Ihysics 1C

Chaler 27
Magnelic IieId and
Magnelic Iorces

Vah Peroomian

Seclions Covered

Covered Sections:
Sections 27.1 27.7

Important Sections:
Sections 27.2 27.4, 27.6 27.7

Sections Skipped:
Sections 27.8 27.9 + magnetic dipole in a non-
uniform magnetic field, magnetic dipoles and how
magnets work.

You will not be responsible for sections I skip on either
homework assignments or on exams.
Magnelism

Magnets always have a north pole and a south

pole.
Just as in electric
charges, like
poles repel and
opposite poles
attract.

Magnelism

If you cut a bar magnet in half, you get two

magnets both with north and south poles.
Some materials, called ferromagnets, are
naturally magnetic.

Magnelic IieIds

The direction of the magnetic field vector B at any

location is the direction in which the north pole of a
compass needle points at that location.
Magnetic field lines begin at the north pole and end
at the south pole.
The existence of a magnetic
field at some point in space
can be determined by
measuring the magnetic force
exerted on a charged test
particle placed at that point.
Iarlh's Magnelic IieId

Magnelic Iorces
and IieIds
Similarities between magnetic and electric
fields:
o The magnetic force is proportional to the charge q of
the particle.
o The magnetic force on a negative charge is directed
opposite to the force on a positive charge moving in
the same direction.
o The magnetic force is proportional to the magnitude
of the magnetic field vector B.
Magnelic Iorces
and IieIds
Differences between magnetic and electric
fields:
o The magnetic force is proportional to the speed v of the
particle.
o If the velocity vector makes an angle ! with the magnetic field,
the magnitude of the magnetic force is proportional to sin!.
o When a charged particle moves parallel to the magnetic field
vector, the magnetic force on the charge is zero.
o When a charged particle moves in a direction not parallel to the
magnetic field vector, the magnetic force acts in a direction
perpendicular to both v and B; that is, the magnetic force is
perpendicular to the plane formed by v and B.
Magnelic Iorces
and IieIds
The magnetic force on a charged particle
moving in a magnetic field is
The SI unit of magnetic
field is the tesla (T):

1 T = 1 N
.
S / C
.
m

!
F
B
= q
!
v !
!
B
746 CHAPTER 22
|
Magnetic Forces and Magnetic Fields
Figure 22.4Two right-hand rules
for determining the direction of
the magnetic force F
:
B
5 qv
:
3 B
:

acting on a particle with positive
charge q moving with a velocity v
:
in
a magnetic feld B
:
. (a) In this rule,
the magnetic force is in the direction
in which your thumb points. (b) In
this rule, the magnetic force is in the
direction of your palm, as if you are
pushing the particle with your hand.
B
S
F
B
S
F
B
S
a b
(1) Point your fingers in
the direction of v and
then curl them toward
the direction of B.
S
S
(1) Point your fingers
in the direction of B,
with v coming out of
your thumb.
S
S
B
S
v
S
v
S
(2) Your upright thumb
shows the direction of
the magnetic force on a
positive particle.
(2) The magnetic
force on a positive
particle is in the
direction you would
push with your palm.
velocity of the particle and because its direction is perpendicular to both v
:
and B
:
.
Figure 22.3 shows the details of the direction of the magnetic force on a charged
particle. Despite this complicated behavior, these observations can be summarized
in a compact way by writing the magnetic force in the form
F
:
B
5 q v
:
3 B
:
22.1
b
where the direction of the magnetic force is that of v
:
3 B
:
, which, by defnition of
the cross product, is perpendicular to both v
:
and B
:
. Equation 22.1 is analogous to
Equation 19.4, F
:
e
5 qE
:
, but is clearly more complicated. We can regard Equa-
tion22.1 as an operational defnition of the magnetic feld at a point in space. The
SI unit of magnetic feld is the tesla (T), where
1 T 5 1 N ? s/C ? m
Figure 22.4 reviews two right-hand rules for determining the direction of the cross
product v
:
3 B
:
and determining the direction of F
:
B
. The rule in Figure 22.4a depends
on our right-hand rule for the cross product in Figure 10.13. You point the four fn-
gers of your right hand along the direction of v
:
with the palm facing B
:
and curl them
toward B
:
. The extended thumb, which is at a right angle to the fngers, points in the
direction of v
:
3 B
:
. Because F
:
B
5 qv
:
3 B
:
, F
:
B
is in the direction of your thumb if q is
positive and opposite the direction of your thumb if q is negative.
A second rule is shown in Figure 22.4b. Here the thumb points in the direction
of v
:
and the extended fngers in the direction of B
:
. Now, the force F
:
B
on a positive
charge extends outward from your palm. The advantage of this rule is that the force
on the charge is in the direction that you would push on something with your hand,
outward from your palm. The force on a negative charge is in the opposite direction.
Feel free to use either of these two right-hand rules.
c
Vector expression for the
magnetic force on a charged
particle moving in a magnetic feld
Figure 22.3(a) The direction
of the magnetic force F
:
B
acting
on a charged particle moving with
a velocity v
:
in the presence of a
magnetic feld B
:
. (b) Magnetic forces
on positive and negative charges. The
dashed lines show the paths of the
particles, which are investigated in
Section 22.3.
u
v
S
v
S
v
S
F
B
S
F
B
S
F
B
S
B
S
B
S

The magnetic forces

on oppositely charged
particles moving at the
same velocity in a
magnetic field are in
opposite directions.
a b
The magnetic force is
perpendicular to both v and B.
S
S
04261_ch22_741-780.indd 746 24/11/11 2:25 PM
746 CHAPTER 22
|
Magnetic Forces and Magnetic Fields
Figure 22.4Two right-hand rules
for determining the direction of
the magnetic force F
:
B
5 qv
:
3 B
:

acting on a particle with positive
charge q moving with a velocity v
:
in
a magnetic feld B
:
. (a) In this rule,
the magnetic force is in the direction
in which your thumb points. (b) In
this rule, the magnetic force is in the
direction of your palm, as if you are
pushing the particle with your hand.
B
S
F
B
S
F
B
S
a b
(1) Point your fingers in
the direction of v and
then curl them toward
the direction of B.
S
S
(1) Point your fingers
in the direction of B,
with v coming out of
your thumb.
S
S
B
S
v
S
v
S
(2) Your upright thumb
shows the direction of
the magnetic force on a
positive particle.
(2) The magnetic
force on a positive
particle is in the
direction you would
push with your palm.
velocity of the particle and because its direction is perpendicular to both v
:
and B
:
.
Figure 22.3 shows the details of the direction of the magnetic force on a charged
particle. Despite this complicated behavior, these observations can be summarized
in a compact way by writing the magnetic force in the form
F
:
B
5 q v
:
3 B
:
22.1
b
where the direction of the magnetic force is that of v
:
3 B
:
, which, by defnition of
the cross product, is perpendicular to both v
:
and B
:
. Equation 22.1 is analogous to
Equation 19.4, F
:
e
5 qE
:
, but is clearly more complicated. We can regard Equa-
tion22.1 as an operational defnition of the magnetic feld at a point in space. The
SI unit of magnetic feld is the tesla (T), where
1 T 5 1 N ? s/C ? m
Figure 22.4 reviews two right-hand rules for determining the direction of the cross
product v
:
3 B
:
and determining the direction of F
:
B
. The rule in Figure 22.4a depends
on our right-hand rule for the cross product in Figure 10.13. You point the four fn-
gers of your right hand along the direction of v
:
with the palm facing B
:
and curl them
toward B
:
. The extended thumb, which is at a right angle to the fngers, points in the
direction of v
:
3 B
:
. Because F
:
B
5 qv
:
3 B
:
, F
:
B
is in the direction of your thumb if q is
positive and opposite the direction of your thumb if q is negative.
A second rule is shown in Figure 22.4b. Here the thumb points in the direction
of v
:
and the extended fngers in the direction of B
:
. Now, the force F
:
B
on a positive
charge extends outward from your palm. The advantage of this rule is that the force
on the charge is in the direction that you would push on something with your hand,
outward from your palm. The force on a negative charge is in the opposite direction.
Feel free to use either of these two right-hand rules.
c Vector expression for the
magnetic force on a charged
particle moving in a magnetic feld
Figure 22.3(a) The direction
of the magnetic force F
:
B
acting
on a charged particle moving with
a velocity v
:
in the presence of a
magnetic feld B
:
. (b) Magnetic forces
on positive and negative charges. The
dashed lines show the paths of the
particles, which are investigated in
Section 22.3.
u
v
S
v
S
v
S
F
B
S
F
B
S
F
B
S
B
S
B
S

The magnetic forces

on oppositely charged
particles moving at the
same velocity in a
magnetic field are in
opposite directions.
a b
The magnetic force is
perpendicular to both v and B.
S
S
04261_ch22_741-780.indd 746 24/11/11 2:25 PM
Magnelic Iorces
and IieIds
We find the direction of
the magnetic force on a
charged particle by
using the right-hand
rule.
The magnitude of
the magnetic force
on a charged particle is

F
B
= q vBsin!
Dierence elveen
Magnelic and IIeclric Iorces
Important differences between electric and
magnetic forces on charged particles:
o The electric force vector is along the direction of the
electric field, whereas the magnetic force vector is
perpendicular to the magnetic field.
o The electric force acts on a charged particle regardless of
whether the particle is moving, whereas the magnetic
force acts on a charged particle only when the particle is
in motion.
o The electric force does work in displacing a charged
particle, whereas the magnetic force associated with a
steady magnetic field does no work when a particle is
displaced.
Hov We Drav Magnelic IieIds

Field out of the page:

Field into the page:
22.2
|
The Magnetic Field 747
The magnitude of the magnetic force is
F
B
5 u q uvB sin 22.2
b
where is the angle between v
:
and B
:
. From this expression, we see that F
B
is zero
when v
:
is either parallel or antiparallel to B
:
( 5 0 or 1808). Furthermore, the force
has its maximum value F
B
5 u q uvB when v
:
is perpendicular to B
:
( 5 908).
Lets summarize the important differences between electric and magnetic forces
on charged particles:
The electric force vector is along the direction of the electric feld, whereas the
magnetic force vector is perpendicular to the magnetic feld.
The electric force acts on a charged particle regardless of whether the particle
is moving, whereas the magnetic force acts on a charged particle only when the
particle is in motion.
The electric force does work in displacing a charged particle, whereas the mag-
netic force associated with a steady magnetic feld does no work when a particle
is displaced.
This last statement is true because when a charge moves in a constant magnetic
feld, the magnetic force is always perpendicular to the displacement of its point of
application. That is, for a small displacement d s
:
of a particle, the work done by the
magnetic force on the particle is dW 5 F
:
B
? d s
:
5 (F
:
B
? v
:
)dt 5 0 because the mag-
netic force is a vector perpendicular to v
:
. From this property and the workkinetic
energy theorem, we conclude that the kinetic energy of a charged particle cannot
be altered by a constant magnetic feld alone. In other words, when a charge moves
with a velocity of v
:
, an applied magnetic feld can alter the direction of the velocity
vector, but it cannot change the speed of the particle.
In Figures 22.3 and 22.4, we used green arrows to represent magnetic feld vec-
tors, which will be the convention in this book. In Active Figure 22.1, we represented
the magnetic feld of a bar magnet with green feld lines. Studying magnetic felds
presents a complication that we avoided in electric felds. In our study of electric
felds, we drew all electric feld vectors in the plane of the page or used perspective
to represent them directed at an angle to the page. The cross product in Equation
22.1 requires us to think in three dimensions for problems in magnetism. Therefore,
in addition to drawing vectors pointing left or right and up or down, we will need a
method of drawing vectors into or out of the page. These methods of representing
the vectors are illustrated in Figure 22.5. A vector coming out of the page is repre-
sented by a dot, which we can think of as the tip of the arrowhead representing the
vector coming through the paper toward us (Fig. 22.5a). A vector going into the
page is represented by a cross, which we can think of as the tail feathers of an arrow
going into the page (Fig. 22.5b). This depiction can be used for any type of vector
we will encounter: magnetic feld, velocity, force, and so on.
QUICK QUIZ 22.1 An electron moves in the plane of this paper toward the top of the
page. A magnetic feld is also in the plane of the page and directed toward the right.
What is the direction of the magnetic force on the electron? (a) toward the top of the
page (b) toward the bottom of the page (c) toward the left edge of the page (d) toward
the right edge of the page (e) upward out of the page (f) downward into the page
c Magnitude of the magnetic force
on a charged particle moving in a
magnetic feld
Figure 22.5Representations of
magnetic feld lines perpendicular to
the page.
a
b
Magnetic field lines coming
out of the paper are indicated
by dots, representing the tips
of arrows coming outward.
Magnetic field lines going
into the paper are indicated
by crosses, representing the
feathers of arrows going
inward.
B
out
S
B
in
S
THI NKI NG PHYSI CS 22.1
On a business trip to Australia, you take along your
U.S.-made compass that you used in your Boy Scout
days. Does this compass work correctly in Australia?
Reasoning Using the compass in Australia presents no
problem. The north pole of the magnet in the com-
pass will be attracted to the south magnetic pole near
the north geographic pole, just as it was in the United
States. The only difference in the magnetic feld lines
is that they have an upward component in Australia,
whereas they have a downward component in the
United States. When you hold the compass in a hori-
zontal plane, it cannot detect the vertical component of
the feld, however; it only displays the direction of the
horizontal component of the magnetic feld. b
04261_ch22_741-780.indd 747 24/11/11 2:25 PM
22.2
|
The Magnetic Field 747
The magnitude of the magnetic force is
F
B
5 u q uvB sin 22.2
b
where is the angle between v
:
and B
:
. From this expression, we see that F
B
is zero
when v
:
is either parallel or antiparallel to B
:
( 5 0 or 1808). Furthermore, the force
has its maximum value F
B
5 u q uvB when v
:
is perpendicular to B
:
( 5 908).
Lets summarize the important differences between electric and magnetic forces
on charged particles:
The electric force vector is along the direction of the electric feld, whereas the
magnetic force vector is perpendicular to the magnetic feld.
The electric force acts on a charged particle regardless of whether the particle
is moving, whereas the magnetic force acts on a charged particle only when the
particle is in motion.
The electric force does work in displacing a charged particle, whereas the mag-
netic force associated with a steady magnetic feld does no work when a particle
is displaced.
This last statement is true because when a charge moves in a constant magnetic
feld, the magnetic force is always perpendicular to the displacement of its point of
application. That is, for a small displacement d s
:
of a particle, the work done by the
magnetic force on the particle is dW 5 F
:
B
? d s
:
5 (F
:
B
? v
:
)dt 5 0 because the mag-
netic force is a vector perpendicular to v
:
. From this property and the workkinetic
energy theorem, we conclude that the kinetic energy of a charged particle cannot
be altered by a constant magnetic feld alone. In other words, when a charge moves
with a velocity of v
:
, an applied magnetic feld can alter the direction of the velocity
vector, but it cannot change the speed of the particle.
In Figures 22.3 and 22.4, we used green arrows to represent magnetic feld vec-
tors, which will be the convention in this book. In Active Figure 22.1, we represented
the magnetic feld of a bar magnet with green feld lines. Studying magnetic felds
presents a complication that we avoided in electric felds. In our study of electric
felds, we drew all electric feld vectors in the plane of the page or used perspective
to represent them directed at an angle to the page. The cross product in Equation
22.1 requires us to think in three dimensions for problems in magnetism. Therefore,
in addition to drawing vectors pointing left or right and up or down, we will need a
method of drawing vectors into or out of the page. These methods of representing
the vectors are illustrated in Figure 22.5. A vector coming out of the page is repre-
sented by a dot, which we can think of as the tip of the arrowhead representing the
vector coming through the paper toward us (Fig. 22.5a). A vector going into the
page is represented by a cross, which we can think of as the tail feathers of an arrow
going into the page (Fig. 22.5b). This depiction can be used for any type of vector
we will encounter: magnetic feld, velocity, force, and so on.
QUICK QUIZ 22.1 An electron moves in the plane of this paper toward the top of the
page. A magnetic feld is also in the plane of the page and directed toward the right.
What is the direction of the magnetic force on the electron? (a) toward the top of the
page (b) toward the bottom of the page (c) toward the left edge of the page (d) toward
the right edge of the page (e) upward out of the page (f) downward into the page
c Magnitude of the magnetic force
on a charged particle moving in a
magnetic feld
Figure 22.5Representations of
magnetic feld lines perpendicular to
the page.
a
b
Magnetic field lines coming
out of the paper are indicated
by dots, representing the tips
of arrows coming outward.
Magnetic field lines going
into the paper are indicated
by crosses, representing the
feathers of arrows going
inward.
B
out
S
B
in
S
THI NKI NG PHYSI CS 22.1
On a business trip to Australia, you take along your
U.S.-made compass that you used in your Boy Scout
days. Does this compass work correctly in Australia?
Reasoning Using the compass in Australia presents no
problem. The north pole of the magnet in the com-
pass will be attracted to the south magnetic pole near
the north geographic pole, just as it was in the United
States. The only difference in the magnetic feld lines
is that they have an upward component in Australia,
whereas they have a downward component in the
United States. When you hold the compass in a hori-
zontal plane, it cannot detect the vertical component of
the feld, however; it only displays the direction of the
horizontal component of the magnetic feld. b
04261_ch22_741-780.indd 747 24/11/11 2:25 PM
IxamIe 1
(from Servay & }eveu)
An electron in an old-style television picture tube
moves toward the front of the tube with a speed of
8.0 ! 10
6
m/s along the x axis. Surrounding the neck
of the tube are coils of wire that create a
magnetic field of magnitude
0.025 T, directed at an angle
of 60 to the x axis and lying in
the xy plane. Calculate the
magnetic force on the
electron.



748 CHAPTER 22
|
Magnetic Forces and Magnetic Fields
22.3
|
Motion of a Charged Particle in a Uniform
Magnetic Field
In Section 22.2, we found that the magnetic force acting on a charged particle mov-
ing in a magnetic feld is perpendicular to the particles velocity and consequently
the work done by the magnetic force on the particle is zero. Now consider the spe-
cial case of a positively charged particle moving in a uniform magnetic feld with
the initial velocity vector of the particle perpendicular to the feld. Lets assume
the direction of the magnetic feld is into the page as in Active Figure 22.7. As the
particle changes the direction of its velocity in response to the magnetic force, the
magnetic force remains perpendicular to the velocity. As we found in Section 5.2, if
the force is always perpendicular to the velocity, the path of the particle is a circle!
Active Figure 22.7 shows the particle moving in a circle in a plane perpendicular to
the magnetic feld. Although magnetism and magnetic forces may be new and unfa-
miliar to you now, we see a magnetic effect that results in something with which we
are familiar: the particle in uniform circular motion!
The particle moves in a circle because the magnetic force F
:
B
is perpendicular
to v
:
and B
:
and has a constant magnitude qvB. As Active Figure 22.7 illustrates, the
rotation is counterclockwise for a positive charge in a magnetic feld directed into
the page. If q were negative, the rotation would be clockwise. We use the particle
under a net force model to write Newtons second law for the particle:
S
F 5 F
B
5 ma
Because the particle moves in a circle, we also model it as a particle in uniform circu-
lar motion and we replace the acceleration with centripetal acceleration:
F
B
5 qvB 5
mv
2
r
This expression leads to the following equation for the radius of the circular path:
r 5
mv
qB
22.3
b
r
q
q
q
v
S
v
S
v
S
F
B
S
F
B
S
F
B
S
B
in
S

The magnetic force F

B
acting on
the charge is always directed
toward the center of the circle.
S
Active Figure 22.7 When the ve-
locity of a charged particle is perpen-
dicular to a uniform magnetic feld,
the particle moves in a circular path
in a plane perpendicular to B
:
.
Exampl e 22.1
|
An Electron Moving in a Magnetic Field
An electron in an old-style television picture tube moves toward the front of the tube
with a speed of 8.0 3 10
6
m/s along the x axis (Fig. 22.6). Surrounding the neck of the
tube are coils of wire that create a magnetic feld of magnitude 0.025T, directed at an
angle of 608 to the x axis and lying in the xy plane. Calculate the magnetic force on the
electron.
SOLUTION
Conceptualize Recall that the magnetic force on a charged particle is perpendicular to the
plane formed by the velocity and magnetic feld vectors. Use one of the right-hand rules in
Figure 22.4 to convince yourself that the direction of the force on the electron is downward
in Figure 22.6.
Categorize We evaluate the magnetic force using an equation developed in this section, so
we categorize this example as a substitution problem.
z
x
60
y
B
S
F
B
S
v
S
e
Figure 22.6 (Example
22.1) The magnetic force F
:
B

acting on the electron is in
the negative z direction when
v
:
and B
:
lie in the xy plane.
Use Equation 22.2 to fnd the magnitude of the magnetic
force:
F
B
5 |q|vB sin
5 (1.6 3 10
219
C)(8.0 3 10
6
m/s)(0.025 T)(sin 608)
5 2.8 3 10
214
N
For practice using the vector product, evaluate this force in vector notation using Equation 22.1.
04261_ch22_741-780.indd 748 24/11/11 2:25 PM
Molion of a Charged IarlicIe in
a Uniform Magnelic IieId
Charged particles in a uniform magnetic field
execute uniform circular
motion with radius:


r =
mv
qB
Molion of a Charged IarlicIe in
a Uniform Magnelic IieId
The angular speed of the particle is
The period of the
motion is


! =
v
r
=
qB
m

T =
2!
"
=
2!m
qB
IxamIe 2
(from Servay & }eveu)
In an experiment designed to measure
the magnitude of a uniform magnetic
field, electrons are accelerated from rest through a
potential difference of 350 V and then enter a uniform
magnetic field that is perpendicular to the velocity
vector of the electrons. The electrons travel along a
curved path because of the magnetic force exerted on
them, and the radius of the path is measured to be
7.5 cm.
(a) What is the magnitude of the magnetic field?
(b) What is the angular speed of the electrons?

The LorenL Iorce

The total force on a charged particle moving

in a region with both an electric and a
magnetic field is

!
F = q
!
E+ q
!
v !
!
B
In a velocity selector (see figure), the magnitudes of the
electric and magnetic fields are chosen so that
qE = qvB, the charged particle experiences
zero net force and moves in a straight
vertical line through the region of the
fields. A certain velocity selector
consists of electric and magnetic
fields described by the expressions
E = Ek and B = Bj with B = 15.0 mT.
Find the value of E such that a 750-eV
electron moving in the negative x
direction is undeflected.


IxamIe 3
(from Servay & }eveu)
The Mass Seclromeler

Separates particles
according to their
mass/charge ratio.
Used on many
spacecraft measuring
the radiation environment
in Earth orbit.
The Mass Seclromeler:
Thomson's Ixerimenl
IarlicIe Molion in
Iarlh's Magnelic IieId
A magnetic mirror force acts on particles that move
from smaller to larger magnetic field, reflecting
them back along the magnetic field line.
The larger the pitch angle of the
particle (the angle between the
particles velocity vector and
the magnetic field), the more
effective this force.
Small pitch angle particles
sneak through
The Aurora oreaIis

aa
Magnelic IIux

Magnetic flux through a surface is defined as

!
B
=
!
B" d
!
A
#
Magnelic IIux

Gauss's Lav for Magnelism

Since there are no magnetic monopoles, the

total magnetic flux through a closed surface
is always zero.

!
B
=
!
B" d
!
A
"#
= 0
A rectangular loop of width a and length b is
located near a long wire
carrying current I. The
distance between the wire
and the closest side of the
loop is c. The wire is parallel
to the long side of the loop.
Find the total magnetic flux
through the loop due to the
current in the wire.

IxamIe 4
(from Servay & }eveu)
Magnelic Iorce on a
Currenl-Carrying Conduclor
The magnetic force on the wire is due to the sum
of the individual magnetic forces on the charged
particles.
Magnelic Iorce on a
Currenl-Carrying Conduclor
The magnetic force on a straight wire is given by
For a wire of arbitrary shape,

!
F
B
= I
!
" !
!
B

d
!
F
B
= Id
!
" !
!
B

!
F
B
= I d
!
" !
!
B
a
b
"
IxamIe 5
(from Servay & }eveu)
A wire having a mass per unit length of
0.500 g/cm carries a 2.00-A current horizontally
to the south. What are
(a) the direction and
(b) the magnitude of the minimum magnetic field
needed to lift this wire vertically upward?
IxamIe 6
(from GiancoIi)
A 2.0-m-long wire carries a current of 8.2 A and
is immersed in a uniform magnetic field B.
When this wire lies along the +x axis, a magnetic
force F =(2.5 N)j acts on the wire, and when it
lies on the +y axis, the force is
F = (2.5 N)i (5.0 N)k. Find B.
IxamIe 7
(from Servay & }eveu)
A wire bent into a semicircle of radius R forms a
closed circuit and carries a current I. The wire lies in
the xy plane, and a uniform magnetic field is
directed along the positive
y axis as in the figure.
Find the magnitude and
direction of the magnetic
force acting on the
straight portion of the
wire and on the curved
portion.
Iorce and Torque
on a Currenl Loo
The torque on a current
loop in a magnetic field
is



! = NIABsin"
In vector form,




where



is the magnetic dipole moment of the loop.

Iorce and Torque
on a Currenl Loo

!
! I
!
A

!
! = I
!
A"
!
B =
!
"
!
B
IolenliaI Inergy of a
Loo-Magnelic IieId Syslem

U
B
= !
!
"
!
B = !Bcos#
The potential energy of a system with a current-
carrying loop placed in a magnetic field is given
by



o Lowest potential energy when and B are in the same direction.
o Highest potential energy when and B are oppositely directed.

IxamIe 8
(from Servay & }eveu)
A rectangular coil of dimensions 5.40 cm ! 8.50
cm consists of 25 turns of wire and carries a
current of 15.0 mA. A 0.350-T magnetic field is
applied parallel to the plane of the coil.
(a) Calculate the magnitude of the magnetic
dipole moment of the coil.
(b) What is the magnitude of the torque acting on
the loop?

IxamIe 9
(from Servay & }eveu)
Consider the loop of wire shown in
Figure (a). Imagine it is pivoted along
side 4, which is parallel to the z axis
and fastened so that side 4 remains
fixed and the rest of the loop hangs
vertically in the gravitational field of
the Earth but can rotate around side 4
[Fig. (b)]. The mass of the loop is
50.0 g, and the sides are of lengths
a = 0.200 m and b = 0.100 m.
IxamIe 9, conl.
(from Servay & }eveu)
The loop carries a current of 3.50 A and is immersed
in a vertical uniform magnetic field of magnitude
0.0100 T in the positive y direction [Fig. (c)]. What
angle does the plane
of the loop make with
the vertical?