Zambia

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Republic of Zambia

Flag

#oat of arms

Motto: &'ne %ambia, 'ne (ation& Anthem: Stand and Sing of Zambia, Proud and Free

)usaka Capital and largest city 1*+,*-. , +1/-0 1 1*.21/+. , ., 3+0 Official languages 0nglish "emba Tonga )o5i )unda 4ecognised )uvale regional languages 6aonde (yan7a

Ethnic groups 9,::3;

#he8a ,1.*< "emba 11.3< Tonga *.,< )o5i *.1< (senga

2.3< Tumbuka 3. < (goni ,.=< #he8a 1.1< White

22. < others>1? Demonym %ambian @residential republic 8ith 4epresentative Government democracy ! @resident Aichael .ata ! Bice!@resident Cuy .cott Legislature (ational Assembly n!epen!ence from the Dnited ! ,2 'ctober 1=E2 6ingdom #urrent ! ,2 August 1==1 constitution Area /*,,E1 km,>,? 93=th; ! Total ,=:,* / sF mi ! Water 9<; 1 "opulation ! ,:1, estimate 12,3:=,2EE>3? 9/:th; ! ,:1: census 13,:=,,EEE>2? 1/.,1km, 91=1st; ! Gensity 22.*1sF mi GD" 9@@@; ,:1, estimate H,3.=E/ billion>*? 9H,3.E D($Ie=*=ae=aE*e2b=b,! ! Total no8iki!::::::EG! I$(DED($Ie=*=ae=aE*e2b=b,! no8iki!::::::E0!I$(D; ! @er capita H1,/,1>*? GD" 9nominal; ,:1, estimate ! Total H,:.*1/ billion>*? ! @er capita H1,2/3>*? */.*>/? Gini 9,:1:; high :.23: #D 9,:11; lo8 $ 1E2th %ambian k8acha 9ZMW; Currency %ime &one #AT 9DT#J,; ! .ummer 9G.T; not observed 9DT#J,; Drives on the left Calling co!e J,E: 'O ()** co!e %A nternet %LD .5m

Zambia 15KmbiL1, officially the Republic of Zambia, is a landlocked country in 0ast Africa.> ? The neighbouring countries are the Gemocratic 4epublic of the #ongo to the north, Tan5ania to the north!east, Aala8i to the east, Ao5ambiFue, %imbab8e, "ots8ana and (amibia to the south, and Angola to the 8est. The capital city is )usaka, located in the south!

central part of the country. The population is concentrated mainly around )usaka in the south and the #opperbelt @rovince to the north8est. 'riginally inhabited by 6hoisan peoples, the region 8hich comprises modern %ambia 8as colonised during the "antu eMpansion of the thirteenth century. After visits by 0uropean eMplorers in the eighteenth century, %ambia became the "ritish protectorate of (orthern 4hodesia to8ards the end of the nineteenth century. For most of the colonial period, the country 8as governed by an administration appointed from )ondon 8ith the advice of the "ritish .outh Africa #ompany. 'n ,2 'ctober 1=E2, the country became independent of the Dnited 6ingdom and then!prime minister 6enneth 6aunda became the inaugural president. 6aundaNs socialist Dnited (ational $ndependence @arty 9D($@; maintained po8er from the 1=E2 until 1==1. From 1=/, to 1==1 %ambia 8as a single!party state 8ith the D($@ as the sole!legal political party, 8ith the goal of uniting the nation under the banner of N'ne %ambia, 'ne (ationN. 6aunda 8as succeeded by Frederick #hiluba of the social!democratic Aovement for Aulti!@arty Gemocracy in 1==1, during 8hich the country sa8 a rise in social!economic gro8th and increased decentralisation of government. #hiluba selected )evy A8ana8asa as his successorO A8ana8asa presided over the country from January ,::, until his death in August ,:: , and is credited 8ith initiating a campaign to reduce corruption and increase the standard of living. After A8ana8asaNs death, 4upiah "anda presided as Acting @resident before being elected president in ,:: . Pe is the shortest serving president, having held office for only three years. @atriotic Front party leader, Aichael #hilufya .ata defeated "anda in the ,:11 elections. $n ,:1:, the World "ank named %ambia one of the 8orldNs fastest economically reformed countries. The #ommon Aarket for 0astern and .outhern Africa 9#'A0.A; is headFuartered in )usaka.

Contents
>hide?

1 0tymology , Pistory o ,.1 @re!colonial o ,., (orthern 4hodesia o ,.3 @ost!$ndependence 3 @olitics o 3.1 .ubdivisions 2 Ceography o 2.1 #limate * Gemographics o *.1 )anguages o *., 4eligion E 0conomy o E.1 .ocial protection in %ambia / 0ducation o /.1 Pigher 0ducation Pealth o .1 P$B1A$G. 0pidemic

., Pospitals .3 Aaternal and child health care = 0nergy 1: #ulture o 1:.1 Aedia o 1:., #uisine o 1:.3 .ports 11 .ee also 1, 4eferences 13 Further reading 12 0Mternal links
o o

Etymology+e!it,
Further information: 4hodesia 9name; The territory of 8hat is no8 %ambia 8as kno8n as (orthern 4hodesia from 1=11. $t 8as renamed %ambia on the occasion of its independence, in 1=E2. The ne8 name of %ambia 8as derived from the %ambe5i river 9%ambe5i may mean &CodNs river&;>citation needed? 8hich flo8s through the 8estern region of the country and forms its southern border.

#istory+e!it,
Aain article: Pistory of %ambia

"re-colonial+e!it,
The area of modern %ambia 8as inhabited by 6hoisan hunter!gatherers until around AG 3::, 8hen the more technologically advanced migrating "antu began to displace or absorb them.>=? $n the 1,th century, ma7or 8aves of "antu!speaking immigrants arrived during the "antu eMpansion. Among them, the Tonga people 9also called "a!Tonga, &"a!& meaning &men&; 8ere the first to settle in %ambia and are believed to have come from the east near the &big sea&. The (koya people also arrived early in the eMpansion,>1:? coming from the )ubaQ)unda kingdoms located in the southern parts of the modern Gemocratic 4epublic of the #ongo and northern Angola, follo8ed by a much larger influM, especially bet8een the late 1,th and early 13th centuries. At the end of the 1 th century some of the Abunda migrated to "arotseland, Aongu.>11? upon the migration of among others, the #iyengele >1,? The Aluyi and their leader, the )itunga Aulamb8a especially pri5ed the Abunda for their ability to fight. $n the early 1=th century, the (sokolo people settled in the Abala district of (orthern @rovince. Guring the 1=th century, the (goni and .otho peoples arrived from the south. "y the late 1=th century, most of the various peoples of %ambia 8ere established in the areas they currently occupy. The arrival of 0uropeans 8as 7ust yet another such influM.

A statue of .cottish eMplorer Gavid )ivingstone on the %ambian side of Bictoria Falls. The earliest 0uropean to visit the area 8as @ortuguese eMplorer Francisco de )acerda in the late 1 th century. This territory, located bet8een @ortuguese Ao5ambiFue and @ortuguese Angola 8as claimed and eMplored by @ortugal in that period. 'ther 0uropean visitors follo8ed in the 1=th century. The most prominent of these 8as Gavid )ivingstone, 8ho had a vision of ending the slave trade through the &3 #s& 9#hristianity, #ommerce and #ivili5ation;. Pe 8as the first 0uropean to see the magnificent 8aterfall on the %ambe5i 4iver in 1 **, naming them &Bictoria Falls& after Iueen Bictoria Q he described them thus: &.cenes so lovely must have been ga5ed upon by angels in their flight&. )ocally the falls are kno8n as &Aosi!o!Tunya& or &9the; thundering smoke& 9in the )o5i or 6ololo dialect;. The to8n of )ivingstone, near the Falls, is named after him. Pighly publicised accounts of his 7ourneys motivated a 8ave of 0uropean visitors, missionaries and traders after his death in 1 /3.>13?

.orthern Rho!esia+e!it,

#ecil 4hodes.
>citation needed? $n 1 , the "ritish .outh Africa #ompany 9".A #ompany;, led by #ecil 4hodes, obtained mineral rights from the )itunga, the @aramount #hief of the )o5i or "a!rotse for the area 8hich later became (orth!Western 4hodesia.>12? To the east, in Gecember 1 =/ a section of the Angoni or (goni 9originally from %ululand; under Tsinco, the son of 6ing Ape5eni, rebelled, but the rebellion 8as put do8n,>1*? and Ape5eni accepted the @aM "ritannica. That part of the country then came to be kno8n as (orth!0astern 4hodesia. $n 1 =*, 4hodes asked his American scout Frederick 4ussell "urnham to look for minerals and 8ays to improve

river navigation in the region, and it 8as during this trek that "urnham discovered ma7or copper deposits along the 6afue 4iver.>1E? (orth!0astern 4hodesia and (orth!Western 4hodesia 8ere administered as separate units until 1=11 8hen they 8ere merged to form the "ritish #olony of (orthern 4hodesia. $n 1=,3, the ".A #ompany ceded control of (orthern 4hodesia to the "ritish Covernment after the government decided not to rene8 the #ompanyNs charter. That same year, .outhern 4hodesia 9no8 %imbab8e;, a conFuered territory 8hich 8as also administered by the ".A #ompany, became a self!governing "ritish colony. $n 1=,2, after negotiations, administration of (orthern 4hodesia transferred to the "ritish #olonial 'ffice. $n 1=*3, the creation of the Federation of 4hodesia and (yasaland grouped together (orthern 4hodesia, .outhern 4hodesia and (yasaland 9no8 Aala8i; as a single semi!autonomous region. This 8as undertaken despite opposition from a si5eable minority of the population, 8ho demonstrated against it in 1=E:QE1.>1/? (orthern 4hodesia 8as the centre of much of the turmoil and crisis characterising the federation in its last years. $nitially, Parry (kumbulaNs African (ational #ongress 9A(#; led the campaign that 6enneth 6aundaNs Dnited (ational $ndependence @arty 9D($@; subseFuently took up. A t8o!stage election held in 'ctober and Gecember 1=E, resulted in an African ma7ority in the legislative council and an uneasy coalition bet8een the t8o African nationalist parties. The council passed resolutions calling for (orthern 4hodesiaNs secession from the federation and demanding full internal self!government under a ne8 constitution and a ne8 (ational Assembly based on a broader, more democratic franchise. The federation 8as dissolved on 31 Gecember 1=E3, and in January 1=E2, 6aunda 8on the first and only election for @rime Ainister of (orthern 4hodesia. The #olonial Covernor, .ir 0velyn Pone, 8as very close to 6aunda and urged him to stand for the post. .oon after, there 8as an uprising in the north of the country kno8n as the )umpa Dprising led by Alice )enshina Q 6aundaNs first internal conflict as leader of the nation.

"ost- n!epen!ence+e!it,
(orthern 4hodesia became the 4epublic of %ambia on ,2 'ctober 1=E2, 8ith 6aunda as the first president. At independence, despite its considerable mineral 8ealth, %ambia faced ma7or challenges. Gomestically, there 8ere fe8 trained and educated %ambians capable of running the government, and the economy 8as largely dependent on foreign eMpertise. This eMpertise 8as provided in part by John Willson #AC >1 ? There 8ere over /:,::: 0uropeans resident in %ambia in 1=E2, and they remained of disproportionate economic significance.>1=? 6aundaNs endorsement of @atriotic Front guerrillas conducting raids into neighbouring 9.outhern; 4hodesia resulted in political tension and a militarisation of the border, leading to its closure in 1=/3.>,:? Po8ever, the 6ariba hydroelectric station on the %ambe5i 4iver provided sufficient capacity to satisfy the countryNs reFuirements for electricity, despite 4hodesian management. A rail8ay to the Tan5anian port of Gar es .alaam, built 8ith #hinese assistance, reduced %ambian dependence on rail8ay lines south to .outh Africa and 8est through an increasingly troubled @ortuguese Angola. Dntil the completion of the rail8ay, ho8ever, %ambiaNs ma7or artery for imports and the critical eMport of copper 8as along the Tan%am 4oad, running from %ambia to the port cities in Tan5ania. The Ta5ama oil pipeline 8as also built from Gar es .alaam to (dola in %ambia.

"y the late 1=/:s, Ao5ambiFue and Angola had attained independence from @ortugal. 4hodesiaNs predominantly 8hite government, 8hich issued a Dnilateral Geclaration of $ndependence in 1=E*, accepted ma7ority rule under the )ancaster Pouse Agreement in 1=/=. >,1? %ambiaNs problems, ho8ever, 8ere far from over. #ivil strife in both @ortuguese colonies and a mounting (amibian War of $ndependence resulted in an influM of refugees>,,? and compounded transportation issues. The "enguela rail8ay, 8hich eMtended 8est through Angola, 8as essentially closed to %ambian traffic by the late 1=/:s. %ambiaNs support for anti! apartheid movements such as the African (ational #ongress 9A(#; also created security problems as the .outh African Gefence Force struck at dissident targets during eMternal raids.
>,3?

$n the mid!1=/:s, the price of copper, %ambiaNs principal eMport, suffered a severe decline 8orld8ide. $n %ambiaNs situation, the cost of transporting the copper great distances to market 8as an additional strain. %ambia turned to foreign and international lenders for relief, but, as copper prices remained depressed, it became increasingly difficult to service its gro8ing debt, particularly as much aid 8as syphoned off into .8iss bank accounts.>citation needed? "y the mid! 1==:s, despite limited debt relief, %ambiaNs per capita foreign debt remained among the highest in the 8orld.

A8ata 6a5embe RB$$ @aul 6anyembo )utaba, king of the )unda people in %ambia in 1=E1. $n June 1==: riots against 6aunda accelerated. Aany protesters 8ere killed by the regime in breakthrough June 1==: protests. $n 1==: 6aunda survived an attempted coup, and in 1==1 he agreed to re!instate multiparty democracy 9having instituted one party rule under the #hona #ommission of 1=/,; and follo8ing multiparty elections 6aunda 8as removed from office 9see belo8;. $n the ,:::s, the economy stabilised, attaining single!digit inflation in ,::EQ,::/, real CG@ gro8th, decreasing interest rates, and increasing levels of trade. Auch of its gro8th is due to foreign investment in %ambiaNs mining sector and higher copper prices on the 8orld market. All this led to %ambia being courted enthusiastically by aid donors, and sa8 a surge in investor confidence in the country.

"olitics+e!it,
Aain article: @olitics of %ambia @olitics in %ambia take place in a frame8ork of a presidential representative democratic republic, 8hereby the @resident of %ambia is both head of state and head of government in a pluriform multi!party system. The government eMercises eMecutive po8er, 8hile legislative po8er is vested in both the government and parliament. %ambia became a republic immediately upon attaining independence in 'ctober 1=E2. .ince ,:11, %ambiaNs president has been Aichael .ata.

'ub!ivisions+e!it,
Aain article: .ubdivisions of %ambia %ambia is divided into nine provinces, each administered by an appointed deputy minister. 0ach province is subdivided into several districts 8ith a grand total of = districts. The provinces are 9Auchinga @rovince created in ,:11 isnNt included;: A clickable map of %ambia eMhibiting its nine provinces.

Geography+e!it,
Aain article: Ceography of %ambia

Aap of %ambia

Bictoria Falls is by some measures the largest 8aterfall in the 8orld, being t8ice as 8ide and one and a half times as high as the (iagara Falls .ee also: )ist of settlements in %ambia %ambia is a landlocked country in southern Africa, 8ith a tropical climate and consists mostly of high plateau, 8ith some hills and mountains, dissected by river valleys. At /*,,E12 km, 9,=:,* E sF mi; it is the 3=th!largest country in the 8orld 9after #hile; and slightly larger than the D. state of TeMas. The country lies mostly bet8een latitudes + and 1 +., and longitudes ,,+ and 32+0. %ambia is drained by t8o ma7or river basins: the %ambe5i16afue basin in the centre, 8est and south covering about three!Fuarters of the countryO and the #ongo basin in the north covering about one!Fuarter of the country. A very small area in the northeast forms part of the internal drainage basin of )ake 4uk8a in Tan5ania. $n the %ambe5i basin, there are a number of ma7or rivers flo8ing 8holly or partially through %ambia: the 6abompo, )ung8ebungu, 6afue, )uang8a, and the %ambe5i itself, 8hich flo8s through the country in the 8est and then forms its southern border 8ith (amibia, "ots8ana and %imbab8e. $ts source is in %ambia but it diverts into Angola, and a number of its tributaries rise in AngolaNs central highlands. The edge of the #uando 4iver floodplain 9not its main channel; forms %ambiaNs south8estern border, and via the #hobe 4iver that river contributes very little 8ater to the %ambe5i because most is lost by evaporation.>,2? T8o of the %ambe5iNs longest and largest tributaries, the 6afue and the )uang8a, flo8 mainly in %ambia. Their confluences 8ith the %ambe5i are on the border 8ith %imbab8e at #hirundu and )uang8a to8n respectively. "efore its confluence, the )uang8a 4iver forms part of

%ambiaNs border 8ith Ao5ambiFue. From )uang8a to8n, the %ambe5i leaves %ambia and flo8s into Ao5ambiFue, and eventually into the Ao5ambiFue #hannel. The %ambe5i falls about 1:: metres 93, ft; over the 1.E km 9:.== mi; 8ide Bictoria Falls, located in the south!8est corner of the country, subseFuently flo8ing into )ake 6ariba. The %ambe5i valley, running along the southern border, is both deep and 8ide. From )ake 6ariba going east it is formed by grabens and like the )uang8a, A8eru!)uapula, A8eru!8a!(tipa and )ake Tanganyika valleys, is a rift valley.

A type of landscape in %ambia The north of %ambia is very flat 8ith broad plains. $n the 8est the most notable being the "arotse Floodplain on the %ambe5i, 8hich floods from Gecember to June, lagging behind the annual rainy season 9typically (ovember to April;. The flood dominates the natural environment and the lives, society and culture of the inhabitants and those of other smaller, floodplains throughout the country. $n 0astern %ambia the plateau 8hich eMtends bet8een the %ambe5i and )ake Tanganyika valleys is tilted up8ards to the north, and so rises imperceptibly from about =:: m 9,,=*3 ft; in the south to 1,,:: m 93,=3/ ft; in the centre, reaching 1, :: m 9*,=:E ft; in the north near Abala. These plateau areas of northern %ambia have been categorised by the World Wildlife Fund as a large section of the #entral %ambe5ian Aiombo 8oodlands ecoregion. 0astern %ambia sho8s great diversity. The )uang8a Balley splits the plateau in a curve north east to south 8est, eMtended 8est into the heart of the plateau by the deep valley of the )unsemf8a 4iver. Pills and mountains are found by the side of some sections of the valley, notably in its north!east the (yika @lateau 9,,,:: m or /,,1 ft; on the Aala8i border, 8hich eMtend into %ambia as the Aafinga Pills, containing the countryNs highest point, 6ongera 9,,1 / m or /,1/* ft;. The Auchinga Aountains, the 8atershed bet8een the %ambe5i and #ongo drainage basins, run parallel to the deep valley of the )uang8a 4iver and form a sharp backdrop to its northern edge, although they are almost every8here belo8 1,/:: m 9*,*// ft;. Their culminating peak Aumpu is at the 8estern end and at 1, =, m 9E,,:/ ft; is the highest point in %ambia a8ay from the eastern border region. The border of the #ongo @edicle 8as dra8n around this mountain. The southernmost headstream of the #ongo 4iver rises in %ambia and flo8s 8est through its northern area firstly as the #hambeshi and then, after the "ang8eulu .8amps as the )uapula, 8hich forms part of the border 8ith the Gemocratic 4epublic of the #ongo. The )uapula flo8s south then 8est before it turns north until it enters )ake A8eru. The lakeNs other ma7or tributary is the 6alung8ishi 4iver, 8hich flo8s into it from the east. The )uvua 4iver drains )ake A8eru, flo8ing out of the northern end to the )ualaba 4iver 9Dpper #ongo 4iver;.

)ake Tanganyika is the other ma7or hydrographic feature that belongs to the #ongo basin. $ts south!eastern end receives 8ater from the 6alambo 4iver, 8hich forms part of %ambiaNs border 8ith Tan5ania. This river has AfricaNs second highest uninterrupted 8aterfall, the 6alambo Falls.

Climate+e!it,
Aain article: #limate of %ambia The climate of %ambia is tropical modified by elevation. $n the 6Sppen climate classification, most of the country is classified as humid subtropical or tropical 8et and dry, 8ith small stretches of semi!arid steppe climate in the south!8est and along the %ambe5i valley. There are t8o main seasons, the rainy season 9(ovember to April; corresponding to summer, and the dry season 9Aay1June to 'ctober1(ovember;, corresponding to 8inter. The dry season is subdivided into the cool dry season 9Aay1June to August;, and the hot dry season 9.eptember to 'ctober1(ovember;. The modifying influence of altitude gives the country pleasant subtropical 8eather rather than tropical conditions during the cool season of Aay to August.>,*? Po8ever, average monthly temperatures remain above ,: +# 9E +F; over most of the country for eight or more months of the year.

Demographics+e!it,
Aain article: Gemographics of %ambia

Billage in %ambia. Women 8ith baby. %ambia is one of the most highly urbanised countries in sub!.aharan Africa 8ith 22< of the population concentrated in a fe8 urban areas along the ma7or transport corridors, 8hile rural areas are sparsely populated. Dnemployment and underemployment in urban areas are serious problems, 8hile most rural %ambians are subsistence farmers. The population comprises approMimately /, ethnic groups, most of 8hich are "antu!speaking. Almost =:< of %ambians belong to the nine main ethnolinguistic groups: the (yan7a!#he8a, "emba, Tonga, Tumbuka, )unda, )uvale, 6aonde, (koya and )o5i. $n the rural areas, each ethnic group is concentrated in a particular geographic region of the country and many groups are very small and not as 8ell kno8n. Po8ever, all the ethnic groups can be found in significant numbers in )usaka and the #opperbelt.

Cirl in a small village on the road bet8een the to8n 6afue in the south and the capital city )usaka Q %ambia 0Mpatriates, mostly "ritish or .outh African, as 8ell as some 8hite %ambian citi5ens, live mainly in )usaka and in the #opperbelt in northern %ambia, 8here they are either employed in mines, financial and related activities or retired. There 8ere /:,::: 0uropeans in %ambia in 1=E2, but many have since left the country.>1=? %ambia also has a small but economically important Asian population, most of 8hom are $ndians and #hinese. There are 13,::: $ndians in %ambia.>citation needed? An estimated :,::: #hinese are resident in %ambia.>,E? $n recent years, several hundred dispossessed 8hite farmers have left %imbab8e at the invitation of the %ambian government, to take up farming in the .outhern province.>,/?>, ? According to the World Refugee Survey 2009 published by the D. #ommittee for 4efugees and $mmigrants, %ambia had a population of refugees and asylum seekers numbering approMimately ,=::. The ma7ority of refugees in the country came from the Gemocratic 4epublic of #ongo 92/,3:: refugees from the G4# living in %ambia in ,::/;, Angola 9,/,1::O see Angolans in %ambia;, %imbab8e 9*,2::; and 48anda 92,=::;.>,=? "eginning in Aay ,:: , the number of %imbab8eans in %ambia also began to increase significantlyO the influM consisted largely of %imbab8eans formerly living in .outh Africa 8ho 8ere fleeing Menophobic violence there.>3:? (early E:,::: refugees live in camps in %ambia, 8hile *:,::: are miMed in 8ith the local populations. 4efugees 8ho 8ish to 8ork in %ambia must apply for official permits 8hich can cost up to H*:: per year.>,=? @opulation of ma7or cities City "op/ 0111+(), "op/ 01)1+(), 1. )usaka 1,: 2,/:3 1,2E:,*EE ,. (dola 3/2,/*/ 2=*,::2 3. 6it8e 3E3,/32 *2/,/:: 2. 6ab8e 1/E,/* ,1*,:1* *. #hingola 12/,22 1/ ,:=, E. Aufulira 1,,,33E 121,:*E /. )uanshya 11*,*/= 13,,11/ . )ivingstone =/,2 133,=3E =. 6asama /2,,23 111,* 1:. #hipata /3,11: 1:=,322

The 0uropeans in the #olony numbered 12,::: at the 1=31 census and the Africans 1,2::,:::, or 7ust one hundred times as many. 'f the 0uropeans, more than 1:,::: had entered the country in the previous ten years, since the census in 1=,1>3,? 9mostly to 8ork on the copper mines;. $n 1=3 there 8ere only eight doctors in the entire country.

Languages+e!it,
Aain article: )anguages of %ambia The official language of %ambia is 0nglish, 8hich is used to conduct official business and is the medium of instruction in schools. The main local language, especially in )usaka, is (yan7a. Po8ever, "emba and (yan7a are spoken in the urban areas in addition to other indigenous languages 8hich are commonly spoken in %ambia. 'thers are )o5i, 6aonde, Tonga, )unda and )uvale, 8hich feature on the %ambia (ational "roadcasting #orporation 9%("#;Ns local languages section. The total number of languages spoken in %ambia is /3. The process of urbanisation has had a dramatic effect on some of the indigenous languages, including the assimilation of 8ords from other indigenous languages and 0nglish. Drban d8ellers sometimes differentiate bet8een urban and rural dialects of the same language by prefiMing the rural languages 8ith NdeepN. Aost 8ill thus speak "emba and (yan7a on the #opperbeltO (yan7a is dominantly spoken in )usaka and 0astern %ambia. 0nglish is used in official communications and is the chosen language at home among Q no8 common Q intertribal families. $f one does visit %ambia it becomes evident that language continuously evolves and has led to %ambian slang 8hich can be heard in daily life throughout )usaka and other ma7or cities. $ntentions of introducing other languages, like @ortuguese, into the school curriculum have been discussed by the government.>33? French is commonly studied in private schools, 8hile some secondary schools have it as an optional sub7ect. A Cerman course has been introduced at the Dniversity of %ambia 9D(%A;.

Religion+e!it,

4eligion in %ambia 9,:1:;>32? @rotestant 9E/. <; #atholic 9,1.:<; 'ther #hristian 9 ./<; 'ther or (on 4eligious 9,.*<;

The )ivingstone Auseum, %ambia .ee also: 4eligion in %ambia %ambia is officially a #hristian nation according to the 1==E constitution,>3*? but a 8ide variety of religious traditions eMist. Traditional religious thoughts blend easily 8ith #hristian beliefs in many of the countryNs syncretic churches. #hristian denominations include: 4oman #atholic, Anglican, @entecostal, (e8 Apostolic #hurch, )utheran, JehovahNs Witnesses, .eventh!day Adventist, The #hurch of Jesus #hrist of )atter!day .aints, and a variety of 0vangelical denominations. These gre8, ad7usted and prospered from the original missionary settlements 9@ortuguese and #atholicism in the east from Ao5ambiFue; and Anglicanism 9"ritish influences; from the south. 0Mcept for some technical positions 9e.g. physicians;, Western missionary roles have been assumed by native believers. After Frederick #hiluba 9a @entecostal #hristian; became @resident in 1==1, @entecostal congregations eMpanded considerably around the country.>3E? ApproMimately /< of the population are #hristians. $t has one of the largest percentage of .eventh!day Adventist per head in the 8orld, about 1 in 1 %ambians.>3/? The "ahaNi population of %ambia is over 1E:,:::,>3 ? or 1.*< of the population. The William Amutle Aasetlha Foundation run by the "ahaNi community is particularly active in areas such as literacy and primary health care. ApproMimately 1< of the population are Auslims 8ith most living in urban areas.>3=? There is also a small Je8ish community, composed mostly of Ashkena5is. (otable Je8ish %ambians include .imon %ukas, retired Ainister, A@ and a member of Forum for Gemocracy and Gevelopment and earlier on the Aovement for Aultiparty Gemocracy 9AAG; and Dnited (ational $ndependence @arty. Additionally, the economist .tanley Fischer, currently the governor of the "ank of $srael and formerly Geputy managing director of the $nternational Aonetary Fund 9$AF; 8as born and partially raised in %ambiaNs Je8ish community.

Economy+e!it,

#hisokone Aarket in 6it8e, %ambia Aain article: 0conomy of %ambia

The ma7or (kana open copper mine, 6it8e. The "ank of %ambia serves as the #entral "ank 8hich implements monetary policies for the country.>2:? The Ainistry of #ommerce, led by Ainister 4obert 6 .ichinga, maintains statistics regarding the domestic and international trade for the 4epublic of %ambia. @resently, %ambia averages bet8een H/ billion and H billion of eMports annually. >21? About E < of %ambians live belo8 the recognised national poverty line,>2,? 8ith rural poverty rates standing at about / <>23? and urban rates of *3<.>22? %ambia ranked 11/th out of 1, countries on the ,::/ Clobal #ompetitiveness $ndeM, 8hich looks at factors that affect economic gro8th.>2*? .ocial indicators continue to decline, particularly in measurements of life eMpectancy at birth 9about 2:.= years; and maternal mortality 9 3: per 1::,::: pregnancies;.>2E? The countryNs rate of economic gro8th cannot support rapid population gro8th or the strain 8hich P$B1A$G.! related issues place on the economy.

CG@ per capita 9current;, compared to neighbouring countries 98orld average T 1::; %ambia fell into poverty after international copper prices declined in the 1=/:s. The socialist regime made up for falling revenue 8ith several abortive attempts at $nternational Aonetary Fund structural ad7ustment programmes 9.A@s;. The policy of not trading through the main supply route and line of rail to the sea ! the territory controlled as 4hodesia 9from 1=E* to 1=/=;, no8 kno8n as %imbab8e ! cost the economy greatly. After the 6aunda regime, 9from 1==1; successive governments began limited reforms. The economy stagnated until the late 1==:s. $n ,::/ %ambia recorded its ninth consecutive year of economic gro8th. $nflation 8as .=<, do8n from 3:< in ,:::.>2/? %ambia is still dealing 8ith economic reform issues such as the si5e of the public sector and improving %ambiaNs social sector delivery systems.>2/? 0conomic regulations and red tape are

eMtensive, and corruption is 8idespread. %ambiaNs total foreign debt eMceeded HE billion 8hen the country Fualified for Pighly $ndebted @oor #ountry $nitiative 9P$@#; debt relief in ,:::, contingent upon meeting certain performance criteria. $nitially, %ambia hoped to reach the P$@# completion point, and benefit from substantial debt forgiveness, in late ,::3. $n January ,::3, the %ambian government informed the $nternational Aonetary Fund and World "ank that it 8ished to renegotiate some of the agreed performance criteria calling for privatisation of the %ambia (ational #ommercial "ank and the national telephone and electricity utilities. Although agreements 8ere reached on these issues, subseFuent overspending on civil service 8ages delayed %ambiaNs final P$@# debt forgiveness from late ,::3 to early ,::*, at the earliest. $n an effort to reach P$@# completion in ,::2, the government drafted an austerity budget for ,::2, free5ing civil service salaries and increasing a number of taMes. The taM hike and public sector 8age free5e prohibited salary increases and ne8 hires. This sparked a nation8ide strike in February ,::2.>2 ?

Craphical depiction of %ambiaNs product eMports in , color!coded categories. The %ambian economy has historically been based on the copper mining industry. 'utput of copper had fallen, ho8ever, to a lo8 of ,, ,::: metric tons in 1== , after a 3:!year decline in output due to lack of investment, lo8 copper prices, and uncertainty over privatisation. $n ,::,, follo8ing privatisation of the industry, copper production rebounded to 33/,::: metric tons. $mprovements in the 8orld copper market have magnified the effect of this volume increase on revenues and foreign eMchange earnings. The %ambian government is pursuing an economic diversification program to reduce the economyNs reliance on the copper industry. This initiative seeks to eMploit other components of %ambiaNs rich resource base by promoting agriculture, tourism, gemstone mining, and hydro!po8er. Agriculture plays a very important part in %ambiaNs economy providing many more 7obs than the mining industry. @rivate local company %ambeef @roducts )td. is the leading agri! business in %ambia 8ith over 2.::: employees, producing ro8 crops 9*.::: ha irrigated, 1.*:: ha non!irrigated;, cattle 9%ambeef;, pork 9Aaster @ork;, chicken 9%am#hick;, eggs 9%am#hick 0gg;, dairy products, leather, fish, feedstock 9(ovatek; and edible oil 9%amanita;. %ambeef operates eight abattoirs, four farms and numerous retail stores 9also in co!operation 8ith .hoprite; and a fast!food chain 9%am#hick $nn; throughout the country. $n ,::3, eMports of nonmetals increased by ,*< and accounted for 3 < of all eMport earnings, previously 3*<. The %ambian government has recently been granting licenses to international resource companies to prospect for minerals such as nickel, tin, copper and

uranium.>2=? $t is hoped that nickel 8ill take over from copper as the countryNs top metallic eMport. $n ,::=, %ambia has been badly hit by the 8orld economic crisis.>*:? %ambia is co!hosting the D(WT' ,:13 Ceneral Assembly from ,2 to ,= August ,:13 and is using the event to sho8 its suitability for tourism and the Aeetings, incentives, conferencing, eMhibitions industry. %ambia 8as ranked the 1,/th safest investment destination in the 8orld in the Aarch ,:11 0uromoney #ountry 4isk rankings.>*1?

'ocial protection in Zambia+e!it,

%ambia officially has eMtensive social protection targeted at lo8!capacity households, including social assistance 9protection; and social insurance programmes 9prevention;, and programmes to improve economic productivity 9promotion;. Po8ever, these programmes face immense challenges and the actual coverage is very lo8 and, in some cases, actually declining.>*,? .ome analysts describe the programmesN coverage as patchy and transitory and not especially coherent or logical.>*,? @ublic 8orks, such as @D.P, and cash transfers are the main instruments used to protect consumption among lo8!capacity households by providing 91; seasonal safety nets to address cyclical poverty and vulnerability at times of need by offering employment and 9,; community assets that are beneficial for productive activities.>*,? $n practice, ho8ever, the programme prioritises food transfers to areas affected by natural disasters 8here vulnerability is acute and infrastructure development has remained a secondary ob7ective.>*,? (C's also have implemented short!term public 8orks programmes implemented by (C's, such as #A40Ns agricultural inputs!for!assets 9A$#A; programme. >*,? .ocial insurance initiatives, such as micro!insurance, health insurance and other contributory schemes eMist, but these are very limited in their membership. Formal sector 8orkers are protected by 8ell!resourced pension, sickness and disability benefits, but most lo8!capacity households, especially in rural areas, 8ork outside the formal sector.>*,? The emphasis on protection of the eMpense of prevention and promotion means that households move out of poverty only very slo8ly because they are unable to invest in activities that have greater returns. They remain highly at risk of sliding back into poverty and applying negative coping strategies.>*,? A balance bet8een protection, prevention and promotion, ho8ever can only be achieved through more and consistent resources.>*,? Further improvements might also include

improved implementation of eMisting programmesO and better co!ordination bet8een different implementers and programmes.

.ocial protection for )C"T is non!eMistent in %ambia and any eMpression thereof is illegal.>*3?

E!ucation+e!it,
Aain articles: 0ducation in %ambia and )ist of schools in %ambia

.tudents outside a school near Aon5e, in southern %ambia $n %ambia, the education system consists of both government and private schools. Pistorically, the private school system began largely as a result of #hristian mission efforts during the late 1=th and early ,:th centuries. $n schools, a student may initially receive t8o levels of educationO basic education 9years 1 to =;, and upper secondary 9years 1: to 1,;. .ome schools provide a &basic& education covering years 1 to =, as year = is considered to be a decent level of education for the ma7ority of children. Po8ever, tuition is only free up to year /, and D(0.#' estimated that :< of children of primary school age in ,::, 8ere enrolled.>*2? $n ,::3, the adult literacy rate 8as estimated to be :.E< 9 E. < male and /2. < female;.>**? %ambia has a first ')@# ! 'ne )aptop @er #hild ! deployment at the ne8 %ambian library that is in traditional %ambian .tyle.>*E?

#igher E!ucation+e!it,
$n %ambia, there are three universities and several technical schools that provide higher education. The Ainistry of .cience Technology and Bocational Training 9A.TBT; in %ambia 8as also developed in 1==, to foster gro8th in technological fields. Po8ever, educational opportunities beyond secondary school are limited in %ambia. After secondary school, most students study at the various colleges, around the country. (ormally they all select students on the basis of abilityO competition for places is intense. The introduction of fees in the late 1==:s has made university level education inaccessible for some, although the government does provide state bursaries. #opperbelt Dniversity opened in the late 1= :s, taking over most of the former %ambia $nstitute of Technology site in 6it8e. There are also several teacher training colleges offering t8o!year training programmes, 8hilst missionary hospitals around the country offer internationally acceptable training for nurses. .everal #hristian schools offer seminary!level training. There are three main universities and several others:

Dniversity of %ambia 9D(%A; Aulungushi Dniversity 9AD; #opperbelt Dniversity 9#"D; Dniversity of )usaka 9D($)D.; )usaka apeM Aedical Dniversity 9)AAD; %ambia 'pen Dniversity 9%'D;

Additional #entres of Pigher 0ducation:

@ublic Administration #ollege 9($@A;

(orthern Technical #ollege 9('4T0#; (atural 4esources Gevelopment #ollege 9(4G#; The 0velyn Pone #ollege Dniversity Teaching Pospital (orthrise Dniversity #hikankata (ursing Training .chool

#ealth+e!it,
The Ainistry of Pealth 9A'P; provides information pertaining to %ambian health.>*/? $n ,:1:, public eMpenditure on health 8as 3.2< of CG@, among the lo8est in southern Africa.>* ? $nfant mortality 8as at 1:, per 1,::: in ,::*. As of ,:11, the life eMpectancy in %ambia 8as 23 years, up from 3/ in previous years.>*=?

# 23A D' Epi!emic+e!it,

.ee also: P$B1A$G. in %ambia %ambia faces a generalised P$B epidemic, 8ith an estimated prevalence rate of 13.*< among adults 9ages 1*Q2=; in ,::=.>E:? Po8ever, P$B incidence in %ambia has declined by more than ,*< from ,::1 to ,:1:, an indication that the epidemic appears to be declining.>E1?

#ospitals+e!it,
$n %ambia, there are hospitals throughout the country 8hich include: #hipata Ceneral Pospital, 6it8e #entral Pospital, 6onkola Aine Pospital, )ub8e Aission Pospital, Aaacha Pospital, Atendere Aission Pospital, Aukinge Aission Pospital, A8andi Aission Pospital, (changa (orth Pospital, #hikankata .alvation Army Pospital, 6alene Aission Pospital, .t Francis Pospital, and .t )ukeNs Aission Pospital.>E,? The Dniversity Teaching Pospital serves as both a hospital and a training site for future health 8orkers. Po8ever, there are very fe8 hospitals in rural or remote places in %ambia.

Maternal an! chil! health care+e!it,

$n June ,:11, the Dnited (ations @opulation Fund released a report on The .tate of the WorldNs Aid8ifery. $t contained ne8 data on the mid8ifery 8orkforce and policies relating to ne8born and maternal mortality for * countries. The ,:1: maternal mortality rate per 1::,::: births for %ambia is 2/:. This is compared 8ith E:,.= in ,:: and *=2., in 1==:. The under!* mortality rate, per 1,::: births is 12* and the neonatal mortality as a percentage of under *Ns mortality is ,*. The aim of this report is to highlight 8ays in 8hich the Aillennium Gevelopment Coals can be achieved, particularly Coal 2 Q 4educe child mortality and Coal * Q improve maternal death. $n %ambia the number of mid8ives per 1,::: live births is * and the lifetime risk of death for pregnant 8omen is 1 in 3 . >E3?

Energy+e!it,
$n ,::=, %ambia generated 1:.3 T8h and has been rated high in use of both .olar po8er and Pydroelectricity.>E2?

Culture+e!it,
This section nee!s a!!itional citations for verification. @lease help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Dnsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 201 !

"#$ima 9top right corner; 8ith three types of relish. @rior to the establishment of modern %ambia, the natives lived in independent tribes, each 8ith their o8n 8ays of life. 'ne of the results of the colonial era 8as the gro8th of urbanisation. Gifferent ethnic groups started living together in to8ns and cities, influencing each other as 8ell as adopting a lot of the 0uropean culture. The original cultures have largely survived in the rural areas. $n the urban setting there is a continuous integration and evolution of these cultures to produce 8hat is no8 called &%ambian culture&.

Uombe!sculpture, 1=th century Traditional culture is very visible through colourful annual %ambian traditional ceremonies. .ome of the more prominent are: 6uomboka and 6athanga 9Western @rovince;, Automboko 9)uapula @rovince;, (c8ala 90astern @rovince;, )8iindi and .himunenga 9.outhern @rovince;, )unda )uban5a 9(orth Western;, )ikumbi )yami5e 9(orth Western;, Abunda )uk8ak8a 9(orth Western @rovince;, #hib8ela 6umushi 9#entral @rovince;, Dkusefya @a (gV8ena 9(orthern @rovince;. @opular traditional arts are mainly in pottery, basketry 9such as Tonga baskets;, stools, fabrics, mats, 8ooden carvings, ivory carvings, 8ire craft and copper crafts. Aost %ambian traditional music is based on drums 9and other percussion instruments; 8ith a lot of singing and dancing. $n the urban areas foreign genres of music are popular, in particular #ongolese rumba,

African!American music and Jamaican reggae. .everal psychedelic rock artists emerged in the 1=/:s to create a genre kno8n as %am!rock, including W$T#P, Ausi!'!Tunya, 4ikki $lilonga, Amana5, the @eace, #hrissy %ebby Tembo, "lackfoot, and the (go5i Family.

Me!ia+e!it,
Aain articles: Aedia in %ambia and Telecommunications in %ambia The Ainistry of $nformation, "roadcasting .ervices and Tourism $n %ambia is responsible for the %ambian (e8s Agency, 8hile there are also numerous media outlets throughout the country 8hich includeO Television stations, ne8spapers, FA radio stations, and internet ne8s 8ebites.

Cuisine+e!it,
The %ambian staple diet is based on mai5e. $t is normally eaten as a thick porridge, called n#$ima 9(yan7a Word;, prepared from mai5e flour, commonly kno8n as mealie meal. This may be eaten 8ith a variety of vegetables, beans, meat, fish or sour milk depending on geographical location1origin.

'ports+e!it,
.ee also: 4ugby union in %ambia and %ambia #ricket Dnion

%ambia playing .enegal %ambia declared its independence on the day of the closing ceremony of the 1=E2 .ummer 'lympics, thereby becoming the first country ever to have entered an 'lympic games as one country, and left it as another. %ambia took part in the ,:: .ummer 'lympics in "ei7ing. Football is the most popular sport in %ambia, and the %ambia national football team has had its triumphant moments in football history. At the .eoul 'lympics of 1= , the national team defeated the $talian national team by a score of 2Q:. 6alusha "8alya, %ambiaNs most celebrated football player and one of AfricaNs greatest football players in history had a hat trick in that match. Po8ever, to this day, many pundits say the greatest team %ambia has ever assembled 8as the one that perished on , April 1==3 in a plane crash at )ibreville, Cabon. Gespite this, in 1==E, %ambia 8as ranked 1*th on the official F$FA World Football Team rankings, the highest attained by any southern African team. $n ,:1,, %ambia 8on the African #up of (ations for the first time after losing in the final t8ice. They beat #Wte dN$voire Q/ in a penalty shoot!out in the final, 8hich 8as played in )ibreville, 7ust a fe8 miles a8ay from the plane crash 1= years previously.>E*?

4ugby union, boMing and cricket are also popular sports in %ambia. (otably, at one point in the early ,:::s, the Australia and .outh Africa national rugby teams 8ere captained by players born in the same )usaka hospital, Ceorge Cregan and #ornX 6rige. %ambia boasts having the highest rugby poles in the 8orld, located at )uanshya .ports #ompleM in )uanshya.>citation needed? 4ugby union in %ambia is a minor but gro8ing sport. They are currently ranked /3rd by the $4" and have 3,E*: registered players and three formally organi#ed clubs. >EE? %ambia used to play cricket as part of 4hodesia. %ambia has also strangely provided a shinty international, %ambian!born 0ddie Tembo representing .cotland in the compromise rules .hinty1Purling game against $reland in ,:: .>E/? $n ,:11, %ambia 8as due to host the tenth All!Africa Cames, for 8hich three stadiums 8ere to be built in )usaka, (dola, and )ivingstone.>E ? The )usaka stadium 8ould have a capacity of /:,::: spectators 8hile the other t8o stadiums 8ould hold *:,::: people each. The government 8as encouraging the private sector to get involved in the construction of the sports facilities because of a shortage of public funds for the pro7ect. %ambia has since revoked its bid to host the ,:11 All!Africa Cames, citing a lack of funds. Pence, Ao5ambiFue took %ambiaNs place as host. %ambia also produced the first black African 9Aadalitso Authiya; to play in the Dnited .tates Colf 'pen,>E=? one of the four ma7or golf tournaments.

'ee also+e!it,

4oo5: Zambia

'utline of %ambia $ndeM of %ambia!related articles #ommon8ealth of (ations )ist of countries by copper mine production Geography portal Africa portal Zambia portal

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E.

6ump up 7 http:11888.theodora.com18fbcurrent15ambia15ambiaZeconomy.html /. 6ump up 7 &Cini $ndeM&. World "ank. 4etrieved , Aarch ,:11. . 6ump up 7 http:11unstats.un.org1unsd1methods1m2=1m2=regin.htm =. 6ump up 7 Polmes, Timothy 91== ;. +ulture# of t$e World, Zambia. Tarryto8n, (e8 Uork: Times "ooks $nternational. pp. 1=Q,:. $."( :!/E12!:E=2! . 1:. 6ump up 7 #lay, Cervas 91=2*;. -i#tory of t$e 'an.oya /i#trict. 4hodes! )ivingstone $nstitute. 11. 6ump up 7 %$e elite# of 0arot#eland, 112131949, a 5olitical $i#tory of Zambia6# We#tern Province: a. Cerald ). #aplan, #. Purst [ #o @ublishers )td, 1=/:, $."( :=::=EE3 E 1,. 6ump up 7 "antu!)anguages.com, citing Aaniacky 1==/ 13. 6ump up 7 &First to the Falls& by Cervas and Cill #lay 12. 6ump up 7 )ivingstone Tourism Association. &Gestination:%ambia Q Pistory and #ulture&. Archived from the original on 1, 'ctober ,::/. 4etrieved ,= 'ctober ,::/. 1*. 6ump up 7 Puman 4ights [ Gocumentation #entre. &%ambia: Pistorical "ackground&. Archived from the original on 11 Aarch ,::/. 4etrieved 12 January ,:11. 1E. 6ump up 7 "urnham, Frederick 4ussell 91 ==;. &(orthern 4hodesia&. $n Wills, Walter P. 0ula7ayo 853to3date9 0eing a :eneral S.etc$ of R$ode#ia. .impkin, Aarshall, Pamilton, 6ent [ #o. pp. 1//Q1 :. 1/. 6ump up 7 @earson 0ducation. &4hodesia and (yasaland, Federation of&. 4etrieved ,= 'ctober ,::/. 1 . 6ump up 7 W$)).'(, John Aichael 9born 1* July 1=31;. "G'P@ "iographical Getails and $ntervie8 $ndeM. chu.cam.ac.uk 1=. Y Jump up to: a b 1=E2: @resident 6aunda takes po8er in %ambia. ""# N'n This GayN. ,:. 6ump up 7 4aeburn, Aichael 91=/ ;. We are every7$ere, "arrative# from R$ode#ian guerilla#. 4andom Pouse. pp. 1Q,:=. $."( :3=2*:*3:1. ,1. 6ump up 7 (elson, Parold 91= 3;. Zimbab7e, ) +ountry Study. #laitors @ublishing Givision. pp. *2Q13/. $."( :1E::1*= /. ,,. 6ump up 7 6aplan, $rving 91=/1;. )rea -andboo. for t$e Re5ublic of Sout$ )frica. D... Covt. @rint. 'ffice. pp. 2:2Q2:*. ,3. 6ump up 7 0vans, A. 91= 2Q*;. &The Front!)ine .tates, .outh Africa and .outhern African .ecurity: Ailitary @rospects and @erspectives&. Zambe;ia )0: 1. ,2. 6ump up 7 "eilfuss, 4ichard and dos .antos, Gavid 9,::1; &@atterns of Pydrological #hange in the %ambe5i Gelta, Ao5ambiFue&. Working @aper (o , @rogram for the .ustainable Aanagement of #ahora "assa Gam and The )o8er %ambe5i Balley. ,*. 6ump up 7 #amerapiM: &.pectrum Cuide to %ambia.& #amerapiM $nternational @ublishing, (airobi, 1==E. ,E. 6ump up 7 %ambians 8ary of &eMploitative& #hinese employers. $rinne8s.org. ,3 (ovember ,::E. ,/. 6ump up 7 &%imNs )oss, %amNs gain: White %imbab8eans making good in %ambia&. %$e (conomi#t. June ,::2. 4etrieved , August ,::=. , . 6ump up 7 Thielke, Thilo 9,/ Gecember ,::2;. &.ettling in %ambia: %imbab8eNs Gisplaced Farmers Find a (e8 Pome&. /er S5iegel. 4etrieved , August ,::=.

Y Jump up to: a b &World 4efugee .urvey ,::=&. D... #ommittee for 4efugees and $mmigrants. 3:. 6ump up 7 &%ambia: 4ising levels of resentment to8ards %imbab8eans&. &R&" "e7#. = June ,:: . 4etrieved , August ,::=. 31. Y Jump up to: a b >1?>dead lin.? 3,. 6ump up 7 )e8in, Julius 91=21;. %$e +olour 0ar in t$e +o55er 0elt. .outhern African #ommittee on $ndustrial 4elations. 33. 6ump up 7 %ambia to introduce @ortuguese into school curriculum. 32. 6ump up 7 9%AA"$A;. Retrieved 4 <ctober 2012. 3*. 6ump up 7 &#onstitution of %ambia, 1==19Amended to 1==E;&. .cribd.com. 3: June ,:: . 4etrieved 1 Gecember ,:1,. 3E. 6ump up 7 .teel, Aatthe8 9,::*;. Penteco#tali#m in Zambia , Po7er, )ut$ority and t$e <vercomer#. Dniversity of Wales. A.c Gissertation. 3/. 6ump up 7 &%ambia Dnion #onference Q Adventist 'rgani5ational Girectory&. Adventistdirectory.org. 1/ 'ctober ,:1,. 4etrieved 1 Gecember ,:1,. 3 . 6ump up 7 &The )argest "ahaNi #ommunities&. )d$erent#=com. 4etrieved ,= 'ctober ,::/. 3=. 6ump up 7 $nternational 4eligious Freedom 4eport ,:1: Q %ambia. .tate.gov. 4etrieved on / Gecember ,:13. 2:. 6ump up 7 "ank of %ambia Website. "o5.5m. 4etrieved on / Gecember ,:13. 21. 6ump up 7 %ambiaNs Ainister of #ommerce, Trade, [ $ndustry 4obert 6 .ichinga on the countryNs economic performance. The @rospect Croup 91: August ,:1,;. 4etrieved on / Gecember ,:13. 2,. 6ump up 7 Gevelopment $ndicators Dnit, .tatistics Givision, Dnited (ations. &@opulation belo8 national poverty line, total, percentage&. 4etrieved 3: 'ctober ,::/. 23. 6ump up 7 Gevelopment $ndicators Dnit, .tatistics Givision, Dnited (ations. &@opulation belo8 national poverty line, rural, percentage&. 4etrieved 3: 'ctober ,::/. 22. 6ump up 7 Gevelopment $ndicators Dnit, .tatistics Givision, Dnited (ations. &@opulation belo8 national poverty line, urban, percentage&. 4etrieved 3: 'ctober ,::/. 2*. 6ump up 7 &%ambia #ountry "rochure&. World "ank. 2E. 6ump up 7 Puman Gevelopment 4eport ,::/1,:: . @algrave Aacmillan. ,::/. $."( =/ !:!,3:!*2/:2!= 2/. Y Jump up to: a b &"ackground (ote: %ambia&. Gepartment of .tate. 2 . 6ump up 7 The World "ank and $AFVs long shado8 in %ambiaVs copper mines. eurodad.org. ,: February ,:: 2=. 6ump up 7 @ennysharesonline.com, #ity 0Fuities )imited 912 July ,::E;. &Albidon signs agreement 8ith %ambian government&. 4etrieved 3: 'ctober ,::E. *:. 6ump up 7 #hinese keep lo8 profile to cash in on the slump in %ambia. The Times. ,2 January ,::=. *1. 6ump up 7 &0uromoney #ountry 4isk&. (uromoney +ountry Ri#.. 0uromoney $nstitutional $nvestor @)#. 4etrieved 1* August ,:11. *,. Y Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Polmes, 4ebecca and .later, 4achel 9,:1:; .ocial protection for lo8 capacity households in %ambia 'verseas Gevelopment $nstitute *3. 6ump up 7 Dnited (ations Pigh #ommissioner for 4efugees. &4ef8orld \ %ambia: Covernment treatment of homoseMuals in %ambia, and its attitudes to8ards gay organisationsO protection or support available from human rights groups&. D(P#4. 4etrieved 1 Gecember ,:1,. ,=.

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6ump up 7 4iddell, Abby 9,::3;. &The introduction of free primary education in sub!.aharan Africa&. 8"(S+<. 4etrieved 3: 'ctober ,::/. **. 6ump up 7 &#entral $ntelligence Agency&. #ia.gov. 4etrieved 1 Gecember ,:1,. *E. 6ump up 7 ')@# %ambia ! ')@#. Wiki.laptop.org. 4etrieved on / Gecember ,:13. */. 6ump up 7 %ambia Pealth $nformation @ortal. Aoh.gov.5m. 4etrieved on / Gecember ,:13. * . 6ump up 7 Forecast provided by $nternational Futures. Pistoric data points from the World "ank. *=. 6ump up 7 &%ambiaNs )ive 0Mpectancy Dp From 3/ to 23&. )usaka Times. * January ,:1,. 4etrieved * January ,:1,. E:. 6ump up 7 #$A 8orld factbook: P$B1A$G. Q adult prevalence rate. #ia.gov. 4etrieved on / Gecember ,:13. E1. 6ump up 7 8")&/S World )&/S /ay Re5ort 2011. D(A$G.. E,. 6ump up 7 Tycoon po8ers hospital in a remote area of north!8est %ambia. uk5ambians.co.uk. 11 .eptember ,::/ E3. 6ump up 7 &The .tate of the WorldNs Aid8ifery&. Dnited (ations @opulation Fund. 4etrieved August ,:11. E2. 6ump up 7 %ambia. 4ene8able 0nergy Agency #ountry @rofile. $nternational 4ene8able 0nergy Agency E*. 6ump up 7 &%ambia score emotional African #up 8in&. Sydney 'orning -erald. 13 February ,:1,. 4etrieved 11 February ,:1,. EE. 6ump up 7 $4" %ambia page. 4etrieved * July ,::=. E/. 6ump up 7 TemboNs return is boost for Clen. inverness!courier.co.uk. 1* Aay ,::= E . 6ump up 7 &%ambia to build three stadia for ,:11 All!Africa Cames&. @eopleNs Gaily 'nline. 4etrieved E (ovember ,::/. E=. 6ump up 7 &%ambiaNs Aadalitso Authiya a pioneer&. #hicago Tribune. * Aay ,:: . 4etrieved 1 .eptember ,:13.

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"urke, Aark, :limmer# of -o5e , ) 'emoir of Zambia, 9lulu.com, ,::=; Ferguson, James 91===;. (>5ectation# of 'odernity, 'yt$# and 'eaning# of 8rban ?ife in t$e Zambian +o55erbelt. "erkeley: Dniversity of #alifornia @ress. $."( :! *,:!,1/:1!,. $honvbere, Julius, (conomic +ri#i#, +ivil Society and /emocrati#ation, %$e +a#e of Zambia, 9Africa 4esearch [ @ublications, 1==E; )aAonica, #hristopher, ?ocal :overnment 'atter#, %$e +a#e of Zambia , 9)ambert Academic @ublishing, ,:1:; Acintyre, #harles, Zambia (0radt %ravel :uide#!, 9"radt Travel Cuides, ,:: ; Aurphy, Alan and )uckham, (ana, Zambia and 'ala7i (?onely Planet 'ulti +ountry :uide!, 9)onely @lanet @ublications, ,:1:; @hiri, "i5eck Jube, ) Political -i#tory of Zambia, From t$e +olonial Period to t$e rd Re5ublic, 9Africa 4esearch [ @ublications, ,::*; 4oberts, Andre8, ) -i#tory of Zambia, 9Peinemann, 1=/E; .ardanis, Andre8, )frica, )not$er Side of t$e +oin, "ort$ern R$ode#ia6# Final @ear# and Zambia6# "ation$ood, 9$.".Tauris, ,::3;

Barious, <ne Zambia, 'any -i#torie#, %o7ard# a -i#tory of Po#t3colonial Zambia, 9"rill, ,:: ; Wotela, 6ambidima 9,:1:;. /eriving (t$no3geogra5$ical +lu#ter# for +om5aring (t$nic /ifferential# in Zambia. Dniversity of #alifornia $rvine: World #ultures eJournal, 1/9,;. http:11phys.org1ne8s1,:13!:3!early!human!fossil!africa!debut.html

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