi#nation of President 1. Erap v. *M#8 ii. !eat'+ permanent disabilit*+ removal from office+ resi#nation of President and =P c. 7emporar* disabilit* d. Constitutional dut* of Con#ress in case of vacanc* in t'e offices of President and =ice-President 8. (emoval of t'e President C ;L impeac'ment B. he :ice0President 1. "ualifications+ election+ term of office+ removal 2. =acanc* in t'e office of t'e =ice-President C. Powers of the President 1. 7'e 0ecutive Power a. 'E# v. C#6 b. Aut'orit* to reor#ani>e t'e OP c. 0ecutive power vested in t'e President d. Malaria Employees v. (omulo e. 8ot for t'e President to determine t'e validit* of a law 2. Power of Appointment a. Appointment b. Appointments+ classified i. Permanent or 7emporar* i.a. -alen,ia v. Peralta i.b. Binamira v. *arru,)o ii. (e#ular or ad interim ii.a. PLM v. +#C ii.b. Matibag v. Benipayo c. Officials appointed b* President i. President s'all nominate+ wit' Commission on Appointments Feads of e0ecutive departments - Ambassadors+ ot'er public ministers and consuls Officers of armed forces from colonel

17

Outline of Nachuras ConstiLaw Outline For Portians Only NOTES:

to nav* captain 7'ose w'ose appointment vested b* t'e Constitution i.a. armiento v. Mison8 ii.b. priano v. Lista ii. President s'all appoint - All ot'er appointments not provided b* law - Aut'ori>ed to appoint ii.a. Bautista v. alonga8 ii.b. Tarrosa v. ingson8 ii.,. (u2ino v. Endriga8 d. )teps in t'e appointin# process 8omination b* t'e President Confirmation b* t'e CoApp %ssuance of t'e commission Acceptance b* t'e appointee e. !iscretion of Appointin# Aut'orit* Pimentel v. Ermita f. )pecial Constitutional Limitations on t'e President?s appointment power Ma* not appoint spouse and 4dra&c as ConComm member+ OM;+ 5sec+ ;ureau&Office c'air&'eads+ includin# 9OCCs Appointments b* actin# President ineffective unless revo3ed b* Presidentelect wit'in BI da*s from assumption of office 2 mont's before ne0t presidential election+ President s'all not appoint+ e0cept temporar* appointments to e0ecutive positions w'ere continued vacancies will pre2udice public service or endan#er safet* &e (ama v. C# +n (e Mateo -alen7uela #. Power of (emoval ii. C)C members appointed b* President ma* be directl* disciplined b* 'im iii. Cabinet members ma* be replaced an* time+ term e0pired Power of Control a. Control i. Malaria Employees v. (omulo b. Alter-e#o principle i. La,son-Magallanes v. Pano ii. &E'( v. &E'( (egion 09 iii. *loria v. C# c. Appeal d. Power e0ercised over acts+ not actors e. );MA under OP f. Control of .ustice )ecretar* over prosecutors #. 9eneral supervision over L95s 3udge &adole v. CO# &rilon v. Lim Pimentel v. #guirre Militar* Powers a. Commander-in-c'ief clause i. *udani v. enga -

18

3.

4.

Outline of Nachuras ConstiLaw Outline For Portians Only NOTES:

ii. Call out armed forces to prevent or suppress lawless violence+ invasion or rebellion iii. Or#ani>e courts martial for t'e discipline of A1P members+ create militar* commissions for t'e punis'ment of war criminals Olaguer v. Military Commission 'avales v. *eneral #baya *udani v. enga b. )uspension of privile#e of writ of 'abeas corpus i. 9rounds ii. !uration iii. !ut* of President iv. Con#ress ma* revo3e or e0tend effectivit* of proclamation b* ma2orit* vote+ votin# 2ointl* v. )upreme Court ma* review vi. 8ot impair ri#'t to bail vii. Applies onl* to persons 2udiciall* c'ar#ed for rebellion or offenses in'erent or directl* connected wit' invasion viii. !urin# suspension of writ+ an* person t'us arrested&detained s'all be 2udiciall* c'ar#ed wit'in 3 da*s+ ot'erwise+ 'e s'all be released c. Martial Law Constitutional limitations same as suspension of P/FC Pardonin# Power a. !efinitions i. Pardon ii. Commutation iii. (eprieve iv. Parole v. Amnest* b. 0ercise b* t'e President c. Limitations on e0ercise i. Cannot be #ranted in cases of impeac'ment ii. Cannot be #ranted in cases of violation of election laws wit'out favorable recommendation of t'e COM L C iii. Can be #ranted onl* after conviction b* final 2ud#ment iv. Cannot be #ranted in cases of le#islative contempt or civil contempt v. Cannot absolve t'e convict of civil liabilit* vi. Cannot restore public offices forfeited d. Pardon+ classified i. Plenar* or partial ii. Absolute or conditional Conditional pardon is a contract between t'e C'ief 0ecutive and t'e convicted criminal e. Amnest* i. People v. Patriar,a ii. -era v. People iii. People v. Casido ;orrowin# Power !iplomatic Power a. Commissioner o2 Customs v. Eastern ea Trading b. Bayan v. Exe,utive e,retary ;ud#etar* Power %nformin# Power

19

5.

$. <. @. B.

Outline of Nachuras ConstiLaw Outline For Portians Only NOTES:

1I. Ot'er Powers a. Call Con#ress to a special session b. Power to approve or veto bills c. Consent to deputation of #overnment personnel b* t'e COM L C d. !iscipline suc' deputies e. ;* dele#ation from Con#ress+ emer#enc* powers f. 9eneral supervision over L95s and autonomous re#ional #overnments X. JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT A. he 'udicial Power 1. !efined a. Political 4uestion outside t'e territor* of courts b. To,ao v. C# ,. &e Leon v. C# 2. /'ere =ested 3. .urisdiction a. Con#ress 'as t'e power to define+ prescribe+ and apportion t'e 2urisdiction of various courts+ but ma* not deprive t'e )C of its .! over cases enumerated in Art. @+ )ec. 5 b. 8o law s'all be passed increasin# t'e appellated 2! of t'e )C as provided in t'e Constitution wit'out its advice and concurrence B. Constitutional Safe/uards to )nsure )ndependence of the 'udiciary 1. )C is a constitutional bod*G it ma* not be abolis'ed b* t'e le#islature 2. )C members removable onl* b* impeac'ment 3. )C ma* not be deprived of its minimum ori#inal and appellate .!G appellate .! ma* not be increased wit'out advice and concurrence 4. )C 'as administrative supervision over all inferior courts and personnel 5. )C 'as e0clusive power to discipline 2ud#es and 2ustices of inferior courts $. .udiciar* members 'ave securit* of tenure 7. Members of t'e .udiciar* ma* not be desi#nated to an* a#enc* performin# 4uasi-2udicial or administrative functions @. )alaries of 2ud#es ma* not be reducedG t'e .udiciar* en2o*s fiscal autonom* 1iscal autonom* contemplates a #uarantee of fle0ibilit* to allocate and utili>e t'eir resources. !;M cannot down#rade t'e positions and salar* #rades of two positions in t'e P'il.A. B. Onl* t'e )C ma* initiate and promul#ate t'e (OC 10. Onl* t'e )C ma* order temporar* detail of 2ud#es 11.7'e )C can appoint all officials and emplo*ees of t'e .udiciar* C. he Power of 'udicial (eview/)n3uiry D. Appoint%ent to the 'udiciary 1. "ualifications a. )upreme Court b. Lower Colle#iate Courts c. Lower Courts 2. Procedure for Appointment a. Appointed b* t'e President from a list of at least 3

20

Outline of Nachuras ConstiLaw Outline For Portians Only NOTES:

nominees prepared b* t'e .;C for ever* vacanc*G appointment does not need confirmation b. =acanc* in t'e )C to be filled wit'in BI da*s from occurence t'ereof c. 1or lower courts+ President s'all issue appointment wit'in BI da*s from submission b* t'e .;C from suc' list. Midni#'t appointment pro'ibition applies. 3. 7'e .udicial and ;ar Council a. Composition i. 0-officio members6 C. as C'air+ .ustice )ecretar*+ representative from Con#ress ii. (e#ular members6 %;P representative+ Law professor+ retired )C 2ustice+ private sector representative iii. )ecretar* e0-officio6 )C cler3 b. Appointment6 (e#ular members appointed b* t'e President for a term of 4 *ears+ wit' CoApp consent. )C determines emoluments. c. Powers&1unctions6 (ecommend appointees to t'e .udiciar*. 7'ose assi#ned b* t'e )C he Supre%e Court 1. Composition 2. n ;anc&!ivision Cases a. n banc b. !ivision 3. Powers a. Ori#inal 2urisdiction b. Appellate 2urisdiction c. 7emporar* assi#nment of 2ud#es d. Order c'an#e of venue e. (ule-ma3in# power f. Power of Appointment g. Power of Administrative )upervision '. Annual (eport 4. Consultations&)C !ecisions a. Conclusions submitted for decision s'all be reac'ed in consultation before t'e case is assi#ned to a member for writin# t'e opinion. Certification to t'is effect issued b* C.. (e4t applicable to lower colle#iate courts. b. !ecision s'all state clearl* and distinctl* t'e facts and t'e law on w'ic' it is based c. 8o petition for review or M( s'all be refused due course or denied wit'out statin# t'e le#al basis t'erefor enure of 'ud/es/'ustices 1. )upreme Court 2. Lower Courts Salaries Periods for Decision 1. All cases filed after t'e effectivit* of t'e Constitution must be decided or resolved+ from date of submission+ wit'in6 )C C 24 mont's Lower colle#iate courts C 12 mont's Lower courts C 3 mont's %n t'e last 2+ )C ma* reduce M certification statin# reason for dela* 2. !espite e0piration of t'e mandator* period+ t'e court+

21

&.

.. *. H.

Outline of Nachuras ConstiLaw Outline For Portians Only NOTES:

wit'out pre2udice to suc' responsibilit* as ma* 'ave been incurred in conse4uence t'ereof+ s'all decide or resolve t'e case or matter submitted to it wit'out furt'er dela* 3. Period merel* director*+ bein# procedural in nature XI. CONSTITUTIONAL COMMISSIONS A. *eneral Provisions 1. 7'e independent constitutional commissions are t'e C)C+ COM L C and COA 2. )afe#uards insurin# t'e independence of t'e Commissions a. 7'e* are constitutionall* createsG ma* not be abolis'ed b* statute b. %ndependent c. Conferred certain powers and functions w'ic' cannot be reduced b* statute d. C'airmen and members cannot be removed+ e0cept b* impeac'ment e. C'airmen and members #iven < *ear-terms f. C'airmen and members ma* not be reappointed or appointed in an actin# capacit* i. /'en an ad interim appointment is not confirmed+ anot'er ad interim appointment ma* be e0tended to t'e appointee wit'out violatin# t'e Constitution #. )alaries of t'e c'air and members are relativel* 'i#' and ma* not be decreased durin# office '. Commissions en2o* fiscal autonom* i. Con#ress is not pro'ibited from reducin# t'e appropriations of t'e ConComs below t'e amount appropriated for t'em for t'e previous *ear j. Ma* promul#ate own procedural rules+ provided+ t'e* do not diminis'+ increase or modif* substantive ri#'ts 3. C'air and members sub2ect to certain dis4ualifications calculated to stren#t'en t'eir inte#rit* l. Ma* appoint t'eir own officials and emplo*ees in accordance wit' Civil )ervice Law 3. %n'ibitions&!is4ualifications a. 8ot 'old an* ot'er office or emplo*ment durin# tenure b. 8ot en#a#e in t'e practice of an* profession c. 8ot en#a#e in t'e active mana#ement or control of an* business w'ic' in an* wa* ma* be affected b* t'e functions of 'is office d. 8ot be financiall* interested in an* contract wit' or in an* franc'ise or privile#e #ranted b* t'e 9overnment+ an* of its subdivisions+ a#encies or instrumentalities+ includin# 9OCCs or t'eir subsidiaries 4. (otational )c'eme of Appointments 1irst appointees to serve <+5+3 *ears resp. to prevent t'e possibilit* of one President appointin# all t'e Commissioners. 7wo conditions6 i. 7erms if t'e first Commissioners s'ould start on a common date

22

Outline of Nachuras ConstiLaw Outline For Portians Only NOTES:

ii. An* vacanc* due to deat'+ disabilit* or reco#nition before t'e e0piration of t'e term s'ould be filled onl* for t'e une0pired balance of t'e term 5. !ecisions a. Ma2orit* vote+ wit'in $I da*s from t'e date of submission for decision or resolution i. All members+ not limited to t'ose w'o participated in t'e deliberations and voted t'erein ii. /'en Commissioners w'o participated in t'e deliberations retired before promul#ation+ t'eir votes s'all be considered wit'drawn. iii. $I-da* periodG framers did not intend overl* strict ad'erence b. An* decision+ order or rulin# of eac' Commission ma* be brou#'t to t'e )C on certiorari wit'in 3I da*s from receipt of cop* i. /'en )C reviews Comelec decision N e0traordinar* .!G proceedin# limited to #rave abuseG (ule $5 is t'e proper remed* ii. Onl* w'en COA acts wit'out or in e0cess of .!+ or wit' #rave abuse of discretion amountin# to lac3 or e0cess of .!O ma* t'e court entertain a petition for certiorari under (ule $5 iii. 1inal resolutions of t'e C)C s'all be appealable b* certiorari to t'e CA wit'in 15 da*s from t'e receipt of a cop* t'ereof. 1rom t'e CA+ 45 to )C. $. nforcement of !ecision 1inal decisions of t'e C)C are enforceable b* a writ of e0ecution t'at t'e C)C ma* itself issue. B. he Civil Service Co%%ission 1. Composition C'air M 2 Commissioners - natural-born - 35 *o at time of appointment - proven capacit* for pubad - not a candidate for an* elective position in t'e immediatel* precedin# election Appointed wit' t'e consent of t'e CoApp for < *ears wit'out reappointment. 2. Constitutional Ob2ectives&1unctions - Central personnel a#enc* - Power to 'ear and decide admin cases instituted before it directl* or on appeal+ includin# contested appointments - C)C 'as ori#inal .! to 'ear and decide a complaint for c'eatin# in t'e C) e0ams it #ave - decisions of lower level officials appealed to a#enc* 'ead+ t'en to C)C. (7C 8O .! over personnel actions 3. )cope C all ;%)A of t'e 9ovt+ inc. 9OCCs wit' ori#inal c'arters Jc'artered b* special lawK 4. Classes of )ervice a. Career )ervice C entrance based on merit+ or on 'i#'l* tec'inical 4ualificationsG opportunit* for advancement to 'i#'er positionsG securit* of tenure Open career positions C 4ualification from e0am Closed career positions C scientific or 'i#'l* tec'inical

23

Outline of Nachuras ConstiLaw Outline For Portians Only NOTES:

24

Career 0ecutive )ervice C 5sec+ ;ureau directors Career Officers appointed b* t'e President A1P Personnel of 9OCCs wit' ori#inal c'arters Permanent laborers i. Career 0ecutive )ervice ii. )ecurit* of 7enure in C )+ re4uisites6 1. C ) eli#ibilit* 2. Appointment to t'e appropriate ran3 P A C ) officer ma* be transferred or reassi#ned from one position to anot'er wit'out losin# 'is ran3 w'ic' follows 'im b. 8on-Career )ervice C based on ot'er t'an usual testsG tenure limited to period specified b* law+ or coterminus lective officials+ t'eir personal and confidential staff !epartment 'eads+ cabinet ran3 and t'eir personal and confidential staff C'air and members of Commissions wit' fi0ed term of office and t'eir personal and confidential staff Contractual personnel mer#enc* and seasonal personnel C)C empowered to declare positions in t'e Civil )ervice as primaril* confidential 5. Appointments in t'e Civil )ervice C merit M competitive e0ams J0c. Polic* determinin#+ primaril* confidential QDpro0imit* ruleEG close intimate relations'ip w'ic' ensures freedom of discussionR+ or 'i#'l* tec'nical positions as determined b* t'e nature of t'e positionK 9(6 A permanent appointment can issue onl* to a person w'o possesses all t'e re4uirements AC6 /'ere appointed merel* in a temporar* capacit* for a period of 12 mont's to prevent a 'iatus $. !is4ualifications - Loser+ 1 *ear after elections - lective official - Cit* Ma*or cannot be appointed Administrator of );MA - Appointive officials+ an* ot'er office in t'e 9ovt... <. )ecurit* of 7enure 9(6 8o officer or emplo*ee of t'e civil service s'all be removed or suspended e0cept for cause provided b* law a. 8on-compliance wit' t'e Civil )ervice Law constitutes denial of t'e ri#'t to securit* of tenure i. Presidential appointee under direct disciplinar* of t'e President ii. 5ncontested transfer resultin# in demotion in ran3 or salar* is a violation of t'e securit* of tenure iii. %lle#all* dismissed emplo*ee ordered reinstated considered not 'avin# left 'is office entitled to bac3wa#es 1. AC w'ere reinstatement was not a result of e0oneration but of liberalit* 2. Pa*ment of bac3wa#es durin# suspension of a civil servant w'o

Outline of Nachuras ConstiLaw Outline For Portians Only NOTES:

is subse4uentl* reinstated onl* awarded w'en 'e is found innocent and t'e suspension is un2ustified iv. )ecurit* of tenure in Career 0ecutive )ervice pertains onl* to ran3+ not to position b. =alid abolition of office does not violate securit* of tenure i. (eor#ani>ation does not necessaril* result in abolition of t'e office+ and does not 2ustif* t'e replacement of permanent officers and emplo*ees c. A career service officer unlawfull* ousted from office onl* 'as 1 *ear to file an action in court to recover 'is office Jot'erwise+ ri#'t prescribesK d. )ummar* dismissal under Civil )ervice Law6 - repealed e. Appellate .! of C)C - Merit )*stem Protection ;oards?s decision in administrative disciplinar* cases involvin# imposition of suspension+ fine+ demotion+ transfer+ removal or dismissal --- 8O7 over M)P; decisions e0oneratin# t'e respondent - can be made onl* b* t'e part* affected b* t'e M)P; decision f. 9(6 Fe w'o+ w'ile occup*in# one office+ accepts an incompatible office+ ipso fact vacates t'e firt office and 'is title is terminated wit'out an* ot'er act of proceedin# i. Canoni7ado v. #guirre8 (emoval b* virtue of a constitutionall* infirm act ne#ates a findin# of voluntar* relin4uis'ment @. Partisan Political Activit* a. Applies also to militar* b. 0empt6 Cabinet members+ public officers and emplo*ees 'oldin# political offices B. (i#'t to )elf-Or#ani>ation a. 9overnment emplo*ees not allowed to stri3e 1I. Protection to 7emporar* mplo*ees 11. )tandardi>ation of Compensation fi0ed b* Con#ress 12. !ouble Compensation 13. Oat' of Alle#iance C. he C14&L&C 1. Composition a. Composition b. n banc and division cases i. Cases 'eard and decided indivision6 ii. 0ceptions iii. %n election cases+ Comelec division s'ould 'ear first+ provided e0ercises its ad2udicator* or 4uasi-2udicial functions iv. Comelec decisions reviewable b* )C c. Comelec en banc promul#ates rules concernin# pleadin#s and practice before it or an* of its offices+ but ma* not diminis'+ increase or modif* substantive ri#'ts 2. Constitutional powers and functions a. nforce and administer all laws and re#ulations

25

Outline of Nachuras ConstiLaw Outline For Portians Only NOTES:

relative tot 'e conduct of an election+ plebescite+ initiative+ referendum or recall i. !efinitions 1. D%nitiativeE 2. D(eferendumE 3. D(ecallE 4. DPlebesciteE ii. ;road powers iii. (e#ulator* power iv. 8o pardon+ amnest*+ parole for violation of election laws #ranted b* President wit'out Comelec recommendation v. Comelec cannot e0ercise power of apportionment vi. Power to declare failure of elections vii. Petition to declare failure of elections+ re4ts6 1. 8o votin# ta3en place in t'e precinct on t'e date fi0ed b* law+ or even if t'ere was votin#+ election resulted in failure to elect+ and 2. =otes cast would not affect t'e results of t'e election viii. Comelec unaut'ori>ed to ma3e an unofficial 4uic3 count of presidential election results 0clusive ori#inal .! over all contests relatin# to t'e election+ returns+ 4ualifications of all elective re#ional+ provincial+ cit* officials. 0clusive appellate .! over all contests involvin# elective municipal officials decided b* t'e (7C+ or involvin# br#*. Officials decided b* t'e M7C+ and decisions t'erein s'all be final+ e0ecutor* and unappealable. i. 0clusive .! over pre-proclamation cases. .! of t'e lectoral 7ribunal is e0ercised over members of Fouse or )enate+ and a part* to t'e election controvers* is a member of t'e Fouse or )enate onl* after 'e 'as been proclaimed+ 'as ta3en 'is oat' and assumed t'e functions of t'e office. ii. Comelec is wit'out t'e power to partiall* or totall* annul a proclamation or to suspend t'e effects of a proclamation wit'out notice and 'earin# iii. Comelec 'as power to issue writs of pro'ibition+ mandamus and certiorari in t'e e0ercise of its e0clusive appellate .! iv. (7Cs and M7Cs cannot 'ave .! over electoral cases involvin# elective br#*. Officials 1. Appeal to Comelec from (7C must be filed wit'in 5 da*s from receipt of decision. M( of (7C pro'ibited. 2. 1ilin# 8otice of Appeal not enou#'+ appeal fee must be paid to t'e Comelec. %f fee not paid+ Comelec can dismiss outri#'t or wait for fee to be paid and #ive

26

b.

Outline of Nachuras ConstiLaw Outline For Portians Only NOTES:

petition due course 3. Comelec 'as aut'orit* to suspend re#lementar* periods provided b* its rules v. Comelec cannot deprive (7C of its competence to order e0ecution of 2ud#ment pendin# appeal 1. (7C ma* #rant motion for e0ecution pendin# appeal w'en t'ere are valid and special reasons li3e6 public interest&will of electorate - s'ortness of t'e remainin# term - len#t' of time t'at election contest 'as been pendin# 2. Fowever+ provision t'at allows e0ecution pendin# appeal must be strictl* construed a#ainst t'e movant. 3. Motion s'ould be filed before e0piration of t'e period for appeal vi. Comelec 'as power to cite for contempt+ but t'e power ma* be e0ercised onl* w'ile it is en#a#ed in t'e performance of 4uasi2udicial functions vii. )C 'as power to review appellate final Jnot interlocutor*K decisions of t'e Comelec c. !ecide+ save t'ose involvin# t'e ri#'t to vote+ all 4uestions affectin# elections+ includin# determination of t'e number and location of pollin# places+ appointment of election officials and inspectors+ and re#istration of voters i. C'an#es in t'e location of pollin# places ma* be initiated b* written petition of ma2orit* of t'e voters or b* a#reement of political parties+ but Comelec 'as final sa* ii. Comelec ma* decide a 4uestion involvin# t'e ri#'t to vote+ but its decision s'all be sub2ect to 2udicial review iii. !ecisions&determinations made b* Comelec in t'e e0ercise of its administrative power ma* be 4uestioned in ordinar* civil action before trial courts d. !eputi>e+ wit' t'e concurrence of t'e President+ law enforcement a#encies and instrumentalities for t'e e0clusive purpose of ensurin# free+ orderl*+ 'onest+ peaceful and credible elections - Ma* recommend to t'e President t'e removal of an* officer it 'as deputi>ed+ or t'e imposition of an* ot'er sanction+ for disobedience+ violation or disre#ard of its orders e. (e#ister+ after sufficient publication+ political parties+ or#ani>ations or coalitions w'ic' must present t'eir platform or pro#ram of #overnment+ accredit citi>ens? arms i. !efinitions 1. Political Part* C or#ani>ed #roup of citi>ens advocatin# an ideolo#* or platform+ principles and policies for t'e #eneral conduct of #overnment

27

Outline of Nachuras ConstiLaw Outline For Portians Only NOTES:

a. 8ational part* b. (e#ional part* c. )ectoral part* 2. )ectoral or#ani>ation C #roup of citi>ens w'o s'are similar p'*sical attributes or c'aracteristics+ emplo*ment+ interests or concerns 3. Coalition C a##rupation of dul*re#istered national+ re#ional+ sectoral parties or or#ani>ations for political and or election purpose ii. 9roups w'ic' cannot be re#istered 1. (eli#ious denominations or sects 2. 7'ose w'o see3 to ac'ieve t'eir #oals t'rou#' violent or unlawful means 3. 7'ose w'o refuse to up'old and ad'ere to t'e Constitution 4. 7'ose supported b* forei#n #overnments iii. 9rounds for cancellation of re#istration 1. J1K to J4K above 2. %t is a forei#n part* or or#ani>ation 3. %t violates or fails to compl* wit' laws+ rules and re#ulations relatin# to elections 4. !eclares untrut'ful statements in its petition 5. Fas ceased to e0ist for at least one *ear $. 1ails to participate in t'e last 2 precedin# elections+ or fails to obtain at least 2S of votes cast under t'e part*-list s*stem in t'e 2 precedin# elections iv. #ng Bagong Bayani #uidelines for re#istration 1. 7'e part* must represent a mar#inali>ed or underrepresented sector or #roup identified in )ec. 5 of (A <B41 2. Ma2or political parties must compl* wit' t'e declared statutor* polic* of enablin# 1ilipino citi>ens belon#in# to mar#inali>ed and underrepresented sectors to be elected to t'e Fouse 3. (eli#ious sector ma* not be represented 4. Part* not dis4ualified under )ec. $ of (A <B41 5. Part* must not be an ad2unct of+ or a pro2ect or#ani>ed+ or entit* funded b* t'e 9overnment $. Part* and its nominees must compl* wit' t'e re4uirements of t'e law 7. 8ominees must represent mar#inali>ed and underrepresented

28

Outline of Nachuras ConstiLaw Outline For Portians Only NOTES:

@. 8ominee must be able to contribute to t'e formulation and enactment of appropriate le#islation w'ic' will benefit t'e nation f. 1ile+ upon a verified complaint+ or on its own initiative+ petitions in court for t'e inclusion or e0clusion of votersG investi#ate and+ w'ere appropriate+ prosecute cases of violations of election laws i. Comelec ma* dele#ate to Provincial 1iscal t'e investi#ation and prosecution of violations f election laws ii. Power includes aut'orit* to decide w'et'er or not to appeal t'e dismissal of a criminal case b* t'e trial court #. (ecommend to Con#ress effective measures to minimi>e election spendin#+ includin# limitation of places w'ere propa#anda materials s'all be posted+ and to prevent and penali>e all forms of election frauds+ offenses+ malpractice and nuisance candidates h. )ubmit to t'e President and Con#ress a compre'ensive report on t'e conduct of election+ plebiscite+ initiative+ referendum or recall 3. )tatutor* powers a. 0ercise supervision and control over officials re4uired to perform duties relative to t'e conduct of elections b. Promul#ate rules and re#ulations c. Punis' contempt d. %n4uire into financial records of candidates+ #roups e. Prescribe forms to be used in elections f. Procure supplies and materials needed fo rt'e elections #. nlist non-partisan #roups to assist it '. 1i0 periods for pre-election re4uirements i. !eclare failure of electionG call for special elections i. )ittin# en banc+ ma2orit* vote ii. Motu propio or upon verified petition iii. )ummar* 'earin# 4. Part* )*stem 5. lection Period C commences BI da*s before t'e election and ends 3I da*s t'ereafter+ unless ot'erwise fi0ed b* t'e Comelec in special cases 6. .udicial (eview of Comelec decisions C to )C via $5+ 3I da*s from receipt of final order+ rulin# or decision of Comelec en banc D. he C1A 1. Composition&Appointment a. C'air M 2 Commissioners. 8atural-born. 35 *o. CPAs wit' not less t'an 1I *ears of auditin# e0perience of members of t'e P'ilippine bar wit' at least 1I *ears practice of law. 8ot candidates in t'e election precedin#. b. Appointed b* t'e President wit' consent of t'e CoApp c. 7erm of < *ears wit'out reappointment 2. Powers and !uties a. 0amine+ audit and settle all accounts pertainin# to

29

Outline of Nachuras ConstiLaw Outline For Portians Only NOTES:

t'e revenue and receipts of+ and e0penditures or uses of funds and propert* owed and 'eld in trust or pertainin# to t'e 9overnment b. :eep #eneral accounts of t'e 9overnment+ and preserve vouc'ers and supportin# papers for suc' period provided b* law c. Aut'orit* to define t'e scope of its audit and e0amination+ establis' tec'ni4ues and met'ods re4uired t'ereof d. Promul#ate accountin# and auditin# rules and re#ulations+ includin# t'ose for t'e prevention and disallowance of irre#ular+ unnecessar*+ e0pensive+ e0trava#ant or unconscionable e0penditures or uses of #overnment funds or propert* .urisdiction C #overnment entit* or investment of public funds

30

3.