RAMIREZ, Ralph Ray M. BS AeE - 3A 1.

) Entropy is a measure of the number of specific ways in which a system may be arranged, often taken to be a measure of disorder, or a measure of progressing towards thermodynamic equilibrium. The entropy of an isolated system never decreases, because isolated systems spontaneously evolve towards thermodynamic equilibrium, which is the state of maximum entropy. Order in a system equates to low entropy, while disorder in a system equates to high entropy. Entropy was originally defined for a thermodynamically reversible process as

Where the entropy (S) is found from the uniform thermodynamic temperature (T) of a closed system divided into an incremental reversible transfer of heat into that system (dQ). The above definition is sometimes called the macroscopic definition of entropy because it can be used without regard to any microscopic picture of the contents of a system. In thermodynamics, entropy has been found to be more generally useful and it has several other formulations. Entropy was discovered when it was noticed to be a quantity that behaves as a function of state. Entropy is an extensive property, but it is often given as an intensive property of specific entropy as entropy per unit mass or entropy per mole. 2.) 1. Melting of Ice 2. Liquid Ammonia Vaporizes 3. Solid Sugar dissolves in Water 4. A CO2 gas is converted to dry ice 5. Dew forms on grass 6. Playing with a Rubiks cube. 7. Shaking a jigsaw puzzle 8. A rotting log 9. Cleaning a room 10. Suppose that you put a marble in a large box, and shook the box around, and you didn't look inside afterwards. Then the marble could be anywhere in the box. Because the box is large, there are many possible places inside the box that the marble could be, so the marble in the box has high entropy. Now suppose you put the marble in a tiny box and shook up the box. Now, even though you shook the box, you pretty much know where the marble is, because the box is small. In this case we say that the marble in the box has low entropy. 3.) 1. If 1.6g of CH4 reacts with oxygen gas to form water and carbon dioxide what is the change in entropy for the universe? Reaction Equation: CH4 + 2O2 -> CO2 + 2H2O To solve this problem the following equations are also necessary: S System =SProducts SReactants S System =[(.21374 kJ/mol)+(2* .06995 kJ/mol)]-[(2*.20507 kJ/mol)+( .18626 kJ/mol)] = -.24276 kJ/mol H System =HProducts HReactants H System = [( -393.509 kJ/mol)+(2* -285.83 kJ/mol)]-[(2*0)+( -74.87 kJ/mol)] = -890.229 kJ/mol S Surroundings =HSystem /T S Surroundings = -890.229/298 = -2.9873 kJ/mol S Universe= S Surroundings S System S Universe= -2.9873 kJ/mol (-.24276 kJ/mol) = -2.745 kJ/mol

2. The volume of a gas starts at 5.0 L at a temperature of 400K and a pressure of 1.12 bar. If the change in entropy was .787 J/K/mol, what was the final volume of the gas? Remember that the number of microstates is proportional to the volume of an ideal gas. Also, the Boltzmann constant is by particle; multiplying the gas constant by the number of moles of gas is equivalent. S=Rn*ln(V2/V1) R is the gas constant n is the number of moles of gas V2 and V1 are volumes in L .787=(8.314)n*ln(V2/5.0) Now to find the number of moles we use the ideal gas law: n=PV/RT n= [1.12*5.0]/[8.314*400] Now plug this value into the original equation and solve for the final volume. V2=8.77 L 3. Calculate the change in entropy for the decomposition of HCl(aq) to H+ and Cl-. First, you must write out the full equation. HCl(aq) -> H+(aq) + Cl-(aq) Next, look up each compound in a thermodynamic table and plug the values into the equation. S System=(56.6+ 0) J/molK- 186.9 J/molK = -130.3 J/molK 4. Calculate entropy change for vaporization of 1 mole of liquid water to steam at 100C if HV = 40.8 kJmol-1. Solution: For entropy change of vaporization Sv = Hv / T Sv = 40.8 103 / 373 = 109.38 Jk1 mol1 5. Calculate S for the synthesis of ammonia at 25oC. N2 + 3H2 2NH3 H = -92.6kJmol-1 Solution: Here we use the formula

S = 2(NH3) - [S(N2) + 3S(H2)] S = (2)(192.5 JK-1mol-1) - [191.6JK-1mol-1 + (3)(130.6 JK-1mol-1)] S = -198.4 JK-1mol-1 6. Calculate the entropy change per mole when ice melts at 0oC. Remember that the enthalpy change equals the heat added to the system at constant pressure. Solution: The equation is H2O(s) H2O(l)

H (fusion) = +6.01KJmol-1 So we use the equation

S = 6010Jmol1273K = +22.0JK-1mol-1 7. What is the standard molar entropy change of the following reaction? 4 NH3(g) + 5 O2(g) 4 NO(g) + 6 H2O(g) Given: SNH3 = 193 J/Kmol SO2 = 205 J/Kmol SNO = 211 J/Kmol SH2O = 189 J/Kmol Solution Sreaction = npSproducts - nrSreactants Sreaction = (4 SNO + 6 SH2O) - (4 SNH3 + 5 SO2) Sreaction = (4(211 J/KK) + 6(189 J/Kmol)) - (4(193 J/Kmol) + 5(205 J/Kmol)) Sreaction = (844 J/KK + 1134 J/Kmol) - (772 J/Kmol + 1025 J/Kmol) Sreaction = 1978 J/Kmol - 1797 J/Kmol) Sreaction = 181 J/Kmol 8. You have a 100g copper container at 500 K to which you add 100g of pure water at 300K. The system is kept isolated and until each reaches equilibrium. a.) What is the molar heat capacity of water in joules? in calories it is 1 cal gm ^ -1 b.) What is the temperature of the system at equilibrium? c.) What is the entropy change for the system? Given: a.) molar heat capacity i got 4.1868 J/gram 'C b.) 344.32 K c.) 0.74 J/K Solution: a.) What is the molar heat capacity of water in joules? in calories it is 1 cal gm ^ -1 per mole of water.... (4.186 J/gram 'C) (18.01 grams H2O / mole H2O = 75.39 J/mol-C b.) What is the temperature of the system at equilibrium? heat lost by the copper = heat gained by the water m C dT copper = m C dT water (100g) (0.385 J/g-K) (500 -Tf) = 100g ( 4.184 J/g-K) (Tf -300) (0.385 J/g-K) (500 -Tf) = ( 4.184 J/g-K) (Tf -300)

192.5 - 0.385Tf = 4.184 Tf - 1255 4.569 Tf = 1447.7 Tf = 316.85 K which rounds off to Tf = 317 Kelvin c.) What is the entropy change for the system? define system.... if your system includes both copper & water.... dH = 0 f the system is the water: dH = m C dT dH = 100 (4.184 J/g-K) (16.85K) dH = +125 kiloJouoles if the system is the copper dH = -125 kJ 9. Two identical blocks of iron, one at 100 o C and the other at 0 o C, are brought into thermal contact. What happens? What is the total entropy change? (Assume the heat capacity of each block, is constant over this temperature range, and neglect volume changes)

10. Two identical block of iron, one at 100oC and the other at 0oC, are brought into thermal contact. What is the maximum work that can be extracted from the hot block in the absence of other heat sinks?

The lowest final temperature , K C. (Any lower and would go negative, which isnt allowed.) So although the total heat loss of the hot block is , the work extracted is only the difference between this and the heat gained by the cold block. efficiency is , namely In this case, the

RAMIREZ, Ralph Ray M. BS AeE 3A 1. If 1.6g of CH4 reacts with oxygen gas to form water and carbon dioxide what is the change in entropy for the universe? 2. The volume of a gas starts at 5.0 L at a temperature of 400K and a pressure of 1.12 bar. If the change in entropy was .787 J/K/mol, what was the final volume of the gas? 3. Calculate the change in entropy for the decomposition of HCl(aq) to H+ and Cl-. 4. Calculate S for the synthesis of ammonia at 25oC. 5. Calculate entropy change for vaporization of 1 mole of liquid water to steam at 100C if HV = 40.8 kJmol-1. 6. Calculate the entropy change per mole when ice melts at 0oC. Remember that the enthalpy change equals the heat added to the system at constant pressure. 7. You have a 100g copper container at 500 K to which you add 100g of pure water at 300K. The system is kept isolated and until each reaches equilibrium. 8. What is the standard molar entropy change of the following reaction? 9. Two identical blocks of iron, one at 100 o C and the other at 0 o C, are brought into thermal contact. What happens? What is the total entropy change? (Assume the heat capacity of each block, is constant over this temperature range, and neglect volume changes) 10. Two identical block of iron, one at 100oC and the other at 0oC, are brought into thermal contact. What is the maximum work that can be extracted from the hot block in the absence of other heat sinks?