EXPERIMENT 6

FAULT ANALYSIS
AIM: To become familiar with modeling and analysis of power systems under faulted condition and to compute the fault level, post-fault voltages and currents for different types of faults, both symmetric and unsymmetrical. SOFTWARE REQUIRED The software required is Matlab 7.5 Formula Used:

i)

Fault Current, If =

V Z f Z pp Z bus ) Z f Z pp

ii)

Fault Voltage, Vf = V (1

where Zf Fault impedance Zpp Line impedance THEORETICAL BACKGROUND Introduction Short circuit studies are performed to determine bus voltages and currents flowing in different parts the system when it is subjected to a fault. The current flowing immediately after the fault consists of an a.c component which eventually reaches steady state and a fast decaying d.c component which decays to zero. Only the a.c component is considered in the analysis. The analysis is done using phasor technique assuming the system to be under quasi-steady state and is done for various types of faults such as three-phase-to-ground, line-to-ground, line-to-line and double-line-to-ground. The results of fault studies are used to select the circuit breakers, set protective relays and to assess the voltage dips during fault. It is one of the primary studies to be performed whenever system expansion is planned. Short Circuit Computations Symmetrical Faults The symmetrical fault occurs when all the three conductors of a three-phase line are brought together simultaneously into a shortcircuit condition as shown in Figure 1.

A B C IA IB IC

Short circuit Figure 1 Symmetrical Fault on Three-Phase system This type of fault gives rise to symmetrical currents i.e. equal fault currents with 1200 displacement. Thus referring to Figure 5.1, fault currents IA, IB and IC will be equal in magnitude with 1200 displacement among them. Because of balanced nature of fault, only one phase needs to be considered in calculations since condition in the other two phases will also be similar. A three-phase short circuit occurs rarely but it is most severe type of fault involving largest currents. For this reason, the balanced short-circuit calculations are performed to determine these large currents to be used to determine the rating of the circuit breakers. Algorithm: Step 1: Read line data, machine data, transformer data, fault impedance etc. Step 2: Compute [Ybus] matrix and calculate [Ybus]modi. Step 3: Form [Zbus] by inverting the [Ybus] modified. Step 4: Initialize count I = 0. Step 5: Find the bus at which fault occurs I=I+1. Step 6: Compute fault current at faulted bus and bus voltage at all buses. Step 7: Compute all line and generator currents. Step 8: Check if I< number of buses, if yes go to step 5 else go to step 9. Step 9: Print the results and stop the program.

Flowchart:
Start Read line data, Bus data,fault impedance etc

Compute Ybus matrix & modified Ybus matrix

Compute Zbus matrix by inverting modified bus

I=0

Find the bus at which fault occurs I = I+1

Compute fault current at faulted bus and bus voltage at all buses Compute all line current at unfaulty area & gen currents

No

Is I < nb
Yes

Print the Result

Stop

RESULT Thus the fault analysis of 3phase symmetrical fault was done and the output was verified by using Matlab.

Problems:1 Consider the 3-bus system shown in figure. The generators are 100 MVA, with transient reactance 10% each. Both the transformers are 100 MVA with a leakage reactance of 5%. The reactance of each of the lines to a base of 100 MVA, 110 KV is 10%. Obtain the short circuit solution for a three phase solid short circuit on bus 3. Assume prefault voltages to be 1 p.u and prefault currents to be zero.

(Refer book Power System Analysis by K.B. Hemalatha, S.T. Jayachrista Page no: 3.40)
clc clear all disp('symmetrical fault analysis') nb=input('enter the no of buses'); nl=input('enter the no of lines'); zbus=[0.0866i 0.0614i 0.075i 0.0614i 0.0886i 0.075i 0.075i 0.075i 0.125i] sb=[1 1 2]; eb=[2 3 3]; z=[0.1i 0.1i 0.1i]; vo=input('enter the prefault voltage'); zf=input('enter the fault impedance'); k=input('enter the bus at which fault occurs'); disp('fault current') If=vo/(zf+zbus(k,k)); disp('post fault voltage') for i=1:nb v(i)=(vo-(zbus(i,k)*If)); end disp('post fault current') for i=1:nl s=sb(i); e=eb(i); I(i)=(v(s)-v(e))/z(i) end

OUTPUT: symmetrical fault analysis enter the no of buses:3 enter the no of lines:3 zbus = 0 + 0.0866i 0 + 0.0614i 0 + 0.0750i 0 + 0.0614i 0 + 0.0886i 0 + 0.0750i 0 + 0.0750i 0 + 0.0750i 0 + 0.1250i

enter the prefault voltage:1 enter the fault impedance:0 enter the bus at which fault occurs:3 fault current post fault voltage post fault current I= 0 I= 0 I= 0 0 - 4.0000i 0 - 4.0000i 0 - 4.0000i