TEST 1

PART B

PART C

Here is an example: On the recording you hear:

SECT O! "
STR#CT#RE A!$ %R TTE! E&PRESS O!
Time ' "( minutes )including the reading o* the directions+ This section is designed to measure your ability to recognize language that is appropriate for standard written English. There are two types of questions in this section, with special direction for each type.

Structure

Look at the following examples: Example Sample Ans,er

The sentence should read, The president won the election by a landslide. Therefore, you should choose (A . Example Sample Ans,er

The sentence should read, !hen did the doctor attend the conference" Therefore, you should choose (# . !o, -egin ,or. on the /uestions0

%R TTE! E&PRESS O!

1oo. at the *ollo,ing examples: Example The four string on a violin are tuned in fifths. A ! "

Sample Ans,er

The sentence should read, The four strings on a violin are tuned in fifths. Therefore, you should choose (# . Example Sample Ans,er The resear#h for the $ook %oots taking Alex hale& twelve &ears. A ! " The sentence should read, The resear#h for the $ook %oots too. Alex hale& twelve &ears. Therefore, you should choose ($ . !o, -egin ,or. on the /uestions0

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SECTION 3 READING COMMPREHENSION Questions 1 - 9 The canopy, the upper level of the trees in the rain forest, holds a plethora of climbing mammals of moderately large size, which may include monkeys, cats, civets, and porcupines. Smaller species, including such rodents as mice and small squirrels, are not as prevalent overall in high tropical canopies as they are in most habitats globally. Small mammals, being warm blooded, suffer hardship in the exposed and turbulent environment of the uppermost trees. Because a small body has more surface area per unit of weight than a large one of similar shape, it gains or losses heat more swiftly. Thus, in the trees, where shelter from heat and cold may be scarce and conditions may fluctuate, a small mammal may have trouble maintaining its body temperature. Small size makes it easy to scramble among twigs and branches in the canopy for insects, flowers, or fruit, but small mammals are surpassed, in the competition for food, by large ones that have their own tactics for browsing among food rich twigs. The weight of a gibbon !a small ape" hanging below a branch arches the terminal leaves down so that fruit bearing foliage drops toward the gibbon#s face. $alking or leaping species of a similar or even larger size access the outer twigs either by snapping off and retrieving the whole branch or by clutching stiff branches with the feet or tail and plucking food with their hands. Small climbing animals may reach twigs readily, but it is harder for them than for large climbing animals to cross the wide gaps from one tree crown to the next that typify the high canopy. % macaque or gibbon can hurl itself farther than a mouse can& it can achieve a running start, and it can more effectively use a branch as a springboard, even bouncing on a limb several times before 'umping. The forward movement of a small animal is seriously reduced by the air friction against the relatively large surface area of its body. (inally, for the many small mammals the supplement their insect diet with fruits or seeds, an inability to span open gaps between tree crowns may be problematic, since trees that yield these foods can be sparse. ). The passage answers which of the following questions* !%" +ow is the rain forest different from other habitats* !B" +ow does an animal#s body size influence an animal#s need for food* !," $hy does rain forest provide provide an unusual variety of food for animals* !-" $hy do large animals tend to dominate the upper canopy of the rain forest* .. $hich of the following animals is less common in the upper canopy than in other environments* !%" /onkeys 1. !B" ,ats !," 0orcupines !-" /ice The word 2they3 in line 4 refers to !%" trees !B" climbing mammals of moderately large size 4. !," smaller species !-" high tropical canopies

%ccording to paragraph ., which of the following is true about the small mammals in the rain forest* !%" They have body shapes that are adapted to life in the canopy. !B" They prefer the temperature and climate of the canopy to that of other environments. !," They have difficulty with the changing conditions in the canopy. !-" They use the trees of the canopy for shelter from heat and cold.

5.

6n discussing animal size in paragraph 1, the author indicates that 7 !%" small animals require proportionately more food than larger animals do. !B" a large animal#s size is an advantage in obtaining food in the canopy. !," Small animals are often attacked by larger animals in the rain forest. !-" Small animals and large animals are equally adept at obtaining food in the canopy.

8. 9.

The word 2typify3 in paragraph 4 line . is closest in meaning to !%" resemble !B" protect !," characterize !-" divide %ccording to paragraph 4, what makes 'umping from one tree crown to another difficult for small mammals* !%" %ir friction against the body surface. ) !," The dense leaves of the tree crown.

!B" The thickness of the branches. :. ;. !%" control !B" replace

!-" The inability to use the front feet as hands. !," look for !," terminal leaves !prgrph 1 line 4" !-" springboard !prgrph 4 line 4" !-" add to

The word 2supplement3 in paragraph 4 line 8 is closest in meaning to $hich of the following terms is defined in the passage* !%" canopy !prgrph ) line )" !B" warm blooded !prgrph . line )"

Questions 10 19 -uring the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, almost nothing was written about the contribution of women during the colonial period and the early history of the newly formed <nited States. =acking the right to vote and absent from the seats of power, women were not considered an important force in history. %nne Bradstreet wrote some significant poetry in the seventeenth century, /ercy >tis $arren produced the best contemporary history of the %merican ?evolution, and %bigail %dams penned important letters showing she exercised great political influence over her husband, @ohn, the second 0resident of the <nited States. But little or no notice was taken of these contributions. -uring these centuries, women remained invisible in history books. Throughout the nineteenth century, this lack of visibility continued, despite the efforts of female authors writing about women. These writers, like most of their male counterparts, were amateur historians. Their writings were celebratory in nature, and they were uncritical in their selection and use of sources. -uring the nineteenth century, however, certain feminists showed a keen sense of history by keeping records of activities in which women were engaged Aational, regional, and local women#s organizations compiled accounts of their doings. 0ersonal correspondence, newspaper clippings, and souvenirs were saved and stored. These sources form the core of the two greatest collections of women#s history in the <nited States B one at the Clizabeth and %rthur Schlesinger =ibrary at ?adeliffe ,ollege, and the other the Sophia Smith ,ollection at Smith ,ollege. Such sources have provided valuable materials for later generations of historians. -espite the gathering of more information about ordinary women during the nineteenth century, most of the writing about women conformed to the 2great women3 theory of history, 'ust as much of mainstream %merican history concentrated on 2great men3. To demonstrate that women were making significant contributions to %merican life, female authors singled out women leaders and wrote biographies, or else important women produced their autobiographies. /ost of these leaders were involved in public life as reformers, activists working for women#s right to vote, or authors, and were not representative at all of the great mass of ordinary women. The lives of ordinary people continued, generally, to be untold in the %merican histories being published. )D. $hat does the passage mainly discuss* !%" The role of literature in early %merican histories. !B" The place of %merican women in written histories. !," The keen sense of history shown By %merican women. !-" The 2great women3 approach to +istory used by %merican historians. )). ).. The word 2contemporary3 in paragraph ) line 5 means that the history was !%" informative !B" written at that time !," thoughtful !-"faultfinding 6n the first paragraph, Bradstreet, $arren, and %dams are mentioned to show that .. !%" a woman#s status was changed by marriage. !B" even the contributions of outstanding women were ignored. !," only three women were able to get their writing published. !-" poetry produced by women was more readily accepted than other writing by women. )1. )4. )5. The word 2celebratory3 in paragraph . line 1 means that the writings referred to were .. !%" related to parties !%" efforts !%" typical !B" religious !B" authors !B" satisfied * !," serious !," counterparts !," supportive !-" full of praise !-" sources !-" distinctive The word 2they3 in paragraph . line 1 refers to 7 The word 2representative3 in paragraph 4 line 9 is closest in meaning to 7

)8.

6n the second paragraph, what weakness in nineteenth century histories does the author point out* !%" They put too much emphasis on daily activities. !B" They left out discussion of the influence on money on politics !," The sources of the information they were based on were not necessarily accurate. !-" They were printed on poor quality paper.

)9.

>n the basis of information in the third paragraph, which of the following, would most likely have been collected by nineteenth century feminist organizations* !%" Aewspaper accounts of residential election results. !B" Biographies of @ohn %dams. !," =etters from a mother to a daughter advising her how to handle a family problem. !-" Books about famous graduates of the country#s first college.

):.

$hat use was made of the nineteenth century women#s history materials in the Schlesinger =ibrary and the Sophia Smith ,ollection* !%" They were combined and published in a multivolume encyclopedia about women. !B" They formed the basis of college courses in the nineteenth century. !," They provided valuable information for twentiethcentury historical researchers. !-" They were shared among women#s colleges throughout the <nited States.

);.

6n the last paragraph, the author mentions all of the following as possible roles of nineteenth century 2great women3 CE,C0T !%" authors !B" reformers !," activists for women#s rights !-" politicicans

Questions 20 29 The end of the nineteenth century and the early years of the twentieth century were marked by the development of an international %rt Aouveau style, characterized by sinuous lines, floral and vegetable motifs, and soft evanescent coloration. The %rt Aouveau style was an eclectic one, bringing together elements of @apanese art, motifs of ancient cultures, and natural forms. The glass ob'ects of this style were elegant in outline, although often deliberately distorted, with pale or iridescent surfaces. % favored device of the style was to imitate the iridescent surface seen on ancient glass that had been buried. /uch of the %rt Aouveau glass produced during the years of its greatest popularity had been generically termed 2art glass3. %rt glass was intended for decorative purposes and relied for its effect upon carefully chosen color combinations and innovative techniques. (rance produced a number of outstanding exponents of the %rt Aouveau style& among the most celebrated was Cmile FallG !):48 );D)". 6n the <nited States, =ouis ,omfort Tiffany !):4: );11" was the most noted exponent of this style, producing a great variety of glass forms and surfaces, which were widely copied in their time and are highly prized today. Tiffany was a brilliant designer, successfully combining ancient Cgyptian. The %rt Aouveau style was a ma'or force in the decorative arts from ):;5 until );)5, although its influence continued throughout the mid );.D#s. 6t was eventually to be overtaken by a new school of thought known as (unctionalism that had present since the turn of the century. %t first restricted to a small avant garde group of architects and designers. (unctionalism emerged as the dominant influences upon designers alter the (irst $orld $ar. The basic tenet of the movement B that function should determine form B was not a new concept. Soon a distinct aesthetic code evolved& form should be simple, surfaces plain, and any ornament should be based on geometric relationships. This new design concept, coupled with the sharp postwar reactions to the style and conventions of the preceding decades, created an entirely new public taste which caused %rt Aouveau types of glass to fall out of favor. The new taste demanded dramatic effects of contrast stark outline, and complex textural surfaces. .D. $hat does paragraph ) mainly discuss* !%" -esign elements in the %rt Aouveau style !B" The popularity of the %rt Aouveau style !," 0roduction techniques for art glass !-" ,olor combinations typical of the %rt Aouveau style .). The word 2one3 in paragraph ) line 1 refers to 7 1+

!%" century ...

!B" development

!," style

!-" coloration

0aragraph ) mentions that %rt Aouveau glass was sometimes similar to which aspect of ancient burial glass* !%" The distortion of the glass !B" The appearance of the glass !," The shapes of the glass ob'ects !-" The size of the glass ob'ects

.1.

$hat is the main purpose of paragraph .* !%" To compare different %rt Aouveau styles !B" To give examples of famous %rt Aouveau artists !," To explain why %rt Aouveau glass was so popular in the <nited States !-" To show the impact %rt Aouveau had on other cultures around the world

.4. .5. .8.

The word 2prized3 in paragraph . line 4 is closest in meaning to 7 !%" valued !%" surpassed !B" universal !B" inclined !," uncommon !," expressed !-" preserved !-"applied The word 2overtaken3 in paragraph 1 line . is closest in meaning to $hat does the author mean by stating that 2function should determine form3 !in paragraph 1 line 5 8"* !%" % useful ob'ect should not be attractive. !B" The purpose of an ob'ect should influence its form !," The design of an ob'ect !-" The form of an ob'ect should not include decorative elements.

.9.

6t can be inferred from the passage that one reason. (unctionalism became popular was that it !%" clearly distinguish !B" appealed to people who liked complex painted designs !," reflected a common desire to break from the past !-" was easily interpreted by the general public

.:.

0aragraph 1 supports which of the following statements about (unctionalism* !%"6ts design concept avoided geometric shapes. !B" 6t started on a small scale and then spread gradually. !," 6t was a ma'or force in the decorative arts before the (irst $orld $ar !-"6t was not attractive to architects and designers

.;.

%ccording to the passage, an ob'ect made in the %rt Aouveau style would most likely include !%" a flowered design !B" bright colors !," modern symbols !-" a textured surface

Questions 30 40 -uring most of their lives, surge glaciers behave like normal glaciers, traveling perhaps only a couple of inches per day. +owever, at intervals of )D to )DD years, these glaciers move forward up to )DD times faster than usual. The surge often progress along a glacier like a great wave, proceeding from one section to another. Sub glacial streams of melt water might act as a lubricant, allowing the glacier to flow rapidly toward the sea. The increasing water pressure under the glacier might lift it off its bed, overcoming the friction between ice and rock, thus freeing the glacier, which rapidly slides downhill. Surge glaciers also might be influenced by the climate, volcanic heat, or earthquakes. +owever, many of these glaciers exist in the same areas as normal glaciers, often almost side by side. Some :DD years ago, %laska#s +ubbard Flacier advanced toward the sea, retreated, and advanced again 5DD years later. Since ):;5, this seventy mile long river of ice has been flowing steadily toward the Fulf of %laska at a rate of approximately .DD feet per year. 6n @une );:8, however, the glacier surged ahead as much as 49 feet a day. /eanwhile, a western tributary, called Halerie Flacier, advanced up to )). feet per day. +ubbard#s surge closed off ?ussell (iord with a formidable ice dam, some .,5DD feet wide and up to :DD feet high, whose caged waters threatened the town of Iakutat to the south. %bout .D similar glaciers around the Fulf of %laska are heading toward the sea. 6f enough surge glaciers reach the ocean and raise sea levels, $est %ntarctic ice shelves could rise off the seafloor and become adrift. % flood of ice would then surge into the Southern Sea. $ith the continued rise in sea level, more ice would plunge into the ocean, causing sea levels to rise even higher, which in turn 11

would release more ice and set in motion a vicious cycle. The additional sea ice floating toward the tropics would increase. Carth#s albedo and lower global temperatures, perhaps enough to initiate a new ice age. This situation appears to have occurred at the end of the last warm interglacial !the time between glaciations", called the Sangamon, when sea ice cooled the ocean dramatically, spawning the beginning of the 6ce %ge. 1D. $hat is the main topic of the passage* !%" The classification of different types of surge glaciers. !B" The causes and consequences of surge glaciers. !," The definition of a surge glacier. !-" The history of a particular surge glacier. 1). 1.. 11. The word 2intervals3 in line . is closest in meaning to !%" records !%" fish !B" speeds !B" wave !," distances !," machine !-" periods !-" boat The author compares the surging motion of a surge glacier to the movement of a 7 $hich of the following does the another mention as possible cause of surging glaciers* !%" The decline in sea levels. !B" The occurrence of unusually large ocean waves. !," The shifting %ntarctic ice shelves. !-" The pressure of meltwater underneath the glacier. 14. 15. The word 2freeing3 in paragraph ) line 8 is closest in meaning to .. !%" pushing !B" releasing !," strengthening !-" draining %ccording to the passage, the +ubbard Flacier 7.. !%" moves more often than the Halerie Flacier. !B" began movement toward the sea in ):;5 18. 19. 1:. Iahutat is the name of !%" an %laskan town !%" drop !B" the last ice age !," a surge glacier !," melt !-"an %ntarctic ice shelf !-" drift The word 2plunge3 in paragraph 1 line 4 is closest in meaning to !B" extent The term 2vicious cycle3 in paragraph 1 line 5 refers to the !%" movement pattern of surge glaciers !B" effect surge glaciers could have on the temperature of tropical areas !," reffect that repeated rising sea levels might have on glacial ice !-" constant threat surge glaciers could pose to the Fulf of %laska 1;. The author provides a definition for which of the following terms* !%" Tributary !paragraph . line 4" !B" 6ce dam !paragraph . line 8" 4D. !," %lbedo !paragraph 1 line 8" !-" 6nterglacial !paragraph 1 line 9" !," is :DD feet wide. !-" has moved as fast as 49 feet per day.

$hich of the following statements is supported by the passage* !%" The movement of surge glaciers can be prevented. !B" The next ice age could be ,ause by surge glaciers. !," Surge glaciers help to support %ntarctic ice shelves. !-" Aormal glaciers have little effect on Carth#s climate.

Questions 41 0 %ccording to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group in the <nited States. 6n the family traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. 6n other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. 6n larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment. %lthough leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of 2natural leaders.3 6t seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in commonJ rather, virtually any person 12

may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group. (urthermore, although it is commonly supposed that social groups have a single leader, research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals. 6nstrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group. Froup members look to instrumental leaders to 2get things done.3 Cxpressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collective well beings of a social group#s members. Cxpressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them. Froup members expect expressive leaders to maintain stable relationships within the group and provide support to individual members. 6nstrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other group members. They give others and may discipline group members who inhibit attainment of the group#s goals. Cxpressive leaders cultivate a more personal or primary relationship to others in the group. They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties or is sub'ected to discipline, are quick to lighten a serious moment with humor, and try to resolve issues that threaten to divide the group. %s the difference in these two roles suggest, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group membersJ instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may en'oy a more distant respect. 4). $hat does the passage mainly discuss* %. B. ,. -. 4.. The problems faced by leaders. +ow leadership differs in Small and large groups. +ow social groups determine who will lead them. The role of leaders in social groups. ,. specific leadership training -. traditional cultural patterns

The passage mentions all of the following ways by which people can become leaders CE,C0T %. ?ecruitment B. formal election process

41.

6n mentioning 2natural leaders3 in paragraph . line ., the author is making the point that .. %. B. ,. -. few people qualify as 2natural leaders3. there is no proof that 2natural leaders3 exist. 2natural leaders3 are easily accepted by the members of a group. 2natural leaders3 share a similar set of characteristics

44.

$hich of the following statements about leadership can be inferred from paragraph .* %. % person who is an effective leader of a particular group may not be an effective leader in another group B. (ew people succeed in sharing a leadership role with another person ,. % person can best learn how to be an effective leader by studying research on leadership. -. /ost people desire to be leaders but can produce little evidence of their qualifications.

45.

The passage indicates that instrumental leaders generally focus on %. ensuring harmonious relationships. B. sharing responsibility with group members. ,. identifying new leaders. -. achieving a goal. ,. group -. particular

48. 49.

The word 2collective3 in paragraph 1 line 5 is closest in meaning to %. necessary %. expressive leaders B. goals of the group B. typical The word 2them3 in paragraph 1 line 9 refers to 7 ,. group members -. tension and conflict

4:.

% 2secondary relationship3 mentioned in paragraph 4 line ) between a leader and the members of a group could best be characterized as 7 %. distant B. enthusiastic ,. unreliable -. personal The word 2resolve3 in paragraph 4 line 5 is closest in meaning to %. avoid repeating B. talk about ,. avoid thinking about -. find a solution for 0aragraphs 1 and 4 organize the discussion of leadership primarily in terms of 13

4;. 5D.

%. examples that illustrate a problem B. cause and effect analysis

,. narration of events -. comparison and contrast

KEY ANSWER: A. LISTENING COMPREHENSION;

2E3 A!S%ER POST TEST CO4P1ETE
SECT O! 1 ' 1 STE! !5

SECT O! " ' STR#CT#RE A!$ %R TTE! E&PRESS O!S

C. READING COMPREHENSION: 1. BDCCB 21. CBBAA 41. BCBAD AADAB BDBDB CCDDD BBDBA DBDAD CCCDB ABCDB

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