Ebony and Ivy: Slaverys Grip in Americas Universities Works Cited Primary Sources Amherst College Anti-Slavery Society.

N.d. Photograph.

Lily Eisen and Sarah Jacob

These photographs of primary documents really helped us to see the one of the first times students showed strong resistance towards the administration. The documents also describe reparations that will be take toward former slaves.

Birds-Eye View of Tower Hill. N.d. Illustration. Drawing of a birds-eye view of the campus of William and Mary. This primary illustration gave us a better idea of what a college campus looked like in the early nineteenth century and how slaves would have fit in.

Brown, Chandos Michael. Benjamin Silliman: A Life in the Young Republic. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1989. Print. Gives perspective of a college professor, Benjamin Silliman, at Yale and his recollections of growing up with his family owning slaves. Important to have the narrative of a white male and his thoughts on slavery at this time.

Clarkson, Thomas. Drawing of African Slave Ship. N.d. Illustration. Primary document that appeared in Thomas Clarksons 1808 book The History of the Rise, Progress, & Accomplishment of the Abolition of the African Slave-trade by the British Parliament. Contributed insight on what a typical slave ship would look like at the time and how closely confined slaves were when they were in transit.

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Common-Place. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Jan. 2014. <http://www.common-place.org/vol-01/no04/slavery/bontemps.shtml>. This website contributed several primary paintings that showed the intimate relationship slave masters often had with their slaves. These powerful visuals help further the message of our project onto viewers.

The Growth of the Cotton Industry in America. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Print. This primary source gave us background on the cotton industry and the money reaped from it. Also shows the relationship between the cotton industry and the institution of slavery.

Laws of Virginia. N.d. Photograph. The Statutes at Large; Being a Collection of all the Laws of Virginia, from the First Session of the Legislature, in the Year 1619, hold the 1705 Virginia Slave Code. Photograph of document was included in a slideshow describing the timeline of slavery in America.

S165009: Governors Messages. South Carolina Department of Archives & History. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Dec. 2013. <http://www.archivesindex.sc.gov/onlinearchives/ViewImage.aspx?imageNumber=S165 009119500000000e.jpg&recordId=284698>.

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Documented in this letter is the request for the purchase of a slave on the South Carolina College campus. The need for a slave was justified by the the idea that such a presence would positively attribute to college life.

Smith, Baxter Perry. The History of Dartmouth College. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Print. This primary source provides a range of information and history on Harvard University, and explains many of the schools founders. Also the development and slave interaction is depicted in this source.

South Carolina College. N.d. Illustration. Illustration of a slave walking around South Carolina University campus. Shows how integrated slaves were into the college campus. Also gave us a clearer image of how prevalent slaves were on campus.

South Carolina University Map. N.d. Illustration. This map of South Carolina University shows how close slave living quarters were in relation to the college campus. This gave us an idea of how close slaves resided to this college.

US Const. art. IV, sec. 2. Print. The Thirteenth Amendment, passed in 1865 abolished slavery in the United States. This was when universities who had previously participated in the utilization of slaves began to fight for the rights of former slaves.

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Wadsworth, Benjamin. The Well-ordered Family (1712). N.p.: Buttolph, 1712. Microform. This book provides first hand knowledge of the American family structure in relation to slavery. Also the intricate relationship of slave and master is described in the areas around and on campus of the universities.

Wilder, Craig Steven. Personal interview. N.d. NPR Interview with Craig Steven Wilder. Informs us on how colleges stripped slaves of their rights and used them for labor on campus. A clip will be put on our website.

- - -. Personal interview. N.d. Goes in depth about his new book, Ebony and Ivy: Race, Slavery, and the Troubled Past of Americas Universities. Talks about the shift from exploiting slavery and then fighting for slaves rights later. Got useful quotes from this interview.

Yale, Slavery & Abolition. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 Jan. 2014. <http://www.yaleslavery.org/Endowments/e2schol.html>. This website gave us many important quotes from past Yale professors and their opinions on slavery as well as important visuals that played a crucial role in our website.

Youtube. Brown University, n.d. Web. 10 Dec. 2013. <https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLTiEffrOcz_5byifBuwlZrNhR1igDWcCj>.

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In a series of interviews, videos and pictures Brown looks deep into its past to address the issue of slave and the argument of reparations. Given is insight into the impact of these discoveries and the overall feelings of those effected.

Secondary Sources Bayor, Ronald H. Race and Ethnicity in America: A Concise History. New York: Columbia UP, 2003. Print. A walk through history and narrative about slaves and indentured servants in the Chesapeake area as well as a brief narrative on William and Mary college. Gave us perspective on what William and Mary was like when it was first an institution and how it grew with slavery.

Beckert, Sven, Katherine Stevens, and The students of the Harvard and Slavery Research Seminar. Harvard and Slavery Seeking a Forgotten History. N.p.: n.p., 2011. Print. This book depicts the feelings of remorse and regret that have been brought to life with the look into Harvards past and its entanglement with slavery. It sheds light on the true past of the university and the contemporary viewpoints.

Brophy, Alfred L. Reparations: Pro and Con. N.p.: Oxford UP, 2006. Print. Giving a complete description of reparations and shows the argument over the need to give back to the slaves who were exploited throughout the United States history. The book is a valuable historical and legal perspective for both ends of the spectrum on this controversial topic.

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Butler, Jon. Becoming America: The Revolution before 1776. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 2000. Print. Provides a background on our specific time period. Also shows the evolution of American education and ideas relatable to our topic. Has good quotes and pictures that will contribute to our website.

Dwelley, Jedediah, and John F. Simmons. History of the Town of Hanover Massachusetts with Family Genealogies. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Print. Explores the town of Hanover, New Hampshire history. Offers some narrative on slavery in the town. Gives some background on Dartmouths relationship with slavery.

Fisher, George P. Life of Benjamin Silliman. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Print. Narrative of the life of Benjamin Silliman, a Yale Professor. Looks through the eyes of a professor and his views and thoughts of slavery. Grew up with slaves.

Harvard Gazette. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Jan. 2014. Like Brown University, Harvard also began to delve into their past and explore their relationship with slavery. Similarly to Brown, they found that the University did have intimate ties with slavery and recently began to take action. This article especially contributed to our legacy page, explaining what actions are being taken to day in light of these ties being discovered.

Ebony and Ivy: Slaverys Grip in Americas Universities Ivy and Shackles. Democracy Now. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 Jan. 2014.

Lily Eisen and Sarah Jacob

Interview with author Craig Steven Wilder. We were able to extract and utilize many clips from this video and learned a lot from what the author had to say about his book and his extensive knowledge on our topic.

Klein, Herbert S. A Population History of the United States. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2004. Print. This source shows the change and growth of the United States populations including the slave population. Also gives populations of slaves in and around the university campuses during our time period.

The Nation. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Dec. 2013. <http://www.thenation.com/article/peculiarresponsibility-colleges-and-universities-grapple-their-ties-slavery#>. American Universities, having recently been exposed as having a relationship with the institution of slavery have trouble admitting their past. Struggle with admitting that their relationship was beneficiary and gave them opportunities.

Report of Commission on Memorials. Brown University. Brown University, Mar. 2009. Web. 10 Dec. 2013. <http://www.brown.edu/Research/Slavery_Justice/documents/memorials.pdf>. This article provides the history of slaves on campus and the actions of which have taken place throughout Browns history. Moreover, explained are the resources and groups

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involved in the search for justice and a clear understanding of the use of slaves on campus.

Slavery and Justice. Brown University. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Nov. 2013. <http://brown.edu/Research/Slavery_Justice/documents/SlaveryAndJustice.pdf>. Report on Browns relationship with slave trade back then and how it has affected the university today. Gives good explanation on how slavery was utilized by this university. Adds to the NPR article.

Slavery in the United States. Map. PBS. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 Jan. 2014. <http://www.pbs.org/kcet/andrewjackson/features/galleries/slavery/gallery.html?id=portr aits>. Interactive map that fit into our time period. Helped us convey an accurate timeline of slavery in the United States to our audience. Helped us gain a better understanding of the evolution of slavery.

Smith, Baxter Perry. The History of Dartmouth College. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Print. Extensive history of Dartmouth college. Provides some information of Dartmouths involvement with the slave trade. Also gives good background on the university. Snider, William D. Light on the Hill: A History of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Chapel Hill: U of North Carolina P, 2004. Print.

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Depicts a history of one of the countries first universities to open to students. Moreover, this book describes the condition and event of the college during the times of slavery and civil war. Crucial information to our time period.

University of South Carolina. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Dec. 2013. <http://library.sc.edu/digital/slaveryscc/campus-slaves--slavery.html>. Valuable source in terms of all of the ground it covers. Talks about South Carolina Universitys relationship with the slave trade and how the college was practically built all by slave labor. Quotes and pictures are also taken from this source.

Wiencek, Henry. An Imperfect God: George Washington, His Slaves, and the Creation of America. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2003. Print. Depicts the life and slave holdings of one of our most revered presidents. This helps show and relate the prominent hypocrisy revolving around slavery.

Wilder, Craig Steven. Ebony & Ivy: Race, Slavery, and The Troubled History of Americas Universities. New York: Bloomsbury Press, 2013. Print. Gives a wide range of history on specific universities and explores individuals stories as well as the lasting impact of slavery. Provides lots of primary sources such as documents and letters written during the time period.