What is a genome? What is a chromosome? What is a chromosome set? Identify the non-nuclear genomes of eukaryotic cellswhere are they?

What is a karyotype? Why is it made using metaphase chromosomes? What are homologous chromosomes? What are sister chromatids? why are they different from homologues? What are the differences between cytokinesis in plants and animals Be able to recognize and to draw the basic stages of mitosis D. Vocabulary Genome Chromosome Sister chromatids Homologues Centromere Chromosome set Diploid Interphase Prometaphase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis Cleavage furrow Cell plate Mitosis Mitotic spindle Microtubules Microfibrils Centrosomes Kinetochore Daughter cells

________________________________________________________________________ Lecture Assignment and Information Bi213 W2012 Rivin Lecture 2 Lecture goals: Know the stages and events of the cell cycle Understand what ploidy means Distinguish between the events of Meiosis I and Meiosis II Know how independent assortment and crossing-over ensure that offspring of sexually reproducing parents are not identical to either parent independent assortment, crossing over, recombinants Vocabulary Cell cycle Ploidy zygote Haploid meiosis I and II Polyploidy crossing-over diploid chiasma(ta) asexual reproduction synapsis sexual reproduction recombination haploid independent assortment fertilization ________________________________________________________________________

Lecture 3 Learning(goals: Review)how)Mendel)overturned)the)blending)theory)of)inheritance.)What)were) the)critical)observations?) Understand)Mendels)experimental)design.) tracking)heritable)traits)over)multiple)generations;)Parental;)F1;)F2 Understand)how)Mendel)built)a)model)of)inheritance)from)his)experimental) observations. dominant;"recessive;"appearance)vs.)genetic)makeup)(phenotype)vs.)genotype);) allele Understand)how)Mendelian)inheritance)reflects)laws)of)probability. Vocabulary True breeding (Ex. Plant offspring will reproduce the same variety, all red flowers, no pink) P, F1, F2 Dominant Recessive Genotype (The genetic makeup) Phenotype (The physical makeup) Homozygous (Having a pair of identical alleles for a trait, AA or aa) Heterozygous (Having a pair of different alleles for a trait, Aa or Bb) Mutually exclusive events (Sum Rule) Independent events (Product Rule) Sum rule (Probability that event one OR event two will occur, ex: having a son OR child has blue eyes) Product rule (Probability that event one AND event two will occur, ex: having a son AND he has blue eyes) Testcross (Individual with unknown genotype is crossed with homozygous recessive trait; by observing phenotypes of offspring resulting from the cross, we can deduce the genotype of the purple flowered parent) Progeny (Offspring) Allele (Alternative versions of a gene) Locus (Chromosome location) Law of Segregation (the principle stating that during the production of gametes the two copies of each hereditary factor segregate so that offspring acquire one factor from each parent. ________________________________________________________________________

Lecture Assignment and Information Lecture 4 Learning goals Understand Mendels second law of independent assortment. How does independent assortment relate to events in meiosis? What genetic ratios are associated with dihybrid crosses? Understand how to use the probability laws for predicting phenotype and genotype ratios without resorting to a Punnet Square Vocabulary Dihybrid (cross between F1 offspring of two individuals that differ in two traits of particular interest) Monohybrid (the mating between individuals who have different alleles at one genetic locus of interest) Independent assortment (Chromosomes may be aligned differently at metaphase I) Pedigree (An outline of your family) Sibling (Someone on the same line as you on the pedigree) Carrier (Carrier is denoted by a dot in the middle of the circle (Female) or square (male)) ________________________________________________________________________ Lecture 5 Learning goals Identify the symbols used to depict human family trees and how to use pedigree analysis to determine patterns of inheritance., inherited disorders; genetic diseases Identify complex patterns of inheritance not described by Mendel. epistasis; interaction of genes contributing to a single phenotype pleiotropy; multiple traits determined by a single gene quantitative traits, partial dominance, co-dominance Vocabulary: Pleiotropy (When a single gene affects two or more traits, ex: sickle-cell anemia) Epistasis (When the expression of one gene depends on the presence of one or more "'modifier genes) Polygenic inheritance (A non-Mendelian form of inheritance in which a particular trait is produced by the interaction of many genes) quantitative traits (refer to phenotypes (characteristics) that vary in degree and can be attributed to polygenic effects) partial (incomplete) dominance (A form of intermediate inheritance in which one allele for a specific trait is not completely dominant over the other allele)

co-dominance (A phenomenon in which a single gene has more than one dominant allele) ________________________________________________________________________

Lecture 6 Learning goals Identify the pattern of inheritance produced by sex-linkage.--hemizygosity in males Understand that many genes unrelated to sex are on the mammalian X. Understand that in many animals, sex is determined chromosomally. X-Y system, X-0 system, Z-W system, haplodiploidy, SRY Vocabulary hemizygous sex linkage autosome wild-type mutant X-linked SRY gene sex determination sex-limited traits sex-influenced traits sex chromosome ________________________________________________________________________ Lecture 7 Vocabulary terms (non)-disjunction (The failure of chromosome pairs to separate properly during meiosis stage 1 or stage 2, specifically in the anaphase) (an)euploidy (aneuploidy = not good ploidy, euploidy = good ploidy) X-inactivation (Equalization of gene expression) Barr body (Innactive portion on an X-chromosome) Linkage map (A linkage map is a genetic map of a species or experimental population that shows the position of its known genes or genetic markers relative to each other in terms of recombination frequency) Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome one extra chromosome at the 21st chromosome pair) Down syndrome (Trisomy 21 one extra chromosome at the 21st chromosome pair) Recombinants (Not directly from the mother or father but a mixture of both creating something new) Linkage (The tendency of genes that are located proximal to each other on a chromosome to be inherited together during meiosis) Recombination (Crossing over and Independent assortment)

Locus (Location of chromosomes) map unit (The chance of getting a recombination (divide it by 2)) Recombination frequency (The process that creates new combinations of genes by shuffling the linear order of the DNA) parental gene arrangements Learning goals Understand about X-inactivation: Barr body, maintenance thru mitosis Identify a major class of chromosomal disorders : nondisjunction, aneuploidy, trisomy 21. Understand that there can be many genes on a single chromosome: Linkage Understand how unlinked genes are recombined by independent assortment and how linked genes may be recombined during crossing-over to give parental types; recombinants. Understand how genes that are close on a chromosome tend to be inherited together Use recombination data to map the location of genes on chromosomes. ________________________________________________________________________ Lecture 8 Vocabulary terms Purine (Adenine and Guanine) Pyrimidine (Thymine and Cytosine) Adenine-Thymine (2 Hydrogen-bonds) Guanine-Cytosine (3 Hydrogen-bonds) Base pair Template (A=T and G=C) Polymer (Macromolecules) DNA backbone (Everything besides the base pairs, phosphate links and sugars) Hydrogen bonds (Bonds linking the purines and pyrimidines together) Complementarity (A=T and G=C) Phosphodiester bond (connect adjacent sugars together) Nucleotide tri-phosphate (Attaches to the OH of the 3) Learning goals Understand the experiments that proved DNA carried hereditary information Understand DNA structureand how it gives DNA the ability to carry information and to replicate it Know the significance of base pair complementarity ________________________________________________________________________