Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Definition of Terms
A. Growth: increase in size of a structure. Human growth is orderly and predictable, but
not even; it follows a cyclical pattern.
ID
– developed during infancy
– "I know what I want and I want it now!”
– Pleasure principle
EGO
– developed during toddler period
– "I can wait for what I want!"
– Reality principle
– balances the id and superego
SUPEREGO
– developed during preschool period
– "I should not want that!”
– Conscience- Morality principle
• Psychosexual/Psychoanalytical
• Psychosexual/Psychoanalytical
• Psychosexual model (Freud)
1. Oral
a. 0-12 months
b. Pleasure and gratification through mouth
c. Behaviors: dependency, eating, crying
d. Distinguishes between self and mother
e. Develops body image, aggressive drives - biting
• Psychosexual model (Freud)
2. Anal
a. 1 year - 3 years
b. Pleasure through elimination or retention of feces
c. Behaviors: control of holding on or letting go
d. Develops concept of power, punishment, ambivalence, concern with cleanliness or being
dirty
• Psychosexual model (Freud)
3. Phallic/Oedipal
a. 3 - 6 years
b. Pleasure through genitals
c. Behaviors: touching of genitals, erotic attachment to parent of opposite sex
d. Develops fear of punishment by parent of same sex, guilt, sexual identity
*castration anxiety – boy
*penis envy – feeling of inferiority and jealousy (Girl)
• Oedipus complex – refers to the strong emotional attachment of a preschool boy
for his mother.
• Electra complex – is the attachment of a preschool girl for her father.
• Psychosexual model (Freud)
4. Latency
a. 6 - 12 years
b. Energy used to gain new skills in social relationships ( club or gang )and knowledge
c. Behaviors: sense of industry and mastery
d. Learns control over aggressive, destructive impulses
e Acquires friends
• Psychosexual model (Freud)
5. Genital
a. 12 - 20 years
b. Sexual pleasure through genitals
c. Behaviors: becomes independent of parents, responsible for self (fads, involving clothing,
hair & music)
d. Develops sexual identity, ability to love and work
• Erikson’s Psychosocial theory
• Trust versus mistrust
• Autonomy versus shame and doubt
• Initiative versus guilt
• Industry versus inferiority
• Identity versus role confusion
• Intimacy versus isolation
• Generativity versus stagnation
• Ego integrity versus despair
• Erikson’s Psychosocial theory
• Psychosocial Model (Erikson)
1. Trust vs mistrust
a. 0 - 18 months
b. Learn to trust others and self vs withdrawal, estrangement
Infant hungry feed comfortable
*learn to trust that when he or she has a need or in distress a person will come to meet
that need.
Inconsistent, inadequate > mistrust >fearful & suspicious
• Psychosocial Model (Erikson)
2. Autonomy vs shame and doubt
a. 18 months - 3 years
b. Learn self-control and the degree to which one has control over the environment vs
compliance or defiance (to oppose or resist)
- Ability to do as one pleases e.g. Opening a candy
- “No” – stage in which child must show that he is an individual in his own right.
- If children are never allowed to do things they want to do – doubt their abilities
• Psychosocial Model (Erikson)
3. Initiative vs guilt
a. 3 - 5 years
b. Learn to influence environment, evaluate own behavior vs fear of doing wrong, lack of
self-confidence, overrestricting action
*child learns how to do things (basic problem solving) and doing things is desirable.
Freedom to initiate motor play, exposed to play materials – initiative is reinforced
If children are made to feel that their play is silly, bad and stupid – Guilt feeling
• Psychosocial Model (Erikson)
4. Industry vs inferiority
a. 6 - 12 years
b. Creative; develop sense of competency vs sense of inadequacy
- Children industriously apply themselves to learning the skills that the society requires
of them.
- Period of inferiority – because the price of failing socially or scholastically is so high
• Psychosocial Model (Erikson)
5. Identity vs role confusion
a. 12 - 20 years
b. Develop sense of self; preparation, planning for adult roles vs doubts relating to sexual
identity, occupational career
“Who am I?” stage
• Psychosocial Model (Erikson)
6. Intimacy vs isolation
a. 18 - 25 years
b. Develop intimate relationship with another; commitment to career vs avoidance of
choices in relationships, work, or life-style
• Psychosocial Model (Erikson)
7. Generativity vs stagnation
a. 21 - 45 years
b. Productive; use of energies to guide next generation vs lack of interests, concern with
own needs
8. Integrity vs despair
a. 45 years to end of life
b. Relationships extended, belief that own life has been worthwhile vs lack of meaning of
one’s life, fear of death
• Piaget
• Sensori-motor (birth to 2 )
• Pre-operational (2-7)
– Preoperational preconceptual (2-4)
– Preoperational intuitive (4-7)
• Concrete operational (7-12)
• Formal operational (12 to adulthood)
• Cognitive Theory (Piaget)
A. 0 - 2 years: sensorimotor
-reflexes, repetition of acts
B. 2 - 4 years: preoperational/preconceptual
-no cause and effect reasoning; egocentrism; use of symbols; magical thinking
C. 4 - 7 years: intuitive/preoperational
-beginning of causation
• Cognitive Theory (Piaget)
D. 7 – 12 years: concrete operations
- uses memory to learn
- aware of reversibility
E. 12 - 15 years: formal operations
-reality, abstract thought
-can deal with the past, present and future
• Interpersonal theory
• This concept focuses on interaction between an individual and his environment
• Personality is shaped through “interaction” with significant others
• We internalize approval or disapproval from our parents
• Interpersonal theory
1. Infants and toddlers - toddlers may insist on seeing a significant other long after that
person’s death.
2. Preschoolers - may see death as temporary; a type of sleep or separation.
3. School-age – See death as a period of immobility.
- Feel death is punishment.
4. Adolescents - Have an accurate understanding of death.
• Immediate Newborn Care
1. Establish and maintain a patent airway
– Never stimulate to cry unless secretions have been drained out.
– Head lower than the rest of the body (except in increased ICP)
– Suction secretions properly