Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Benjamin B. Wolman
Professor Emeritus Long Island University Brooklyn. New York
IN COLLABORATION WITH
Susan Knapp
Postgraduate Center for Mental Health New York. New York
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Wolman, Benjamin B Contemporary theories and systems in psychology. Bibliography: p. Includes indexes. 1. Psychology-Philosophy. I. Knapp, Susan, joint author. II. Title. [DNLM: 1. Psychological theory. BF38 C761] BF38.W78 1980 150.'1 80-21058 ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-3823-9 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-3821-5 DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4684-3821-5
1981 Plenum Press, New York A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 227 West 17th Street, New York, N.Y. 10011
All righ ts reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmi tted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
ternational Encyclopedia of Psychiatry, Psychology, Psychoanalysis and Neurology, I have had the privilege of reading, scrutinizing, and editing the work
of 1,500 experts in psychology and related disciplines. In addition, I have written several books and monographs and over one hundred scientific papers. Armed with all that experience, I have carefully examined the pages of the first edition. Chapter 8 required substantial rewriting and several new sections have been added to other chapters: "Current Soviet Psychology" (Chapter 2, Section 7); "New Ideas on Purposivism" (Chapter 5, Section 4); "Recent Developments in the Sociological School of Psychoanalysis" (Chapter 9, Section 4); and "Present Status of Gestalt Psychology" (Chapter 12, Section 4). Chapter 15 was omitted, and two new chapters were added: Chapter 14 ("Humanistic Psychology") and Chapter 16 ("Selected Research Areas"). I was fortunate in securing the help of Dr. Susan Knapp in this extensive rewriting. Dr. Knapp is my former student and research assistant in the Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology at Long Island University. At the present time she teaches at the Postgraduate Center for Mental Health in New York City. I would also like to take this opportunity to express my profound gratitude to all my colleagues who have used the first edition of this text in their classes in hundreds of colleges and universities.
BENJAMIN B. WOLMAN
viii
highlights the main problems discussed in the respective parts. Each summary gives a bird's-eye view on the issues under consideration and may serve as an introductory statement of these issues. In a book of this type some repetitions have been intvitable. They have been kept at a reasonable minimum dictated by pedagogic co:t"lswerations. In presenting the ideas and theorie s of the various psychological theorists, I tried to be as objective as possible. Hence extensive quotations were introduced in support of the descriptive parts and sometimes even instead of them. Thus the reader has first-hand contact with the creative work of the theorists. New and deviant theories received more attention than faithful elaborations of the works of the masters. For example, the rebellious Rank received several pages whereas the scholarly and orthodox psychoanalyst Fenichel did not. A mere presentation would, however, not do justice to the purpose of this book. Critical comments and evaluations were part of the thinking and working through the ideas of others. Moreover, the selection of authors, the assignment of space, the order, the emphasis on some of their works-all this was inevitably influenced by my preferences. An absolute impartiality could be accomplished only at the price of lack of analytic understanding. The way out was to be as impartial as possible while presenting the views of the various authors and then to make my own opinions explicit, which I did in my remarks at the end of each presentation. For the idea of this book and the initiative to write it, for the friendly encouragement and competent advice during the work, I am immensely indebted to the editor of their series, Gardner Murphy. It took six years to implement the idea. Hundreds of volumes and thousands of journal articles in seven languages have been read, scrutinized, abstracted, and elaborated. Quotations have been made, whenever available, from existing English sources or translations. An extensive bibliography, covering almost the entire relevant literature, has been prepared for each chapter or even for a part of it. Letters have been written to several authors for the sake of clarifying their ideas, but the presentation of their theories is my own responsibility. I am grateful for the advice of my distinguished colleagues, among them K. Goldstein, O. Klineberg, G. Razran, B. F. Skinner, and R. L. Thorndike, some of whom read parts of this book.
BENJAMIN B. W'OLMAN
Contents
PART
CHAPTER
2 CONDITIONED REFLEXES
41
41
2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Conditioning 47 Theory of Personality 55 Concluding Remarks on Pavlov 60 Vladimir M. Bekhterev: Reflexology 62 Under the Banner of Marx and Pavlov 65 Current Soviet Psychology 73
CHAPTER
76
1. 2. 3. 4.
John B. Watson: Psychology as the Science of Behavior 76 The Early Behaviorists 84 Karl S. Lashley: Brain Mechanisms 88 Donald O. Hebb: Organization of Behavior 92
4 NEO-BEHAVIORISM AND LEARNING THEORY
CHAPTER
97
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Edwin R. Guthrie: Learning by Contiguity 97 Clark L. Hull: Deductive Behaviorism 103 B. F. Skinner: Inductive Behaviorism 124 Edward C. Tolman: Purposive Behaviorism 138 Gregory Razran: Evolutionary Levels of Learning 154 Learning Theory Influenced by Psychoanalysis 163 Some Problems in the Theory of Learning 170 The Current Status of Learning Theory 173
ix
CONTENTS
CHAPTER
180
1. 2. 3. 4.
William McDougall: Honnic Psychology 180 Kurt Goldstein: Holistic System 187 Jacob R. Kantor: Organismic Psychology 193 Some New Ideas on Purposivism 195
PART
CHAPTER
6 PSYCHOANALYSIS
203
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Methodology 203 Postulates 208 The Unconscious 216 Theory of Instincts: Eros and Thanatos 225 Developmental Stages 232 Theory of Personality 243 Society and Culture 267 Psychoanalysis as a Philosophy of Life 273 Concluding Remarks on Psychoanalysis 277
7 INDIVIDUAL AND ANALYTIC PSYCHOLOGIES
283
CHAPTER
1. Alfred Adler: Individual Psychology 283 2. Carl Gustav Jung: Analytic Psychology 297
CHAPTER
316
1. Psychoanalysis Modified by Clinical Experience: Orthodox and Unorthodox 316 2. Early Modifications in Psychoanalytic Theory 317 3. Ego Psychology 324 4. Psychoanalysis and Studies of Culture 331 5. Interactional Psychoanalysis 341 6. Psychoanalysis and Experimental Psychology 351 7. Critical Analyses of Psychoanalytic Concepts 359
CHAPTER
362
1. New Ways in Psychoanalysis 362 2. Karen Horney: Psychoanalysis without Libido 364 3. Erich Fromm: Historical and Ethical Psychoanalysis 373
CONTENTS
xi
4. Harry S. Sullivan: A Theory of Interpersonal Relations 5. Recent Developments in Homey's Theory 400
385
III
407
CHAPTER
10
UNDERSTANDING PSYCHOLOGY
409
1. Edward Spranger: Psychology of Personality 2. William Stem: Persons versus Things 426 3. Gordon W. Allport: Personality Traits 433
CHAPTER
1. 2. 3. 4.
Opposition to Associationism 438 Gestalt: Theoretical Foundations 444 Gestalt: Perception, Learning, and Thinking 450 Present Status of Gestalt Psychology 457 13 FIELD THEORY
460
CHAPTER
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Field Theory versus Class Theory 460 Lewin's Mathematical Concepts 467 Lewin's Logical Constructs 473 Locomotion: Theory of Behavior 479 Theory of Personality 487 Group Dynamics 491 Field Theory as an Experiment in Theory Construction 496 14 HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY 507
CHAPTER
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
The Humanistic Movement 507 Andras Angyl 509 Abraham Maslow 510 Henry A. Murray 511 ]. F. T. Bugental 512 Gardner Murphy 512 Carl Rogers 514
xii
CONTENTS
516
519
PART
CHAPTER
15
521
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
First Principles 521 Collection of Data 526 Interpretation of Data and Theory Construction The Language of Sciences 549 Some Current Methodological Problems 552 16 SELECTED ISSUES
539
CHAPTER
557
1. 2. 3. 4.
The Mind-Body Dichotomy 557 Beyond Pleasure and Pain 567 Perception 572 Personality 579
Summary of Part IV BIBLIOGRAPHY 589 AUTHOR INDEX SUBJECT INDEX 627 633
586