Adapted from L. Miriello by S.

Sharp

AP Biology Chapter 6 Guided Reading Assignment

Name _________________________

1. What is resolving power and why is it important in biology?

2. How does an electron microscope work and what is the difference between a scanning and transmission electron microscope? Electron microscopes uses a beam of electrons to magnify. An electron beam has a shorter wavelength than (visible) light, and it allows the viewing of something as small as a carbon atom. An SEM scans the whole object, and displays it in 3D, while a TEM is used for 2D viewing on a screen or film. 3. Describe the process and purpose of cell fractionation. Cell fractionation takes the cell apart and separates the major organelles through the use of a centrifuge. It is a three-step process. 1. Homogenization- This is the removal of the biological and organic molecules of the cells. The cell is homogenized in order to ensure no change takes place. 2. Filtration- This is the filtering out of the macro molecules in the cell. This step is not always necessary. 3. Purification- The final step involves the use of a centrifuge in order to organize the organelles by density. 4. Label the prokaryotic cell below list structure and function.

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Adapted from L. Miriello by S. Sharp

5. Why is surface area to volume such an important concept as it applies to the size of a cell? Size and function are related. More size means the surface area:volume ratio increases. More surface area leads to more diffusion and osmosis, and cells are only equipped to handle so much. 6. For each of the structures below note the specific structure and the function of the organelle or part of the organelle. The important concept is to note how the specific structure allows for the specific function to be accomplished. a. Nucleus The center of the cell. Home to DNA i. Nuclear envelope The nuclear envelope envelops the nucleus. It has a double membrane, and is covered in pores to allow entrance to specific substances. ii. Nuclear lamina Nuclear lamina are proteins that hold the nucleus in its proper shape. iii. Chromosomes Chromosomes are packets of DNA. Humans have 23 pairs, 46 total. iv. Chromatin Chromatin makes up chromosomes. Is not visible unless a cell is dividing. v. Nucleolus The nucleolus is the center of the nucleus that holds the majority of the genes. b. Ribosomes Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis. They are made of DNA and protein, and their amount varies by cell type. c. Endoplasmic reticulum The ER is an interconnected group of membrane vesicles. It is the packaging system i. Smooth ER The Smooth ERs surface has no ribosomes. It metabolizes carbohydrates, detoxifies drugs and poisons, and is involved in the creation of lipids ii. Rough ER The Rough ER has ribosomes on its surface. It synthesizes proteins and sends them out of the cell via transport vesicles d. Golgi Apparatus The Golgi Apparatus works in tandem with the ER. It packages the proteins with secretory vesicles, and usually adds sugar to the proteins. (glycosylation)

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Adapted from L. Miriello by S. Sharp

e. Lysosomes Lysosomes contain lots of high pH enzymes. If an organelle is damaged, the lysosomes will absorb it and recycle it. If too many lysosomes are broken, cells can destroy themselves f. Vacuoles The vacuole is a large organelle present in all plants and fungi, and occasionally in other life forms. i. Food Food vacuoles fuse with lysosomes so that the food they absorb can be digested. ii. Contractile Contractile vacuoles pump water out of the cell, in order to maintain homeostasis. iii. Central w/tonoplast Tonoplasts are inside the vacuoles membrane. The central vacuole develops smaller vacuoles, g. Endomembrane system overall The endomembrane system is the membranes of a eukaryotic cell. It is responsible for multiple things, including the transport of lipids and proteins, as well as the cells storage. h. Mitochondria The mitochondria is the cells power plant. It produces ATP, the cells source of energy. i. Mitochondrial matrix The fluid inside the mitochondria. This is where cellular respiration takes place. ii. Cristae The inward foldings of the mitochondria. They are covered in proteins, and increase the area in which cellular respiration occurs. i. Plastids A group of similar plant organelles. i. Amyloplast Plastids with no color, generally rods or tubes, they store starch ii. Chromoplast Contain chlorophyll, as well as the different colored pigments for flowers + fruit. iii. Chloroplast These are only found in plant cells. They are the sight of photosynthesis. 1. thylakoids Flattened sacs inside chloroplast. They convert solar energy into chemical energy.

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Adapted from L. Miriello by S. Sharp

2. stroma The fluid inside the chloroplast that surrounds the thylakoids. j. peroxisomes A specialized organelle for metabolic functions. Produces hydrogen peroxide, among other things. k. cytoskeleton pay careful attention to the details in this section Fibers that are throughout the cytoplasm. It helps organize the cells activity. Composed of microtubules, microfilaments, and immediate filaments. i. microtubules Hollow tubes that maintain the cells shape, and regulate cell/organelle movement. 1. centrosomes and centrioles centrosomes are near the nucleus, and have microtubules growing out of them. Theyre in charge of resistance and compression. Centriole- 9 sets of 3 microtubules. Important in cell division. 2. cilia and flagella include basal body cilia- many short hairlike structures, they move like oars. flagella- long hairlike structures, very few of them. They move together. basal body- the base that cilia and flagella grow from, located on centrioles 3. dynein walking A large protein that allows cilia and flagella movement through ATP. ii. microfilaments -present in all eukayotic cells -help maintain cell shape -transport materials across cell membrane. 1. actin protein in the cell, used in muscle contraction, cell division, and cell movement. 2. myosin protein that acts as a motor, many arms walk along actin in order to cause the cell to contract. 3. pseudopodia Expands and contracts through actin being made into microfilaments. 4. cytoplasmic streaming flow of cytoplasm within the cell, generally circular, speeds transport of materials. iii. intermediate filaments cytoskeletal components, very large.

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Adapted from L. Miriello by S. Sharp

l.

Cell walls only had by plant cells. Wall-like structure on the outside of the membrane i. Primary cell wall Located outside the membrane, it is a flexible extracellular matrix. ii. Middle lamella Made up of pectins, which are sticky polysaccharides. It is inbetween plant cells of the same plant. iii. Secondary cell wall Comes in in adult plants, in between the primary cell wall and the membrane. It is mostly made from cellulose, and has several layers for durability and support. m. Extracellular matrix A layer outside of animal cells. Constant supply of proteins for cells. Has many glycoproteins. i. Collagen A glycoprotein that makes strong layers around a cell. ii. Proteoglycans A glycoprotein that supports collagen. Primarily comprised of sugar. iii. Fibronectin A glycoprotein that bonds E.C.M. and cell together. iv. Integrins Receptors on the cell membrane for fibronectrin to attach to. They hold the E.C.M. in place and transfer information about it to the cell. n. What are intercellular junctions and why are they important? They keep the cell locked, so that unwanted materials do not enter. Examples are tight junctions, gap junctions, and desmosomes. o. Contrast plasmodesmata, tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions.

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