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Mini Review
Thermotolerant micro-organisms in Consolidated
Bioprocessing for ethanol production: A review
1&2Bashir Sajo Mienda and 1Mohd Shahir Shamsir
1Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering, Univeriti Teknologi Malaysia
2Department of Biological sciences, Adamawa State University Mubi, Nigeria
Fuels reserves has been diminishing addition, CBP requires microbial strains
in recent years necessitating the need for capable of hydrolyzing with enzyme
alternative energy sources that are produce on its own and producing high
renewable, sustainable, efficient, cost titre ethanol. To date, only engineered
effective and safe (Yu, XuZhang et al. 2008). microbial strains have been known to
Microbial ethanol production via perform this.
consolidated bioprocessing in recent years Furthermore, different researches
has been focused and considered as an were conducted to explore the engineering
alternative fuel in the near future. of different microbial strains to suit the
Consolidated bioprocessing, is an intended process, where heterologous
approach integrating enzymes production, expression of cellulolytic enzymes has been
saccharification and fermentation in to a pursued with yeast host and cell surface
single process, a strategy that is effective for engineering has been successful
ethanol production from lignocellulosic (Hasunuma, Okazaki et al. 2013).
materials (Hasunuma and Kondo 2012). In Thermophilic yeast such as Kluveromyces
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Bashir Sajo Mienda & Mohd Shahir Shamsir / Research in Biotechnology, 4(4): 01-06, 2013
oxysporum is among the few microbial (Limayem and Ricke 2012). Bacteria such as
species that possess the enzymatic system Clostridium cellulolyticum and Thermo-
to break down cellulose and hemicellulose anaerobacterium saccharalyticum have been
while simultaneously fermenting the recently reported to serve as alternatives
generated hexoses and pentoses to for this process, some with ability to
ethanol(Hasunuma, Okazaki et al.). This perform fermentation at high temperature
capability allows for single-step ethanol of approximately 50ºC (Joe Shaw, Jenney Jr
production from agricultural and forestry et al. 2008).
residues. (Xiros, Moukouli et al. 2009) Clostridium thermocellum, a
Reported a yield of 109g ethanol per kg of thermophile that is predominantly
dry brewer’s spent grain (BG) obtained anaerobic, has been known among the few
from alkali pre-treated BG using F. bacteria that can ferment sugars, polymers
oxysporum cultivated under microaerobic and in turn cellulose to ethanol (Limayem
conditions, which ultimately tally with 60% and Ricke 2012). It posses additional
of the theoretical yield based on the total physiological features that makes it a
glucose and xylose content of BG(Xiros, promising a candidate. These features
Moukouli et al. 2009) includes, growth temperature selectivity of
around 50ºC during fermentation process,
Bacteria for CBP couple with its ability to yield 0.3g/g
Many examples of thermophilic ethanol by directly converting cellulose
microorganisms have been documented polymers at temperature of approximately
with ability to perform optimally at high 60ºC(Limayem and Ricke 2012), and hence
temperature operation. This could serve as could be considered suitable for CBP(Lynd,
alternatives for use as the major Zyl et al. 2005).
fermentatives and cellulolytic agents in
bioprocessing for ethanol production
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Bashir Sajo Mienda & Mohd Shahir Shamsir / Research in Biotechnology, 4(4): 01-06, 2013
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Bashir Sajo Mienda & Mohd Shahir Shamsir / Research in Biotechnology, 4(4): 01-06, 2013
reported to ferment both hexoses and computational approaches , but yet the
pentoses sugars to ethanol (Limayem and tools/softwares breakthroughs currently
Ricke, 2012). These organisms are strictly seen with their sketchy history of success
anaerobic, and some authors are of the in this arena-will continue to have
opinion that it is difficult in practice to prominence and broad applicability
maintain a complete anaerobic condition in (Prather and Martin 2008)
large fermentation facility (Hasunuma and
Kondo 2012). Conclusion
The current challenges are to obtain In this review, recent advances in
an ideal microbes for CBP with the CBP for the use of thermotolerant microbial
characteristics of high target productivities, stains for fermentative bioethanol
high ethanol titre, prolonged cell viability production and cellulosic materials were
during the process of fermentation briefly highlighted. The high temperature
(Hasunuma and Kondo 2012). In the same requirement for CBP in relation to microbial
vein, CBP has a unique drawback of the fermentation, its advantages and
optimum temperature differences in drawbacks were briefly emphasized. The
saccharification (50ºC) and fermentation need for integrating different biological
(28ºC and 37ºC) (Hari Krishna, Janardhan disciplines, such as systems and Synthetic
Reddy et al. 2001; Jørgensen, Kristensen et biology, Bioprocess engineering, Metabolic
al. 2007; Hasunuma and Kondo, 2012). engineering, Computational biology
Microbial strain engineering to improve the and/or data systemization were briefly
strain process compatibility has been useful stated in the perspectives and challenges
but it is beset with public health risks and section of this review. In light of the
environmental problems as genetically obvious requirements for increasing yields
engineered microorganisms may escape and lowering production costs, this proof-
into the environment (Limayem and Ricke, of-concept could be significant, as it will
2012). Under the umbrella of bioprocess allow the application of the aforementioned
engineering, one can exploit enabling disciplines in microbial strains
technologies such as DNA synthesis and improvement to advancing CBP
the use of computational tools for the technology.
prediction, design and construction of
robust cell factories for target compound References
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