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1

FEASIBILITY STUDY ON THE MUNICIPAL WASTE TREATMENT MARKET AND
NEW PRODUCT LINE EXPANSION
AUGUST 10, 2009
CONTENTS

Executive Summary.2
Introduction..........3
Geographic Territory.......3
Biosolids Quality.....6
Terminology.9
Market Potential.18
Technologies & Trends..19
Stabilization Technologies....19
Mechanical Dewatering.....21
Applications...27
Competition....31
Resources.......31
Funding Sources.........34
Marketing Plan.......37
Conclusion.....39
Appendix41
















ABBREVIATIONS USED
BDMS Biosolids Data Management System
CWNS Clean Watersheds Needs Survey
MGD - Million Gallons per Day
NPDES National Pollution Discharge Elimination System
POTWs Publicly-Owned Treatment Works
USEPA United State Environmental Protection Agency
STP Sewage Treatment Plant
SRF State Revolving Fund
ARRA American Recovery & Reinvestment Act
2

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
In the United States, the infrastructure that leads to the production of sewage sludge (also called
wastewater solids, and when treated and tested biosolids) includes 16,583 wastewater treatment
facilities, according to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Of these, the largest ~ 3,300
facilities generate more than 92% of the total quantity of wastewater solids produced in the U.S.
The treated solids biosolids removed from wastewater at these wastewater treatment facilities can be
legally used or disposed of in three ways: by application to soils (land application), by landfilling (or
surface disposal), and by incineration. The Clean Water Act (CWA) provides the legal basis for
management of biosolids nationwide, and regulations at 40 CFR Part 503 (Part 503) establish minimum
national standards that are protective of public health and the environment. Each local wastewater
treatment facility makes its own decision regarding how their solids are managed.
The Clean Watershed Needs Survey (CWNS) is considered the definitive source for primary information
on wastewater treatment plants and biosolids. It has been conducted by the USEPA every 4 Years since
1992 and is used to assist congress and state legislatures in budgeting efforts, measures environmental
progress and inform the public. The data reported below is derived from much of the 2004 report but it
should be noted the 2008 survey was completed in March of this year and is now before Congress and
should be made available by the 4
th
quarter of this year.
Data compiled from state regulatory agencies, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) offices,
individual wastewater treatment facilities, and other sources indicate that 7,180,000 dry U.S. tons of
biosolids were beneficially used or disposed in the fifty states in 2004.
Of that total, approximately 55% were applied to soils for agronomic, silviculture, and/or land restoration
purposes, or were likely stored for such use. The remaining 45% were disposed of in municipal solid
waste (MSW) landfills, surface disposal units, and/or incineration facilities.
Of the total applied to soils, most (63%) were disposed of in MSW landfills. Thirty-three percent were
processed in incinerators, while the remaining 4% were placed in biosolids-only surface disposal units.
Of the total 7,180,000 dry U.S. tons of biosolids in 2004, approximately 23% were treated to Class A
standards and almost all of that met Class A EQ standards. Another 34% were treated to Class B
standards. For the remainder (43%), there is no data (or no data was obtained) regarding whether or not it
met Class A or Class B standards. This lack of data is mostly due to the fact that wastewater solids that
are landfilled or incinerated are not generally subjected to the same stabilization, testing and reporting
requirements. Most states have additional regulatory programs that go above and beyond Part 503.





3

INTRODUCTION

1. What is the market potential for product sales to the municipal waste treatment market?
2. What biosolid treatment technologies are currently in place and what are the trends.
3. Who is the competition and who are some competitors?
4. What are the key organizations; associations and agencies to consider with affiliation?
5. What events should be attended?
6. What funding sources are available; grants, ARRA stimulus money, loans, etc.?
7. What are some ongoing tools and research studies to use?
8. What advertising and marketing strategies should be pursued to reach the market
players?

GEOGRAPHIC TERRITORY
Iowa
The Iowa Department of Natural Resources (IDNR) oversees the wastewater discharge permit program
for Municipal Sewage Treatment Plants also referred to as Publicly-Owned Treatment Works (POTWs),
Significant Industrial Users (SIUs) and Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs). There
are approximately 1,800 CAFOs and 1,691 commercial/industrial operations. However the focus
of this study is on the municipal sewage treatment facilities of which there are currently 833. Of
this total 105 or 12.6% are considered major facilities while 728 or 87.4% are considered
minor facilities. A major plant is considered >1.0 MGD (million gallons of daily waste flow).

City Demographics for the State of Iowa
Cities > 70K population (4);
Des Moines (metropolitan area)
Cedar Rapids (metropolitan area)
Davenport/Bettendorf
Sioux City
Cities >10K<70K population (23)
Waterloo, Iowa City, Council Bluff, Dubuque, Ames, Ankeny, Cedar Falls, Mason City,
Clinton, Burlington, Fort Dodge, Marshalltown, Muscatine, Coralville, Newton, Indianola
Boone, Fort Madison, Keokuk, Spencer, Oskaloosa, Carroll, Storm Lake
Cities 1K - 10K population (252)
Cities <1K population (554)
The 2009 Iowa discharge permit profile table of municipal waste treatment facilities (document
A) and map (document B) are located in the appendix of this report.
National Infrastructure
In the U.S., the infrastructure that leads to production of sewage sludge (also called wastewater
solids, and when treated, biosolids) includes an estimated 16,583 Treatment Works Treating
Domestic Sewage (TWTDS)! The vast majority of these treatment facilities are small: 13,261
treat wastewater flows equal to or less than 1 million gallons per day (MGD) see Table 1. That
leaves 3,322 that treat flows greater than 1 MGD, of which only 551 treat flows greater than 10
MGD. USEPA uses a rough estimate that a population of 10,000 people accounts for 1 MGD of
4

flow.
Table 1



0.000 -to- 0.100 6.830 298 (0.9%)
0.101 -to- 1.000 6,431 2,327 (6.9%)
1.001 -to- 10.000 2,771 8.766 (26.1%)
10.001 -to- 100.000 503 13,233 (39.3%)
100.001 and greater 41 9,033 (26.8%)
Other 7 -
TOTAL 16,583 33,657 (100.0%)




Thus, the 13,261 smallest TWTDS considered minors by USEPA are in relatively small
communities. These small TWTDS manage their wastewater solids in ways that are not
necessarily represented by how larger TWTDS manage them. For example, minor (</= 1 MGD)
facilities will often:

store solids in wastewater or sludge lagoons that are only cleaned out every 5-20 years:
utilize the lowest-cost and least-hassle method for managing solids, such as landfilling
and/or
transport unrelated solids to larger TWTDS for treatment
These smaller facilities treat only 8% of the total flow (MGD) and use or dispose of the same
small or even lesser- percentage of solids. These solids are insignificant on national, regional
and state scales. Many likely become part of larger TWTDS solids production, but most cannot
be easily counted on a state or national scale and these may not be included in the data.
It is the ~ 3,300 TWTDS with flows greater than 1 MGD and especially the ~550 over 10
MGD that are most significant for understanding each states biosolids management situation
and the national picture. Facilities treating more than 1MGD treat 93% of existing flow and,
given the significant correlation between flow and solids production, an equivalently high
percentage of wastewater solids production, end use and disposal. In 2004, 49% of U.S.
wastewater solids were beneficially used (applied to land for agronomic, silvicultural, or land
restoration purposes), while 45% were disposed. (Table2, Figures 2). Another 6% were stored, or
their final use or disposal was not reported. However, the following key factor applies; it is likely
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3

that most of the 6% other was also destined for beneficial uses (application to land). This
means that the rate of beneficial use of biosolids tracked in 2004 was probably close to 55%.


Agricultural uses of biosolids dominate the beneficial use practices (Figure 3). Most of this is
traditional Class B land application, but a good portion is Class A at least 613,000 dry U.S.
tons. The distribution of Class A exceptional Quality (EQ) biosolids makes up one quarter of
the U.S. total and includes significant amounts of biosolids compost and heat-dried pellet
fertilizer.










6

Reclamation the use of biosolids to improve disturbed or marginal soils and lands (e.g. mine
lands) requires relatively large amounts of biosolids per acre of land, but only 3% of
beneficially used biosolids are land applied for this purpose. Some biosolids that were specified
as having been applied to rangeland are included in the forestland category: clearly,
silvicultural uses of biosolids are limited.
Most U.S. wastewater solids that are not applied to soils go to municipal solid (MSW) landfills
(Figure 4 ). The 63% landfilled reported here for 2004 includes some that was used as alternative
daily cover. Disposition of wastewater solids by incineration (thermal oxidation) predominates in
a few densely populated states (e.g. Connecticut, Rhode Island) and manages large volumes of
solids in several other states (e.g. Anchorage, Cleveland and Indianapolis). In 2004 there were
234 operating incinerators in the U.S. Dedicated surface disposal units, also known as monofills,
handle only a small percentage of the nations wastewater solids.

BIOSOLIDS QUALITY
National Data Regarding Class A, Class B
The land application of sludge is regulated by the state which requires sludge to be treated before its use.
There are two ways to treat sludge: pretreatment, which prevents pollutants such as PCBs and metals
from entering the sewer drains; and treatment at the wastewater facility for organisms that cause disease.
Sludge is classified as either Class A or Class B, depending on the type of treatment it has received.
Class A sludge has benefited from both pretreatment and treatment at the wastewater facility. The
pathogens in Class A biosolids cannot exceed certain levels set by the EPA.
Standards for Class B sludge are less stringent, and their use is therefore more regulated. A landowner
who wishes to use Class B sludge as an alternative to conventional fertilizers must apply to the state
governing agency to register the site. Among other items, the application requires information on the type
of land, the amount of buffer zones, and the type of soil. The applicant must also provide information
7

from the wastewater treatment facility on the type of pollutants and pathogens in the sludge, and
calculations of nutrient needs for the crops. The use of Class B sludge on land has been criticized by the
Center for Disease Control and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. A landowner
using Class A sludge does not have to register his land.

As of the 2004 survey, little overall change had occurred nationwide since the late 1990s in the rate of
biosolids recycling to soils, and half of state biosolids coordinators reported that the amounts of biosolids
applied to soils were not increasing in their states. However, the 2008 survey may reveal some new
findings due to costs, regulations and environmental concerns

For a large percentage of wastewater solids (2,903,000) dry U.S. tons or 43%), there is no data
(or no data was obtained) regarding whether or not it met Class A or Class B standards.
This lack of data is mostly due to the fact that wastewater solids that are landfilled or incinerated
are not generally subjected to the same stabilization, testing, and reporting requirements. It
should be noted that there are some YWTDS that produce Class A biosolids (e.g. heat dried
pellets) that are burned in incinerators and can provide an energy recovery benefit.

Of the remaining 57% of biosolids for which quality data were available for 2004, 60%
(2,273,000 dry U.S. tons) were Class B and 40% (1,532,000 dry U.S. tons) were Class A.
Almost all of the Class A biosolids met the Exceptional Quality (EQ) criteria.

Table 2 State-by-State Population, Wastewater, and Total Solids Used / Disposed in 2004.
8


9

TERMINOLOGY

Advanced Treatment
A level of wastewater treatment more stringent than secondary treatment; requires an 85-percent
reduction in conventional pollutant concentration or a significant reduction in nonconventional
pollutants.

Advanced Wastewater Treatment
Any treatment of sewage that goes beyond the secondary or biological water treatment stage and
includes the removal of nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen and a high percentage of
suspended solids. (See primary, secondary treatment).

Primary Waste Treatment
First steps in wastewater treatment; screens and sedimentation tanks are used to remove most
materials that float or will settle. Primary treatment results in the removal of about 30 percent of
carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand from domestic sewage.

Secondary treatment
In sewage treatment, either the aerobic or anaerobic decomposition of sewage following the
removal of nondegradable objects by primary treatment. Generally, a level of treatment that
removes 85 per cent of BOD and suspended solids. Also called biological treatment, referring to
the treatment of sewage to a stage where the pollutants (settle able, colloidal and dissolved) are
removed biologically by the action of microorganisms.
Water exiting secondary treatment will still carry nitrogen, phosphorus, heavy metals, pathogens,
and bacteria. For further removal of pollutants the water is transported to a tertiary treatment
system and disinfection. There are a variety of secondary treatment processes; the following are
conventional processes used by treatment plants:
Activated sludge
Trickling filter
Oxidation ponds


llgure 1: AcLlve Sludge
llgure 2 1rlckllng lllLer:
llgure 3 CxldaLlon
10

Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
A measure of the oxygen required to break down organic materials in water using biological
means. The amount of oxygen required to oxidize any organic matter present in a water during a
specified period of time, usually 5 days. It is an indirect measure of the amount of organic matter
present in a water. Used to monitor natural waters and processed effluents discharged into
natural waters.

Activated Sludge Process
A biological treatment process in which a mixture of sewage and activated sludge is agitated and
aerated. The activated sludge is subsequently separated from the treated sewage by settlement
and may be re-used. A common method of disposing of pollutants in wastewaters.

In the process, large quantities of air are bubbled through wastewaters that contain dissolved
organic substances in open aeration tanks. Oxygen is required by bacteria and other types of
microorganisms present in the system to live, grow, and multiply in order to consume the
dissolved organic "food", or pollutants in the waste. After several hours in a large holding tank,
the water is separated from the sludge of bacteria and discharged from the system. Most of the
activated sludge is returned to the treatment process, while-the remainder is disposed of by one
of several accepted methods.

Aeration
The act of mixing a liquid with air (oxygen). Intimate contact of the atmosphere and water to add
air (oxygen) to the water. The term is also applied to gas stripping where an undesirable gas is
removed from the water.

Aerobic
Aerobic reaction conditions require that O2 is present in solution. Under aerobic conditions, the
bacteria generate energy from the organic substrate by oxidising it. The O2 acts as an electron
acceptor in this oxidation-redaction reaction.

(i) Having molecular oxygen as a part of the environment. (ii) Growing only in the presence of
molecular oxygen, as in aerobic organisms. (iii) Occurring only in the presence of molecular
oxygen, as in certain chemical or biochemical processes such as aerobic respiration.

Anaerobic biological treatment
Any waste treatment process utilizing anaerobic or facultative organisms in the absence of air to
reduce the organic matter in water.

Anaerobic waste treatment (sludge processing)
Waste stabilization brought about through the action of microorganisms in the absence of air or
elemental oxygen.

Beneficial use
The term beneficial use refers to biosolids that are applied to soils to take advantage of the
nutrients and organic matter they contain. Also any application of sludge on land specifically
designed to take advantage of the nutrient and other characteristics of the material to improve
11

soil fertility or structure and therefore further some natural resource management objective.
Other synonymous expressions include, end use, biosolids recycling, and biosolids
recycling to soils.

Biomass
A mass or clump of living organisms feeding on the wastes in wastewater, dead organisms and
other debris.

Bioreactor
A facility which uses microorganisms to degrade water-based contaminants.

Biosolids
The semi-solid end product of wastewater treatment. Organic solid product suitable for
beneficial use used esp. as fertilizer resulting from processing the sludge produced by sewage
treatment processes. The term biosolids is in widespread use amongst water quality
professionals in North America. Its generally accepted definitions refer to agricultural uses or
land application

BOD
BOD is the biochemical oxygen demand of the wastewater (mg/l). The BOD is obtained from
closed batch tests which operate for a number of days. BOD
5
(five day biochemical oxygen
demand[2]) that pass through the primary treatment stage. All secondary treatment systems use a
biological process to break down organic matter.

Chemical conditioning
Mixing chemicals with a sludge prior to dewatering to improve the solids separation
characteristics. Typical conditioners include polyelectrolytes, iron salts, and lime.

Clarification
Any process or combination of processes whose primary purpose is to reduce the concentration
of suspended matter in a liquid; formerly used as a synonym for settling or sedimentation. In
recent years, the latter terms are preferred to describe settling processes.

Clarifier
The clarifier, or secondary settler, is a large vessel or tank where the activated sludge solids are
separated from the mixed liquor by gravity settling. Any large circular or rectangular
sedimentation tank used to remove settleable solids in water or wastewater. A special type of
clarifier, called an upflow clarifier, uses flotation rather than sedimentation to remove solids.

Combined sewer
A sewer intended to receive both wastewater and stormwater.

Contact stabilization
A wastewater treatment plant in which there are two tanks, one for the adsorption of organic
matter onto the suspended solids and another for oxidation of the adsorbed materials.

12

Decomposition of wastewater
(1) The breakdown of organic matter in wastewater by bacterial action, either aerobic or
anaerobic.

(2) Chemical or biological transformation of organic or inorganic materials contained in
wastewater.

Dewater
(1) To extract a portion of the water present in a sludge or slurry.

(2) To drain or remove water from an enclosure. A structure may be dewatered so that it can be
inspected or repaired.

Digester
A tank or other vessel for the storage and anaerobic or aerobic decomposition of organic matter
in sludge.

Digestion
(1) The biological decomposition of the organic matter in sludge, resulting in partial liquefaction,
mineralization, and volume reduction.

(2) The process carried out in a digester.

Disposal
Refers to disposition of solids in ways that do not take advantage of the soil-enriching qualities
this includes incineration, landfilling and surface disposal.

Domestic wastewater
Wastewater derived principally from nonindustrial sources (e.g., dwellings, business buildings,
institutions, etc.).

Extended aeration
The extended aeration process is a type of secondary (biological) treatment.It is a modification of
the conventional activated sludge process and
operates in the endogenous phase of growth, in which there is not enough food remaining in the
system to support all of the microorganisms present.
The microorganisms are aerated and suspended within the sewage, where aerobic degradation of
the pollutants takes place. Residence time is of the
order of 24 hours compared to around 6 hours in conventional activated sludge tanks.

F/M Ratio
The food to microorganism ratio uaed to provide a broad indication of the amount of
biodegradable material (or load) entering the treatment plant, as a function of time. Since BOD is
used as one of the parameters and the term M is based upon the MLVSS or mixed liquor volatile
suspended solids, F/M is usually an historical measure rather than a control parameter. Similarly
13

F/M determination would usually be subject to significant error and variability particularly over
changes of sludge age.

Filtered wastewater
Wastewater that has passed through a mechanical filtering process.

Filtration
A process whereby suspended and (some) colloidal matter is removed from water and
wastewater by passage through a granular medium. A treatment process for removing solid
(particulate) matter from water by passing the water through porous media such as sand or a
man-made filter.

Final effluent
The effluent from the final treatment unit of a wastewater treatment plant.

Final sedimentation
The separation of solids from wastewater in the last settling tank of a treatment plant.

Fresh sludge
Sludge in which decomposition is little advanced.

Gallons per day (gpd)
A unit of measurement for the flow rate of water, wastewater, or other liquid.

Gallons per minute (gpm)
A unit of measurement for the flow rate of water, wastewater, or other liquid.

Industrial wastewater
Wastewater derived from industrial sources or processes.

Lagoon
In wastewater treatment, a large earthen basin used for extended aeration processes or to hold
excess influent during high-flow episodes.

Mechanical Aeration
(1) Mixing, by mechanical means, of wastewater and activated sludge in the biological reactor of
the activated-sludge process to bring fresh surfaces of liquid into contact with the atmosphere.

(2) The introduction of atmospheric oxygen into a liquid by the mechanical action of paddle,
paddle wheel, spray, or turbine mechanisms.

Membrane filtration (MF)1
Techniques such as microfiltration, nanofiltration and reverse osmosis used in tertiary treatment
processes to produce high-grade effluents for specific purposes.


14

Membrane filtration (MF)2
The use of a non-absorbent porous membrane to trap particles (including bacteria) which allow
the water to filter through. It is a technique used to enumerate low numbers of bacteria in water
by concentration the cells on the filters surface where they may be grown to form visible
countable colonies. Pore sizes commonly employed are of 0.22 and 0.45 microns diameter

Microfiltration
The process of passing wastewater through porous membranes in the form of sheets or tubes to
remove suspended and particulate material. Pore sizes can be very small and particles down to
0.2 microns can be filtered.

Million gallons per day (mgd)
A measure of flow equal to 1.547 ft3/sec, 681 gallons per minute, or 3.785 m3/d.

Mixed liquor
A mixture of raw or settled wastewater and activated sludge contained in an aeration tank in the
activated-sludge process. See mixed liquor suspended solids.

Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids (MLSS)
The total amount (comcentration) of inorganic and organic material in suspension in the mixed
liquor in the aerobic reactor. It is quantified in the same way as SS and has the same units (mg/l).

Mixed liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS)
That fraction of the suspended solids in activated sludge mixed liquor that can be driven off by
combustion at 550 degrees Celsius. It indicates the concentration of microorganisms available
for biological oxidation

Mixing chamber
A chamber used to facilitate the mixing of chemicals with liquid or the mixing of two or more
liquids of different characteristics. It may be equipped with a mechanical device that
accomplishes the mixing.

Nitrogen (N)
An essential nutrient that is often present in wastewater as ammonia, nitrate, nitrite, and organic
nitrogen. The concentrations of each form and the sum (total nitrogen) are expressed as
milligrams per liter (mg/L) elemental nitrogen. Also present in some groundwater as nitrate and
in some polluted groundwater in other forms. See nutrient.

Nutrient removal
Tertiary treatment introduced to remove some of the trace compounds and elements contained in
most domestic wastewaters, e.g. inorganic ammonia, nitrates, phosphates and sulfates, which are
little affected by conventional treatment processes.

Oxidation ditch
A ring-shaped channel, 11.5 m deep, around which wastewater circulates at 0.3-0.6 ms-1, is
aerated by mechanical rotors and undergoes biological treatment by the resident microbes.
13

Oxidation Ponds or Lagoons
Holding ponds designed to allow the decomposition or organic wastes by aerobic or anaerobic
means.

Phosphorus Removal
The process of removing phosphorus from the wastewater by precipitation, adsorption or
biological means.

Physical-Chemical Treatment
Processes generally used in large-scale wastewater treatment facilities such as air-stripping or
filtration (physical), chlorination, or ozone addition (chemical).

Plug flow
Flow in which fluid particles are discharged from a tank or pipe in the same order in which they
entered the tank. The particles retain their discrete identifies and remain in the tank for a time
equal to the theoretical detention time.

Plug-flow reactors
Reactors that are not mixed and, therefore, exhibit a concentration gradient along their length.

Raw sludge
Settled sludge promptly removed from sedimentation tanks before significant decomposition has
occurred.

Raw wastewater
Wastewater before it receives any treatment.

Retention time
The length of time a wastewater remains in a clarification tank, an important design parameter in
the optimization of settling of suspended solids.

Reuse
Use of reclaimed water for a beneficial purpose. Examples of reuse applications are as follows:

Secondary clarifier
A settling tank following secondary treatment designed to remove part of the suspended matter
by gravity. Also called a secondary sedimentation tank.

Sedimentation
The process of subsidence and decomposition of suspended matter or other liquids by gravity. It
is typically accomplished by reducing the velocity of the liquid below the point at which it can
transport the suspended material. It can be variously classified as discrete, flocculant, hindered,
and zone sedimentation. It may be enhanced by coagulation and flocculation. Also called
settling.

16


Sewage Treatment Plant (STP)
A facility using biological secondary treatment technology which removes fine and dissolved
organic matter, and with disinfection to destroy bacteria and viruses.

Sewerage
The pipes and other infrastructure used to convey sewage.

Sludge
The accumulation of solids resulting from chemical coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation
after water or wastewater treatment. The solids which are removed from wastewater by primary
and secondary treatment. Screenings and grit are usually removed separately. See activated
sludge and biosolids.

Sludge blanket
Accumulation of sludge hydrodynamically suspended within an enclosed body of water or
wastewater.

Sludge conditioning
Addition of chemicals, polyelectrolytes or heat treatment to improve the rate of dewatering.
Treatment of liquid sludge, usually by heat treatment or addition of chemicals, before dewatering
to facilitate water removal and enhance drainability.

Sludge density index
A measure of the degree of compaction of a sludge after settling in a graduated container,
expressed in milliliters per gram (mL/g). The sludge density index is the reciprocal of the sludge
volume index (SVI).

Sludge dewatering
The mechanical unit operation used to reduce the moisture content of sludge to 70 75% and thus
ensure that the remaining sludge residue effectively behaves as a solid for handling purposes.
The process of removing a part of the water from the sludge to convert to a semisolid form.
Methods used include draining, pressing, vaccum filtration, pressure filtration, centrifugation and
others.

Sludge stabilization
The process of destroying or inactivating pathogens. Any treatment including such operations as
anaerobic or aerobic digestion which converts sludge to a form which can be disposed of without
a detrimental effect on the environment.

Sludge Volume Index (SVI)
A measure of the ability of sludge to settle, coalesce and compact on settlement. The ratio of the
volume (in milliliters) of sludge settled from a 1000-mL sample in 30 minutes to the
concentration of mixed liquor (in milligrams per liter [mg/L]) multiplied by 1000. The SVI is the
reciprocal of the sludge density index.
17


Sludge Yield (Y)
The quantity of solids left over at the end of the secondary treatment processes, consisting of
dead cells, surplus microorganisms, non-biodegradable materials.

Solids inventory
Mass of sludge in the treatment system. Inventory of plant solids should be tracked through the
use of mass balance set of calculations.

Solids loading
Amount of solids applied to a treatment process per unit time per unit volume.

Solids retention time (SRT)
The average time of retention of suspended solids in a biological wastewater treatment system.
Equals the total weight of suspended solids leaving the system per unit time

Stabilization pond
A quiescent, diked pond in which wastewater undergoes biological treatment under microbial
action.

Suspended growth
The free-moving, aerobic, microbial culture used in the biological treatment of wastewater by the
activated sludge process.

Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
The sum of the inorganic and organic materials dissolved in water. Total Suspended Solids
(TSS): The sum of all insoluble particles suspended in a water.

Trickling filter
A biological treatment device; wastewater is trickled over a bed of stones covered with bacterial
growth. The bacteria break down the organic wastes in the sewage and produce cleaner water.

Waste Activated Sludge (WAS)
Excess activated sludge removed from the treatment process to maintain the micro-organism
population in balance with the sewage inflow.

Wastewater
Water which has been used, at least once, and has thereby been rendered unsuitable for reuse for
that purpose without treatment and which is collected and transported through sewers.
Wastewater normally includes water from both domestic and industrial sources.

Wastewater Characterization
A complex fractionation of an influent wastewater which usually divides COD and TKN into
subsets. Usually used in activated sludge process modelling.
Wastewater InventoryA detailed listing of all wastewater sources including data on flow,
temperature, BOD, suspended solids and other parameters necessary to define quality.
18


MARKET POTENTIAL

Regional and local governments that operate their own water and sewer systems spend $55
billion annually on water and sewer services. Additionally there are 5,333 commercial water and
sewer companies with combined annual revenues of $7.3 billion who also purchase products and
services from waste water treatment industry vendors. The commercial industry is fairly
concentrated: the 50 largest companies account for 65% of industry revenue.

High growth niches in the sedimentation market

The $5 billion dollar worldwide market for sedimentation and centrifugation equipment includes
clarifiers, thickeners, dissolved air flotation device, hydroclclones and centrifuges. Some
segments of this market are slow growing. Municipal wastewater is the largest application for
sedimentation and centrifugation equipment followed by the food, mineral, power and
pharmaceutical industries. Waste water treatment facilities are considered a high growth niche
mainly due to retooling of aging treatment plants and growing population need. The marketplace
is being served by more than 1,000 companies. Most are specialized by industry, equipment type
and geography.

China is the fastest growing market of sedimentation and centrifugation equipment. China is
building large numbers of wastewater treatment plants. Most include clarifies. Many are using
centrifuges for sludge dewartering. The Chinese market for sedimentation and centrifugation
equipment currently at $1.5 billion is forecast to grow to $1.9 billion in 2009. (Source; the McIlvaine
Company).

Growth driven by infrastructure capital investment needs
Population growth and urban sprawl increase the collection (sewer) system needed to move
wastewater to centralized treatment plants. Although the 5-year life expectancy of a sewer
system is longer than that of treatment equipment (15 to 20 years), renovation needs of a sewer
system can be more costly. EPAs 2004 Clean Watershed Needs Survey found over $200 billion
is needed for the nations sewer infrastructure in the next 20 years. Adjusted for inflation this
need is now almost $240 billion and the states believe this is a very conservative figure. Thus,
there is a gap of $12 billion per year over the next 20 years and this gap is growing every year
there is a failure to address it. The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, signed into law $4
billion to fund wastewater infrastructure projects, and $2 billion to fund drinking water
infrastructure projects, nationwide.

Prior to the ARRA stimulus money the Federal government has historically reduced the State
Revolving Fund (SRF) which plummeted from $1.35 billion for 2004 to $687 million for 2008.
The SRF is the primary lending source for states seeking federal money on infrastructure
projects. The Federal government now only provides 3% of the funding for wastewater treatment
infrastructure down from 78% in 1978. As a cautionary note, a long-term new product
development strategy based in part on government funding and subsidies for state infrastructure
projects is risky due to state budget stress, unstable bond markets, current deficit spending,
social-political burdens of increased water fees and taxes and future depletion of the
infrastructure funding supply after the ARRA money has run out.
19


States and localities are taking on huge burdens to replace aging infrastructure even as further
Federal mandates have been placed on the states. There has been tremendous progress made
improving the nations waters. Reinvestment in wastewater infrastructure must be made before
backsliding begins. The following table demonstrates the need and disparity in funding.



Clean Water State Revolving Loan Fund
Stimulus under ARRA
(31 States responding)

Projects:
Number of Projects
States Expect to Fund
1,064
Number of Bona Fide
Applications
Received
8,007
Applications Unable
to Fund
6,943
Funding:
Total Dollar Amount
of Applications
$40 Billion
Amount of Stimulus
Funds Received
$2.5 Billion*
Unmet demand $37.6 Billion
* Currently allocated Source: ASIWPCA


TECHNOLOGIES & TRENDS

Stabilization Technologies
Aerobic digestion
Aerobic digestion is a bacterial process occurring in the presence of oxygen. Under aerobic
conditions, bacteria rapidly consume organic matter and convert it into carbon dioxide. The
operating costs are characteristically much greater for aerobic digestion because of the energy
costs needed to add oxygen to the process. Another growing concern is carbon emissions and the
threat it poses to global warming. Smaller cities and urban large scale communities are designing
more eco-friendly systems such as constructed wetlands and reed bed lagoons.

The reed bed system uses a modified sand-drying bed planted with the common reed Phragmites.
Under normal weather conditions, the reeds can grow to their full height of 8 ft in 1 year. These
reeds help the dewatering process in several ways. The reeds themselves help dewater sludge by
evapo-transpiration. The microorganisms on the reeds and sludge help to further destruct
organics. Dewatering and biological destruction substantially reduce sludge volume so that the
sludge can be stored for 10 years in the reedn addition, Membrane Bio-reactors provide
20

advanced treatment and remove nutrients better creating a smaller footprint than conventional
treatment plants. Effluent can be reused or groundwater recharged
Thermophilic aerobic treatment processes have undergone a fair amount of research and
development in recent years for treatment of residuals (sludge) from domestic wastewater
treatment plants. The process is used fairly extensively in Europe and is gaining acceptance in
the United States. Thermophilic treatment processes operate at temperatures between 40C and
60C. Because biological oxidation of organic matter is exothermal, the process can be made to
be autothermal if precautions are taken to conserve heat, and the concentration of biodegradable
organic matter in the feed source is sufficiently high. The benefits of thermophilic treatment
processes for treatment of sludge and high strength wastewaters are many.
The first step in biological treatment is hydrolysis of organic matter, which makes the soluble
substrate available for biological oxidation. The high operating temparatures of the thermophilic
process has been shown to highly accelerate the hydrolysis process, making it posssible to
achieve equivalent levels of organic removal at much shorter hydraulic retention times and
consequently, much smaller reactor volumes compared to conventional aerobic or anaerobic
treatment systems operating in the mesophilic temperature range. Additionally, the organisms
that predominate in the thermophilic systems exhibit a very low rate of new cell synthesis
(biosolids production). Biosolids production in thermophilic systems is a small fraction of the
quantity generated by mesophilic aerobic treatment processes. Since disposal of excess sludge is
a major operating cost for any biological treatment system, this characteristic is one of the
primary benefits of thermophilic treatment processes.
Anaerobic digestion
Anaerobic digestion is a series of processes in which microorganisms break down biodegradable
material in the absence of oxygen. It is widely used to treat wastewater sludges and organic
waste because it provides volume and mass reduction of the input material. The process can
either be thermophilic digestion, in which sludge is fermented in tanks at a temperature of 55C,
or mesophilic, at a temperature of around 36C. Though allowing shorter retention time (and thus
smaller tanks), thermophilic digestion is more expensive in terms of energy consumption for
heating the sludge.
As part of an integrated waste management system, anaerobic digestion reduces the emission of
landfill gas into the atmosphere. Anaerobic digestion is widely used as a renewable energy
source because the process produces a methane and carbon dioxide rich biogas suitable for
energy production helping replace fossil fuels. Also, the nutrient-rich digestate can be used as
fertilizer. One major feature of anaerobic digestion is the production of biogas, which can be
used in generators for electricity production and/or in boilers for heating purposes.
Composting
Composting is also an aerobic process that involves mixing the sludge with sources of carbon
such as sawdust, straw or wood chips. In the presence of oxygen, bacteria digest both the
wastewater solids and the added carbon source and, in doing so, produce a large amount of heat.
21

Thermal
When a liquid sludge is produced, further treatment may be required to make it suitable for final
disposal. Typically, sludges are thickened (dewatered) to reduce the volumes transported off-site
for disposal. There is no process which completely eliminates the need to dispose of biosolids.
There is, however, an additional step some cities are taking to superheat (thermal) the wastewater
sludge and convert it into small pelletized granules that are high in nitrogen and other organic
materials. Many major plants contain dewatering facilities that use large centrifuges along with
the addition of chemicals such as polymer to further remove liquid from the sludge. The removed
fluid, called centrate, is typically reintroduced into the wastewater process. The product which is
left is called "cake" and that is picked up by companies which turn it into fertilizer pellets. This
product is then sold to local farmers and turf farms as a soil amendment or fertilizer, reducing the
amount of space required to dispose of sludge in landfills.
Mechanical Dewatering

Dewatering serves the following purposes:
Reducing the biosolids volume, thus reducing storage and transportation costs.
Eliminating free liquids before landfill disposal.
Reducing fuel requirements if residuals are to be incinerated or dried.
Producing a material which will have sufficient void space and volatile solids for
composting when blended with a bulking agent.
Avoiding the potential of biosolids pooling and runoff associated with liquid land
application.
Optimizing subsequent processes such as thermal drying.

Most of the 16,000 publically owned wastewater treatment plants in the U.S. are small and do
not mechanically dewater sewage sludge.

The majority of the largest plants on the other hand use centrifuges. The development of
centrifuges to achieve dry solids content of more than 30% has led to the selection on this type of
dewatering device where the sludge is incinerated or where sludge would otherwise have to be
thermally dried.
Belt Filter Press
Plants smaller than 5 MGD nearly all use belt filter presses. Belt filter presses are used to remove
water from liquid wastewater residuals and produce a non-liquid material referred to as cake.
Dewatered residuals, or cake, vary in consistency from that of custard to moist soil.
A belt filter dewaters by applying pressure to the biosolids to squeeze out the water. Biosolids
sandwiched between two tensioned porous belts are passed over and under rollers of various
diameters. Increased pressure is created as the belt passes over rollers which decrease in
diameter. Many designs of belt filtration processes are available, but all incorporate the
following basic features: polymer conditioning zone, gravity drainage zones, low pressure
squeezing zone, and high pressure squeezing zones.

Advanced designs provide a large filtration area, additional rollers, and variable belt speeds that
22

can increase cake solids by five percent. The general mechanical components of a belt filter press
include dewatering belts, rollers and bearings, belt tracking and tensioning system, controls and
drives, and a belt washing system

Advantages
Staffing requirements are low, especially if the equipment is large enough to process the
solids in one shift.
Maintenance is relatively simple and can usually be completed by a wastewater treatment
plant maintenance crew. Replacing the belt is the major maintenance cost.
Belt presses can be started and shut down quickly compared to centrifuges, which require
up to an hour to build up speed
There is less noise associated with belt presses compared to

Disadvantages
Odors may be a problem, but can be controlled with good ventilation systems and
chemicals, such as potassium permanganate, to neutralize odor-causing compounds.
However, some manufacturers offer fully enclosed equipment to minimize odors and
reduce vapors in the operating room air.
Belt presses require more operator attention if the feed solids vary in their solids
concentration or organic matter. This should not be a problem if the belt presses are fed
from well-mixed digesters.
Wastewater solids with higher concentrations of oil and grease can result in blinding the
belt filter and lower solids content cake.
Wastewater solids must be screened and/or ground to minimize the risk of sharp objects
damaging the belt.
Belt washing at the end of each shift, or more frequently, can be time consuming and
requlre large amounLs of waLer

Figures 1 & 2 depicts a Lyplcal belL fllLer press.
Fig.1 Fig.2




Drying Beds
Sludge drying beds also provide a means of drying the sludge treated by the anaerobic digesters.
As an alternative, the digested sludge may be pumped to the truck loading station to be hauled to
other locations for drying or for use as fertilizer
Sand Drying Beds
Dewatering sludge at wastewater treatment plants has
traditionally been a major operational concern. Most large
operations must use mechanical filter presses or centrifuges to
efficiently dewater their sludge. For many smaller operations,
23

however, this equipment is too expensive and too large for their needs. Therefore, many smaller
facilities rely on the sand filter drying beds for sludge dewatering. It requires a special grade of
sand to properly filter the biosolid affluent. Only efficient with very small operations.
Centrifuges
The majority of the largest plants use centrifuges. The development of
centrifuges to achieve dry solids content on more than 30% has led to the
selection on this type of dewatering device where the sludge is incinerated
or where the sludge would have otherwise have to be thermally dried.

Not surprisingly the most populous states have the most installations. In
New York for example there are 130 facilities utilizing 300 belt filter
presses, 27 facilities utilize centrifuges. However, these centrifuges
produce 133,000 dry tons of sludge per year vs. 185,000 tpy for facilities
with belt presses. New York City alone operates more than 50 centrifuges.
13 facilities in New York State operate plate and frame filter presses and
only 6 facilities have vacuum filters.

The largest supplier of centrifuges in the US is Alfa Laval, followed by Eimco and GEA
(Westfalia Centrico).

Plate & Frame Press
The Plate & Frame Press has been around for 30 years. This simple technology designed to treat
the underflow of a Thickener or Clarifier. The major advantage a Plate & Frame Press has versus
a Belt Filter Press is that the units require no additional polymer / chemicals after the Thickener
and no person is needed to watch the system run.
In dewatering very fine solids (-325 mesh) from wash water, the PLATE & FRAME PRESS
dehydrates sludge by squeezing the water out (recovering 85-90% of the water) and forming
easy-to-handle, solid dry cakes that can be transported via truck or conveyor belt. Units are
typically installed after a Thickener and can be retrofitted to replace existing (and expensive) belt
filter presses
Vacuum Filters
Vacuum Filters are considered one of the oldest mechanical sludge
dewatering methods at WWTPs and use vacuum filtration. Vacuum filters
have historically used ferric chloride with lime to improve dewatering
performance. Over the past 10 years vacuum filters have switched to
polymers. Although polymers are simpler to add and less corrosive to
mechanical equipment and contribute less to the final disposal volume
they do not provide a direct hydrogen sulfide reduction and are thus have
higher odor intensities
Thermal Dryer
There are two major types of thermal dryers to achieve Class A biosolids:
direct and indirect dryer. Indirect dryer operates at lower temperature than
direct dryer. The heat transfer medium is not directly in contact with the
24

sludge which reduces the risk of fire hazard. Screw type indirect thermal dryer appears to be the
most desirable type of dryer which carries all the advantages of indirect dryer and is able to
produce granular pellet which can be used in fertilizer industry.
Hydrocyclone
Hydrocylones are designed for separating solids from liquids and are successfully used in a
broad range of industrial and environmental applications. New uses are continually being
discovered as engineers and project supervisors become familiar with the Hydrocyclones'
versatility in liquid/solids separation, classification, and concentration. In recent years centrifugal
sediment separation technique has come into wide use in waste water treating plants
The effluent suspension is prepared in a tank. A stirrer
prevents premature settling of the solid particles. An
eccentric screw pump delivers the suspension into the
tangential inlet of the cyclone. In the cyclone a
downward primary vortex is created. The downward
taper causes the vortex to reverse. In the middle it
moves as a secondary vortex back up towards the
immersion tube, where the suspension emerges from
the cyclone, having lost the coarse material in it. Inside
the cyclone an air core is formed. The centrifugal
forces cause the coarser solid particles in the primary vortex to be enriched. They are discharged
with the bottom flow at the apex nozzle. Mainly the fine material that is discharged from the top.
Treatment Practices Metrics

23

!"#$ & !'$()
The waste material, paper sludge, produced from the manufacturing of paper has material value
and can be utilized as a fuel supplement in the plants boilers. Paper sludge at a 70-80% total
solids content, contains a moderate level of energy which can be economically recovered.
Paper sludge prior to water removal has limited use and is usually discarded into landfills. By
removing the majority of the water from the paper sludge, the energy content of the waste is
shifted from minimal to moderate. After water removal, it is recommended that the paper sludge
is pelletized to ease handling and increase boiler retention time for a thorough burn. The net
economics are positive for this process and system.
*+,# -(.(/,'0,+1
A new use for the Tempest is the processing of contaminated
soils in the oil and gas industry. Oil and Gas collection facility
soil covers are historically contaminated with saltwater and oil.
Trials conducted in Oklahoma have shown that the salt and oil
can be removed from the gravel and soil in the Tempest. The
salt and oil are collected at the air discharge of the Tempest
system and can be treated further with other processes. The soil
and gravel can then be reused on the site eliminating the need
for disposal of a petroleum contaminated material.
2)(3()4 5)',1
This is the product left over from the beer brewing process. The spent grain can mold within a
few days. Causing problems with storage of the product when supply overcomes demand for
livestock feed. The dried spent grain processed by the Tempest can be stored or bagged for
longer periods and sold as a feed additive. The value of the product is determined by the
nutritional value that remains in the product.




6)7+1,0(
This is purest form of Calcium Carbonate (limestone) in granular
form and harvested from the ocean bottom. It is utilized in the glass
and bottle production and in pollution control system for power
26

plants. The end-product requirement is 99.5% solids, which allows
the Aragonite to readily mix with other additives and to minimize the amount of heat required in
the glass making process. The Tempest designed for this application will dry up to 40 wet tons
per hour and does not require milling of the product.
8)(/7( -(4,/"(
The residue resulting from dredging operations has had in the past limited disposal practices and
locations. However, the Tempest system was part of a pilot project at the U.S. Naval Station in
Mayport, Florida. The residue from the many years of dredging at the Naval Station had resulted
in an overflow of the available land to store and house this material. Under a pilot program
instituted by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the Tempest system was utilized to dry this
residue from 60% solids to 85%-92% solids, providing this dried and powdery material to an
adobe block processor.
91/"40),'# *#"/7(
This is the sludge generated from any processing plants that does not allow human waste
intrusion into the waste water stream. The cost savings associated with the Tempest process is
the reduction of transportation and potential by-product utilization after it is dried. Drying the
Sludge turns it into a fertilizer while a 3 to 1 weight reduction reduces the transportation of
water.
:,.( *#"/7(
The Lime Sludge when wet is extremely hard to handle and apply. The dried lime sludge
produced by the Tempest has significant value to farmers as an agricultural lime. When dried it
resembles talcum powder.
;0<'1+#
The ethanol industry is one of the most rapidly growing industries in the U.S. Currently, dry mill
ethanol plants produce over 3.8 million metric tons of DDGS (dried distillers grain with
solubles) each year. As more and more ethanol plants are being established, disposing of the
DDGS will be a significant problem.
The Tempest Drying system offers a solution in that it will be drying the DDGS from the ethanol
plants. GRRO has found through extensive research and testing that the Tempest can produce a
dried product from the DDGS that is superior to any drying system. GRRO Tempest technology
uses low heat, leaving a product which is higher in protein and energy, producing an end product
which may eventually rival soybean meal.
GRRO and the Tempest Drying System offer a significant answer for value added products.
GRRO is currently working with ethanol plants and feed companies to track results of our
ethanol programs and create higher value-added livestock feeds.
27

61,.'# ='1")(
Global Resource Recovery Organization has developed the technology and processes a cost
effective animal manure drying system. With site specific information, GRRO can provide
solutions for the beneficial reuse, as well as volume and weight reductions of the manure. These
reductions decrease transportation and application costs. This will aid the farmer and ranchers
conform to the proposed US EPA CAFO manure management
rules and regulations.
Efficient manure management can be accomplished with the
Tempest Recycler Processor where the wet manure is directly
removed from the holding facility and mixed with previously
dried manure. The ratio of mixture is dependent upon the water
content of both materials. The blended mixture is easy handled
and can be processed in a highly efficient manner at high through
put rates.
Processing the manure on a daily basis will drastically reduce the generation of anaerobic gases
and the odor associated with them. The Tempest recycler will also eliminate the need for long
term liquid storage of the manure and offset many of the requirements in the proposed US EPA
CAFO rule concerning manure storage areas and conform to the zero discharge requirements.
!#'40,> ?,#.
Plastic film that is recovered from the paper recycling process has proven to be an excellent
material for processing through the Tempest Dryers. The plastic film covering paper items, such
as beverage containers, is recovered during the re-pulping process. The plastic film is floated off
the tank and is baled. The excess moisture on the plastic is removed through the Tempest Drying
System. This allows the facility to manufacture plastic pellets with no water content and
increases the values of the waste product. These plastic pellets have significant energy value
and can be added to other lower energy products to enhance the overall BTU content of the fuel.
The Tempest Drying System plays an important role in this recycling process as it is critical to
rid the plastic of any moisture in the most cost effective way possible. In recycling waste
materials, the Tempest Drying System can provide an economical process for the removal of
water and transform the waste material into a saleable product.
COMPETITION
Following are some manufacturers currently in providing dewatering/drying solutions:
American Process Group
http://www.amprocessgroup.com/
B&P Process Equipment
http://www.bpprocess.com/
28

IPEC
http://www.ipec.ca/index.html
Aquatech Tech
http://www.aquatech.com/
Siemens Water Technologies
http://www.water.siemens.com/en/Pages/default.aspx
Monsol
http://www.monsal.com/
Elecotech
http://www.elcotech.ca/
Additional product suppliers may be found at Water Online; http://www.wateronline.com/
RESOURCES
Agencies:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) www.epa.gov/
Region 7 - Serving Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, and 9 Tribal Nations
Region 5 - Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Water Conservation Laboratory (USDA) - (Beneficial Use of Biosolids)
www.usda.gov
Water Environment Research Foundation (WERF) www.werf.org
National League of Cities (NLC) www.nlc.org
National Center for Environmental research (NCER) www.epa.gov/ncer
Council of Infrastructure Financing Authorities (CIFA) www.cifanet.org/index.html
Environmental Council of States (ECOS) www.ecos.org

Associations:
Solid Waste Association of North America (SWANA) www.swana.org
Association of Metropolitan Sewerage Agencies (AMSA) www.amsa-cleanwater.org
National Biosolids Partnership www.biosolids.org
National Association Clean Water Agencies (HACWA) - formally; National Association of Metropolitan
Sewage Agencies www.nacwa.org/
Water Environment federation (WEF) www.wef.org
American Water Works Association (AWWA) www.awwa.org
29

National Rural Water Association (NRWA) www.nrwa.org
Association of State and Interstate Water Pollution Control Administrators (ASIWPCA)
www.asiwpca.org
National Association of Counties (NAC) www.naco.org
Association of State Drinking Water Administrators (ASDWA) www.asdwa.org
Water Resue Association
Association of Water Technologies (AWT) www.awt.org/
International Water Resource Association www.irc.nl/page/6776
National Association of Clean Water Associations (NACWA) www.nacwa.org

Iowa Organizations:
Iowa Water Pollution Control Association (IWPCA) www.iawpca.org
Iowa Department of Natural Resources (IDNR) www.iowadnr.gov
Wastewater Public Information Exchange (WWPIE); state of Iowa
https://programs.iowadnr.gov/wwpie/
Iowa Association of Sanitation Agencies (IASA)

Journal Publications:
Journal Water Pollution Control Federation
Water Environment Research http://www.werf.org/net/search.aspx
Journal American Water Works Association
Water Engineering & Management & Civil Engineering, and Industrial Wastes
Books:
Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Reuse (Hardcover) - Amazon $158 - "Journal Water Pollution
Control Federation"
www.amazon.com/gp/producL/0070418780/ref=cap_pdp_dp_1
Water Treatment: Principles and Design (Hardcover) - Amazon - $108 - "Journal Water Pollution Control
Federation"
www.amazon.com/WaLer-1reaLmenL-rlnclples-ueslgn-MWP/dp/0471110183/ref=pd_bxgy_b_lmg_b
Wastewater Treatment Plants: Planning, Design, and Operation, Second Edition - $108 "Journal Water
Pollution Control Federation"
www.amazon.com/WasLewaLer-1reaLmenL-lanLs-lannlng-CperaLlon/producL-
revlews/1366766883/ref=dp_Lop_cm_cr_acr_LxL?le=u1l8&showvlewpolnLs=1
Water and Wastewater Treatment: A Guide for the Nonengineering Professionals (Hardcover) - Amazon $57
www.amazon.com/WaLer-WasLewaLer-1reaLmenL-nonenglneerlng-rofesslonals/dp/1387160498/ref=pd_slm_b_6

Water and Wastewater Technology (6th Edition) (Hardcover) - Amazon - $110
www.amazon.com/WaLer-WasLewaLer-1echnology-Mark-Pammer/dp/0131743423/ref=pd_slm_b_3
Municipal Sewage Sludge Management: A Reference Text on Processing, Utilization and Disposal,
Second Edition, Volume IV (Water Quality Management Library , No 4) (Hardcover) - $154
www.amazon.com/gp/product/1566766214/ref=cap_pdp_dp_2

Wastewater Microbiology (Third Edition) - $120
30

www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0471650714,descCd-emf_form.html

Events:
WEF TEC 2009
Orange County Convention Center
Orlando, Florida
Conference: October 10-14, 2009
Exhibition: October 12-14, 2009
http://www.weftec.org/home.htm

24th Annual Water Reuse Symposium
Seattle, WA
Sept. 13-16
cosponsored by the AWWA and WEF
http://www.watereuse.org/conferences/symposium/24

TMDL 2009
Total Maximum Daily Load - Combining Science and Management to Restore Impaired Waters
sponsored by WEF
Hilton Minneapolis
Minneapolis, Minnesota - August 9-12, 2009
www.wef.org/ConferencesTraining/ConferencesEvents/TMD

Tools:
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)
http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/

Economic Framework for Evaluating the Benefits and Costs of Biosolids Management Options (WERF)
http://www.werf.org/AM/CustomSource/Downloads/uGetExecutiveSummary.cfm?File=ES-04-CTS-
2.pdf&ContentFileID=9208

Federal & State Biosolids Contacts (Regional & State Biosolids Coordinators
http://www.epa.gov/owm/mtb/biosolids/503pe/503pe_b.pdf

Iowa Watershed Quality Task Force Contacts
http://www.iowadnr.gov/water/taskforce/files/members.pdf
ASI Activated Sludge Glossary
http://www.activatedsludge.info/glossary.asp


NPDES Glossary
http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/glossary.cfm?program_id=0

Grants.gov
www.grants.gov
31

Research Studies (paid):
US commercial water and sewer industry
Published Date: July 2009
Published By: First Research, Inc.
Page Count: 10
Mindbranch: $129
http://www.mindbranch.com/Water-Sewer-Utilities-R3470-2878/

U.S. Municipal Wastewater Treatment Facilities & People Database
Published By: The McIlvaine Company
Online Application
McIlvaine Company: $3.000.00/yr, (additional user: $100.00/yr.)
http://www.mcilvainecompany.com/brochures/MWTPSamples/default.html

Sewerage Systems (SIC:4952)
Published By: Prime Industrial Reportrs.com
County level - $119 per report
State level - $99 per report
National level - $89 per report
http://www.primeindustryreports.com/content/4952-Sewerage-Systems.htm

Market Research Studies (various sales and marketing studies, analytical tools and forecasts)
Published By: The McIlvaine Company
http://www.mcilvainecompany.com/brochures/water.html

FUNDING SOURCES

ARRA - The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act Stimulus
Water Infrastructure Funding in the ARRA
The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA) contains $13.5 billion for projects
in water infrastructure construction and improvements. Just over half of those funds will go toward
capitalization grants for states and local governments to improve their drinking water and wastewater
treatment systems, while the other half will go to water infrastructure projects conducted by such entities
as the U.S. Army Corp of Engineers (Corps) and Bureau of Reclamation (Bureau).

The total ARRA funding for water-infrastructure projects is divided between five federal agencies
and one commission and is subject to the general ARRA goal that at least 50 percent of the funds go to
activities that can be obligated within 120 days of enactment, unless otherwise indicated.

Funding for Wastewater and Drinking Water-Infrastructure Improvements
32

The Clean Water Act (CWA) and Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) both provide for federal
capitalization grants to support the Drinking Water State Revolving Fund (SRF), which in turn provides
low- or no-interest loans to communities for water-infrastructure projects.

Congress provided an additional $4 billion in funding for municipal wastewater-treatment facilities
and $2 billion for drinking-water improvements. These funds are managed by the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA). The $6 billion represents four times the amount of funding these programs
received in 2008, while the ARRA also eliminated the need for states to provide a 20-percent matching
amount for each project. The chart below shows the expected amount each state will receive for both
their CWA grants and SDWA SRF loans. Priority will be given to projects that can commence
construction within a year of the ARRA enactment. For communities with populations of 10,000 people
or fewer, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Rural Utilities Service (RUS) provides additional
funds for water- and wastewater-related infrastructure projects. Congress approved $1.38 billion in
funding for the program in the ARRA, with $968 million in grants and $412 million in direct loans,
which is 2.5 times more than the 2008 funding level. This funding will help alleviate the programs
$2.4 billion in backlog requests.
General Water Efficiency Infrastructure Funding in the ARRA
Both the Corps and the Bureau oversee massive water-related infrastructure projects, including
dams, levees, irrigation pipelines, and water-supply infrastructure. In the ARRA, Congress provided
$4.6 billion to the Corps and $1 billion to the Bureau; however, these amounts must be used on
projects that can be entirely completed with the funding and would not create any future budgetary
obligations. Furthermore, Corps water-related environmental infrastructure projects such as
wastewater-treatment plants, are guaranteed to receive at least $200 million of these funds, while
$126 million of the Bureau money must be spent on water-reclamation and reuse projects.
Congress also doubled the length of time for repayment extending it to 50 years for water-supply
customers to repay the Bureau for the cost of placing the infrastructure. As discussed previously, these
funds are subject to the ARRAs general goal that 50 percent of the funding be obligated within 120 days
of enactment.

Water Infrastructure Funding in the ARRA Agency Program Final Funding ($13.5 billion)
EPA Clean Water State Revolving Fund capitalization grants - $4 billion
EPA Drinking Water State Revolving Fund capitalization grants - $2 billion
RUS/USDA Rural water and waste disposal grants and loans - $1.38 billion
Bureau of Reclamation/Department of the Interior (DOI) Water and related resources - $1 billion
Corps/U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) Army Corps of Engineers Civil Works Program
- $4.6 billion
Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS)/USDA Small Watershed Program $340 million
International Boundary and Water Commission (IBWC)/Department of State International
Boundary and Water Commission - $220 million

State Allocation of EPA Wastewater Funds in the ARRA is displayed in the table below

State
Final H.R. 1 Clean Water
SRF Funds ($4 Billion)
Alabama $44,163,600
Alaska $23,637,900
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Arizona $26,676,000
Arkansas $25,837,500
California $282,465,300
Colorado $31,590,000
Connecticut $48,383,400
Delaware $19,386,900
District of Columbia $19,386,900
Florida $133,313,700
Georgia $66,775,800
Hawaii $30,587,700
Idaho $19,386,900
Illinois $178,620,000
Indiana $95,183,400
Iowa $53,453,400
Kansas $35,649,900
Kentucky $50,267,100
Louisiana $43,414,800
Maine $30,572,100
Maryland $95,522,700
Massachusetts $134,093,700
Michigan $169,817,700
Minnesota $72,590,700
Mississippi $35,583,600
Missouri $109,484,700
Montana $19,386,900
Nebraska $20,202,000
Nevada $19,386,900
New Hampshire $39,468,000
New Jersey $161,393,700
New Mexico $19,386,900
New York $435,930,300
North Carolina $71,280,300
North Dakota $19,386,900
Ohio $222,339,000
Oklahoma $31,909,800
Oregon $44,616,000
Pennsylvania $156,444,600
Rhode Island $26,520,000
South Carolina $40,458,600
South Dakota $19,386,900
Tennessee $57,372,900
Texas $180,515,400
Utah $20,810,400
Vermont $19,386,900
Virginia $80,827,500
Washington $68,682,900
West Virginia $61,565,400
Wisconsin $106,770,300
Wyoming $19,386,900
American Samoa $3,545,100
Guam $2,566,200
Northern Mariana Islands $1,649,700
Puerto Rico $51,511,200
Virgin Islands $2,059,200
TOTAL $3,899,992,200
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Community Related
EDA Recovery Act Funding
Manufacturing Related
Recovery Act: Development of Algal/Advanced BiofuelsConsortia
Department of Labor Recovery Act Competitive Grant Opportunities (Training)

Water Infrastructure Bank
http://www.awwa.org/Government/content.cfm?ItemNumber=48925&navItemNumber=3831

Report: Venture Capital Community Summit Exploring Programs to Commercialize Environmental
Technology; sponsored by the EPA, held Nov. 2008
http://epa.gov/ncer/venturecapital/venturecapitalsummit_finaldpv_7_1_09.pdf
Federal Funding Sources for Small Community Wastewater Systems (small communities)
http://www.epa.gov/OW-OWM.html/mab/smcomm/eparev.htm
Environmental Protection Agency
Clean Water SRF.
Drinking Water SRF.
Hardship Grants Program for Rural Communities.
Colonias Program.
Clean Water Indian Set-Aside Program.

Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)
Community Development Block Grant Program.
Water and Waste Disposal Program.
Sanitation Facilities Construction Program.

Department of Commerce
Economic Development Administration Grants for Public Works and Development Facilities
Appalachian Regional Commission's Community Development Supplemental Grants Program.
MARKETING PLAN

1. Who is the target market?
What are the market launch strategies?
Advertising channels?
Marketing campaigns?
Public Relations?
2. What internet technologies are needed and why?
3. What is the projected cost of a new product launch?

Target Market
Small cities and towns (communities) with existing WWT facilities
Minor WWT facilities <1 MGD
33

USEPA Region 7 & 5 states; region 7 is IA, MO, NE, KS, region 5 is IL,MN, WI, MI, IN,OH
Cities & towns actively engaged in or pursuing a WWT development project
Communities receiving ARRA funding

Target Personas
City council members
County supervisors
Engineering companies
Plant managers/supervisors

Marketing Strategy
Promote a cost-effective Class A beneficial reuse campaign featuring partner
products.
Establish geographic zones of yoked communities to coop a beneficial reuse program.
Coordinate with sales team educational content to communicate to target personas.
Research & target project opportunities.

Advertising Channels
Search Engine Marketing
Water Online http://www.wateronline.com/
Water & Wastewater News http://wwn-online.com/home.aspx
IDS Water http://idswater.com/water/us/home.aspx
The McIlvaine Company http://www.mcilvainecompany.com/main.html
Targeted email marketing
Webinars & Webcasts
Tradeshow Exhibitions
Trade Publications (print & electronic)
Public Works Online www.pwmag.com
CPC (cost per click advertising)
Google Adwords
Kellysearch CPC
Association Directory Advertising
WEF, WERF
Social Media Lead Gen
Twitter, LinkedIn, Facebook



36

Marketing Campaigns
Impact Videos
e-blasts & e-newsletters (3
rd
party)
e-product alerts
opt-in e-newsletter (subscribed)
White papers
Public Relations PR
Press Releases
Vocus/WebPR
Internet Technologies/Multimedia
New Web Portal
Customized Landing Pages
Product Calculator Tool(s)
Video Production
Podcast Production
Blog Dev
Project Cost of Product Launch
$50-100K

CONCLUSION
Based on market research, the municipal wastewater treatment market is positioned for infrastructure
growth due to aging equipment and systems, stricter environmental regulations, new technology and
ARRA stimulus funding. Biosolids dewatering and drying operations are capable of increasing a facilities
beneficial land reuse application and can potentially provide an additional revenue source.

Major facilities, >1 MGD currently use filter belt press and centrifuge dewatering systems and to
some degree incorporate thermal drying using a fuel source to generate heat. This field is competitive
with well established, capitalized vendors with proven technology solutions. Many currently have
a system in place for reuse either as a recycled by-product as in fertilizer (Class A qualified) or
a land application reuse as in (Class B) cover in agriculture, or municipal/county use or as landfill
cover. The quality of the biosolid is based on the pre-trement and secondary treatment of the
pathogen and vector attraction that occurs during dewatering and drying.
Minor facilities, <1 MGD typically rely on aerobic biosolids digestion systems (mixing with oxygen)
and have older systems, usually lagoons & ponds where the sediment is stored for years and eventually
removed and the waste water is reused. These facilities are potential beneficial reuse opportuniti
37

Due to the ARRA stimulus incentive a number of waste water infrastructure projects which have
been backlogged have now been funded and are currently in the project development stage. This
consists of $2.5 billion of a $4 billion ARRA allocation of projects that can be started within 120
days of allocation. There is still an unmet demand of $37.6 billion in projects which will create a
long-term opportunity for this product. The timing is good to make presentations
to the cities and counties considering waste treatment facility projects and/or a beneficial reuse
revenue stream.

An aggressive multi-channel new product launch campaign would be necessary and costly with
potential risk as it is a new product in a new market rather than an existing product in an existing
market or a new vertical where we already have brand recognition.





APPENDIX
A. Iowa Municipal Waste Treatment Plants Map
B. 2009 Iowa NPDES Discharge Permit Profile
C. Logan city Case Study













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nC1LS