Phys 631 2009 Richard A Lindgren July 6 Monday Room 203 9:00 AM - 10:50 AM

! Perspective and Expectations ! Material Covered ! Course Home Page on the Web http://people.virginia.edu/~ral5q/ classes/phys631/summer09 ! Syllabus, Course Material, Resources, Homework and WebAssign, Quizzes, Final Grade ! Todays Lecture ! Tooling up ! Matter and Interactions ! One Dimensional motion ! Vectors/Math Review ! Clickers

Perspective and Expectations

! ! ! This group is unique especially with your widely different physics backgrounds. I will be concerned with physics more than pedagogy. You all have better pedagogical techniques than I have. We want to expose you to as much physics as possible that we think you should know. ! Concepts ! Solve Physics problems ! You will need resources ! Your textbook. Other books listed on website ! TA and each other ! Google

Course Home Page

! http://people.virginia.edu/~ral5q/classes/phys631/summer09! !Syllabus! ! Course Material! ! Resources! ! Homework! !WebAssign! ! Quizzes! !Final Grade!

Final Grade
! ! ! ! Graded Homework (Summer + Fall) 25% Clicker Quizzes 5 % Three Quizzes 40% Final (End of September) 30%

Material Covered - Lectures

First Week ! One Dimensional Motion, Vectors and Math review ! Projectile Motion and Forces and Motion I ! Forces and Motion II ! Kinetic Energy and Work ! Potential Energy Second Week ! Center of mass and Linear Momentum ! Quiz 1 ! Rotation and Angular Momentum ! Equilibrium, Elasticity, and Fluids ! Gravitation

Material
Third Week Fourth Week ! Kinetic Theory, Entropy, and Second Law of Thermo ! Quiz 3 ! ! ! ! ! Oscillations and pendulums Quiz 2 Waves Waves II and Sound Temperature, Heat, and First Law of Thermo

Todays Lecture
! Tooling up ! Matter and Interactions ! One Dimensional Motion !constant speed !constant acceleration ! Math Review

! Scales from the very small to the very large ! Fundamental quantities, units, and unit conversions ! Scientific notation ! Accuracy and significant figures ! Dimensional analysis ! Estimating ! Scalars and vectors

The system of units we will use is the Standard International (SI) system; the units of the fundamental quantities are: ! Length meter ! Mass kilogram ! Time second

Fundamental Physical Quantities and Their Units

Unit prefixes for powers of 10, used in the SI system:

Accuracy and Significant Figures

The number of significant figures represents the accuracy with which a number is known. Terminal zeroes after a decimal point are significant figures: 2.00 has 3 significant figures 2 has 1 significant figure.
Webassign, homework answer is correct if it is within 1% of the right answer. If the answer is 100, then correct answers would be equal to and between 99 and 101.

Accuracy and Significant Figures

If numbers are written in scientific notation, it is clear how many significant figures there are: 6. ! 1024 has one 6.1 ! 1024 has two 6.14 ! 1024 has three and so on. Calculators typically show many more digits than are significant. It is important to know which are accurate and which are meaningless. In Webassign, homework answer is correct if it is within 1% of the right answer.

Scientific Notation
Scientific notation: use powers of 10 for numbers that are not between 1 and 10 (or, often, between 0.1 and 100): When multiplying numbers together, you add the exponents algebraically.
(2 ! 10 4 )(3 ! 10 6 ) = 6 ! 10 4 + 6 = 6 ! 1010

When dividing numbers, you subtract the exponents algebraically.

2 ! 10 4 4"6 "2 "3 = 0.5 ! 10 = 0.5 ! 10 = 5. ! 10 4 ! 10 6

Example

1-4 Dimensional Analysis

The dimension of a quantity is the particular combination that characterizes it (the brackets indicate that we are talking about dimensions): [v] = [L]/[T] Note that we are not specifying units here velocity could be measured in meters per second, miles per hour, inches per year, or whatever. Force=ma [F]=[M][L]/[T2]

Estimates or Guesstimates How a Little Reasoning Goes a Long Way

Estimates are very helpful in understanding what the solution to a particular problem might be. Generally an order of magnitude is enough is it 10, 100, or 1000? Final quantity is only as accurate as the least well estimated quantity in it

Guesstimates
1) How many golf balls would it take to circle the equator?
! ! ! ! ! ! You need the diameter of the golf ball which is about 2 inches or 4 cm.
! 2.5 cm = 1 inch

And you need the circumference of the earth. ???? Divide the circumference by the diameter to get the number of golf balls How to estimate the circumference of the earth? US is 3000 miles wide because it takes a jet at 500 mph to fly from NY to LA in 6 hours It is also 3 times zones wide and there are 24 time zones across the world and therefore the circumference is 3000 x 24/3=24,000 miles or 40,000 km

The number of golf balls is N

3 2 10 m 10 cm 1 N= 4 ! 10 4 km ! ! ! = 10 9 golf balls km m 4 cm

2) If we gave every family on earth a house and a yard, what per cent of the earths surface would they occupy? 3)How many cells are there in the human body? 4) What is the total amount of human blood in the world?

Matter: What do we mean by it?

Solids, Liquids and Gases Electrons orbiting the nucleus make up the atoms and the atoms make up the solids, liquids and gases. For example the surface of a solid might look something like this.

Solids
! STM images of a surface through silicon ! Atoms are arranged in a crystalline array or 3D solid ! Note defects in the lower image

Ordinary matter on earth is made up of tiny Atoms!

In this course we will mostly work with the gravitational force (Action at a distance) and contact interactions or forces.
Projectile motion - gravity! Book resting on a table. What forces act on the book?! Friction! When a bowling ball strikes a pin and knocks it over, ! we call it a contact interaction. ! Also keep in mind that we assume in many instances that we are dealing with rigid bodies.!

Interactions (Action at a distance)

Four types four types of such interactions also called fundamental interactions.
! Strong - inside the nucleus of the atom

! Electromagnetic - between charged particles Electric Magnetic ! Weak - involves the neutrino ! Gravitational Man - Earth Earth - Sun

Strength : Strong > electromagnetic > ! weak > gravitational!

Principles
! ! ! ! Conservation of Energy Conservation of Momentum Newton's Laws Principle of Relativity
! Laws of physics work the same for an observer in uniform motion as for an observer at rest.

! Mathematics! Predict the future!

Start with Motion in One Dimensional

Need to define a few parameters: Time Position Velocity Acceleration

Chapter 2
Motion Along a Straight Line One dimensional motion

TYPICAL SPEEDS
Motion Light Earth around sun Moon around Earth Jet fighter Sound in air Commercial airliner Cheetah Falcon diving Olympic 100m dash Flying bee Walking ant Swimming sperm v(mph) 669,600,000 66,600 2300 2200 750 600 62 82 22 12 0.03 0.0001 v(m/s) 300,000,000 29,600 1000 980 334 267 28 37 10 5 0.01 0.000045 v/c 1 10-4 3*10-6 3*10-6 10-6 10-6 10-7 10-7 3*10-8 10-8 3*10-11 10-13

Nonrelativistic speeds

A person running along a straight line at some velocity.

x1 =10 m x2=20 m! t1= 2 s -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30! t2= 4 s! x(m)

Average velocity velocity = (distance traveled)/time

v = ( x2 ! x1 ) / (t 2 ! t1 )
v = !x / !t

x2 ! x1 = 20 ! 10 = 10 m t 2 ! t1 = 4 ! 2 = 2 s v = 10 m / 2 s = 5 m / s

Distance(m)

Distance-time graph for running in a straight line

v = !x / !t

20 !x 10 0! !t

Average = Instantaneous Velocity or Exact!

!x = v!t distance = velocity " time

4 Time(s) 6

Constant velocity-time graph

Velocity (m/s) 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 Time (s) 3

distance = velocity ! time = 5 m / s ! 3s = 15 m

area = width ! length

Area = distance = 15 m

!x = v!t

What is meant by vavg

Suppose I run for 5 s at a velocity of 2 m/s, then I rest for ! 5 s, and then I run for 10 s at a velocity of 2 m/s. What is ! my average velocity over the 20 s?!

Distance-time graph for changing V What is meant by vavg

x(m) 30 vavg = total displacement/total time!
Total displacement = 10 + 0 + (30-10) = 30 m! Total time = 5 + (10 - 5) + (20 -10) = 20 s! = 30 / 20 = 1.50 m/s!

20 Wrong Way! 10 0 vav = (2m/s + 0m/s +2 m/s)/3! = 1.33 m/s! 5 10 15 20! t (secs)

Distance-time graph for changing V

x(m) 30 vavg = total displacement/total time! = 30 / 20 = 1.50 m/s! 20

10 0

10

15

20!

t(secs)

What is the difference between average velocity and average speed?

Suppose I run for 5 s at a velocity of 2 m/s, then I rest for ! 5 s, and then I run for 10 s at a velocity of 2 m/s. Now I run for! 20 s at - 2m/s or backwards. What is my average velocity and ! speed over the entire 40 s?!

Average velocity and average speed are not always the same.! Average velocity = vavg = total displacement/total time! = (30 - 30) / 40 = 0 m/s! Average speed = savg = (30 + 30)/40 = 1.5 m/s! x(m) 30 20 10 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 t(secs) 40

Here is the velocity-time graph for uniform acceleration.

v = at
v(m/s) !v 1! 0 !t t (secs)
a = velocity / time = (v2 ! v1 ) / (t 2 ! t1 ) = "v / "t = average acceleration = slope of graph

2!

Units of a are (m/s2 in mks system of units)

How far does an object move from point 1 to point 2? It is equal to the total area under the green line in between points 1 and 2.

v(m/s)

Area =1/2 base x height + length x width!

1!

2! t (secs)

1 1 Area = (t 2 ! t1 )(v2 ! v1 ) + v1 (t 2 ! t1 ) = (v2 + v1 )(t 2 ! t1 ) 2 2 x = vavg " t

NON-ZERO INITIAL SPEED

v0 + at v 0 v0

v = v0 + at 1 x = vavt = (v0 + v)t 2 1 1 2 x = (v0 + v 0 + at )t = v0t + at 2 2

Summary of Equations in 1D (constant acceleration) v = v0 + at 1 2 x = v0t + at 1 2 vavg = (v0 + v) 2 2 2 v = v0 + 2 ax x = vavt

Under what conditions do these apply?

v = at

Same Equations with initial velocity = 0

1 2 x = at 2 2 v = 2 ax
t= 2x a

1 vavg = v 2 x = vavgt
t= x v avg

Lets look at a numerical example and then a demo.

Galileos Result (1564)

Dropping things from rest Galileos experiments produced a surprising! Result. ! All objects fall with the same acceleration! Regardless of mass and shape.! G = 9.8 m/s2 or 32 ft/s2! Neglecting air resistance.!

Free Fall Example

Find the time it takes for a free-fall drop from 10 m height.! Take the downward direction as positive displacement. Use two methods.!

10 m!

Method 1

x = vavgt
t = 10 / vavg
Find !

Method 2
2 x= 1 at 2

vavg

t=

2x a

Free Fall Example

Find the time it takes for a free-fall drop from 10 m height.! Take the downward direction as positive displacement. Use two methods.! 10 m!

Method 1

t = 10 / vavg
vavg = (0 + v f ) / 2
Find ! v f
2 v2 = 0 + 2 gx f

1 v avg = v f 2
vavg = 14 m / s = 7m / s 2

v f = 2 ! 9.8 ! 10 v f = 14 m / s

10 m t= 7m / s t = 1.43s

Find the time it takes for a free-fall drop from 10 m height.! Take the downward direction as positive displacement. Use two methods.! Method 2

t=
x= t=
1 2

2x a
gt 2 2x / g

t = 2 * 10 / 9.8 t = 1.43 s

Demos (Motion in one dimension)

! Free fall acceleration of weights equally spaced on a string 50 cm apart. ! Times of the first three are:

x = gt
1 2

2 x= 1 gt 2

2 x= 1 gt 2

t = 2x / g t = 2 * 0.5 / 9.8 t = 0.32 s

t = 2x / g t = 2 *1.0 / 9.8 t = 0.45 s

t = 2x / g t = 2 *1.5 / 9.8 t = 0.55 s

! Time between hits = 0.32, 0.13, 0.10,

Time between hits vrs distance

Time between previous hit (secs)
0.35 0.3 0.25 0.2
Series1

0.15 0.1 0.05 0 0 1 2 3 4 5

Distance from end of string (meters)

Weights spaced apart in increasing distances such that they hit at equal successive time intervals
0.9 0.75

Time (secs)

Time between previous hit (secs)

0.35 0.3 0.25 0.2

Series1

0.6 0.45 0.3 0.15 0 0 1 2 3

0.15 Series1 0.1 0.05 0 0 1 2 3 4 5

Distance from end of string (meters)

Distance from end of string (meters)

stone # 1 2 3 4 5 Time 0.15 0.3 0.45 0.6 0.75 Distance 0.11 0.44 0.99 1.76 2.76

1 distance = g(time) 2 2

How far does a train go when it starts from rest and uniformly increases its speed to 120 m/s in 1 min?

t=0 ! v=0

!!

v = at

(0 + 120 m / s ) vavg = = 60 m / s 2 x = vavgt = (60 m / s ) ! (60 s ) = 3600 m

How far does a train go when it starts from rest and uniformly increases its speed to v m/s in time t?
t=0 ! v=0

! v

!!

v = at

t Find
vavg =

vavg
1 1 1 (v0 + v) = (0 + at ) = at 2 2 2

1 x = vavgt = at ! t 2 1 x = at 2 2 1 x = (2 m / s 2 )(60 2 s ) = 3600 m 2

Non-zero Initial Velocity Example!

Find the time t it takes for a platform diver 10 m high to hit the water if he takes off vertically with a speed of - 4 m/s and the speed v with which the diver strikes the water.

Choose positive down

2 v 2 = v0 + 2 ax

v = (!4)2 + (2)(9.8)(10)
10 m!

v = 14.6 m / s (!4 + 14.6) vavg = = 5.3m / s 2 10 m 10 m t= = = 1.89 s vavg 5.3m / s

Math Review
! Algebra ! Solving simultaneous equations ! Cramers Rule ! Quadratic equation

! Trigonometry and geometry

! sin, cos, and tan, Pythagorean Theorem, ! straight line, circle, parabola, ellipse

! Vectors
! ! ! ! Unit vectors Adding, subtracting, finding components Dot product Cross product

! Derivatives ! Integrals

http://people.virginia.edu/~ral5q/classes/phys631/summer07/math-practice.html!

Simultaneous Equations
2 x + 5 y = !11 x ! 4 y = 14
FIND X AND Y!

x = 14 + 4 y 2(14 + 4 y) + 5 y = !11 28 + 8 y + 5 y = !11 13y = !39 y = !3 x = 14 + 4(!3) = 2

Cramers Rule

a1 x + b1 y = c1 a2 x + b2 y = c2

2 x + 5 y = !11 x ! 4 y = 14

c1 b1 c2 b2 c1b2 ! c2b1 x= = a1 b1 a1b2 ! a2b1 a2 b2 = (!11)(!4) ! (14)(5) 44 ! 70 !26 = = =2 (2)(!4) ! (1)(5) !8 ! 5 !13

a1 a2 y= a1 a2

c1 c2 a c ! a2 c1 = 1 2 b1 a1b2 ! a2b1 b2

(2)(14) ! (1)(!11) 28 + 11 39 = = = = !3 (2)(!4) ! (1)(5) !8 ! 5 !13

Quadratic Formula
EQUATION:!

ax 2 + bx + c = 0
SOLVE FOR X:!

!b b ! 4 ac x= 2a
2

SEE EXAMPLE NEXT PAGE!

Example
2x + x ! 1 = 0
2

a=2 b =1 c = !1

!1 12 ! 4(2)(!1) x= 2(2) !1 9 !1 3 x= = 4 4 !1 ! 3 x! = = !1 4 !1 + 3 1 x+ = = 4 2

Derivation
ax 2 + bx + c = 0 b c x 2 + ( )x + ( ) = 0 a a b $ b 2 c ! x + ( )& ' ( ) + ( ) = 0 # 2a % 2a a "
2 b c b ! $ x + ( ) = '( ) + ( 2 ) # & 2a % a 4a " 2 2

Complete the Square!

! c b2 $ (2 ax + b ) = 4 a # '( ) + ( 2 ) & 4a % " a (2 ax + b )2 = b 2 ' 4 ac

2 2

2 ax + b = b 2 ' 4 ac 'b b 2 ' 4 ac x= 2a

Arc Length and Radians

r = radius D = diameter C = circumfrance

r
S!

S = r!
! is measured in radians!
! = 2" S = r 2" = C
2" rad = 360 o 360 o 1rad = = 57.3 deg rad 2"

2r = D
C = ! = 3.14159 D C =! 2r C = 2! r C =r 2! C S = =r 2! "

Pythagorean Theorem
a
h b
EXAMPLE

h = a +b
2 2

h =3 +4
2 2

h=5

h = 9 + 16 = 25 h=5

Trigonometry
a
b
!
3

h
!

opp a sin ! = = hyp h adj b cos! = = hyp h

sin ! opp a tan ! = = = cos! adj b sin 2 ! + cos 2 ! = 1

EXAMPLE
1 sin ! = ,! = 30 o 2 3 sin " = , " = 60 o 2

2
!

3 cos! = ,! = 30 o 2 1 cos " = , " = 60 o 2

Small Angle Approximation

Small-angle approximation is a useful simplication of the laws of trigonometry ! which is only approximately true for nite angles.!
o ! " 10 FOR !

sin ! ! !
EXAMPLE!

sin(10 ) = 0.173648178
o

10 o = 0.174532925 radians

Vectors and Unit Vectors

! Representation of a vector : has magnitude and direction
! i and j unit vectors (Note the hat on the unit vector) ! angle and magnitude ! x and y components

! Example of vectors ! Addition and subtraction ! Scalar or dot product

Vectors
! A
! +4 A = 2i j
Red arrows are the i! and j unit vectors.! Magnitude =
A = 2 2 + 4 2 = 20 = 4.47

Angle between A and x axis =

tan ! = y / x = 4 / 2 = 2 ! = 63.4 deg

Adding Two Vectors

! A
! B
! +4 A = 2i j ! +2j B = 5i
Create a ! Parallelogram with! The two vectors! You wish you add.!

Adding Two Vectors

! A
! +4 A = 2i j ! +2j B = 5i ! ! +6 A + B = 7i j
Note you add ! x and . y components

! ! A+ B

! B

Vector components in terms of sine and y! cosine

r! y! j! i! r! q" x! x!

cos! = x r sin ! = y r

x = r cos! y = r sin !

+ y r = xi j + (r sin ! ) r = (r cos! )i j tan ! = y / x

! ! Scalar product = A ! B = Ax Bx + Ay By
! +4 A = 2i j ! +2j B = 5i ! ! A ! B = (2)(5) + (4)(2) = 18
90 deg

! A
#"

! B

AB!
Also

! ! A ! B = A B cos" 18 cos" = = 0.748 20 29 " = 41.63deg

AB is the perpendicular projection of A on B. Important later.

A! #"

! B

AB!
! ! A!B AB = B 18 AB = = 3.34 29

! +4 A = 2i j ! +2j B = 5i ! ! A ! B = (2)(5) + (4)(2) = 18

Also"

AB = A cos! AB = 20(0.748) AB = (4.472)(0.748) = 3.34

Example using definition of Work ! ! A=F ! ! B=d ! ! Work=Fd

Vectors in 3 Dimensions

For a Right Handed 3D-Coordinate Systems

y!

j k! z!

i!

x!

! i j=k
Right handed rule.! Also called cross product!

! +2 r = !3i j + 5k
Magnitude of
!

! r = 32 + 2 2 + 5 2

Suppose we have two vectors in 3D and we want to add them

y!

+2 r1 = !3i j + 5k
5!
r1! r2! z!

2! j
k!

i!

1!
x!

7!

+ 1 r2 = 4 i j + 7k

Adding vectors
Now add all 3 components! y!

! ! ! r = r1 + r2 ! +2 r1 = !3i j + 5k ! + 1 r2 = 4 i j + 7k ! + 3 r = 1i j + 12 k

j k!

i!

x!

r!
r1!

r2!

z!

! ! Scalar product = r1 r2
The dot product is important in the of discussion of work.

! ! Work = F ! d
! +2 r1 = !3i j + 5k ! + 1 r2 = 4 i j + 7k

Work = Scalar product

! ! r1 ir2 = r1x r2 x + r1y r2 y + r1z r2 z

! ! r1 r2 = (!3)(4) + (2)(1) + (5)(7) = 25

! +2 A = !3i j + 5k ! + 1 B = 4i j + 7k
! ! ! Let C = A ! B

! ! Cross Product = A ! B

! ! (A B ! B A ) C = ( Ay Bz ! By Az )i z x z x j + ( Ax By ! Bx Ay )k ! [(5 " 4) ! (7 " !3)] = [(2 " 7) ! (1 " 5)]i j + [(!3 " 1) ! (4 " !3)]k ! (20 + 21) =(14-5)i j + (!3 + 12)k ! 41 =9i j ! 9k

Examples of Cross products ! ! ! T = r ! F = Torque on a body due to a force acting on the body causing it to rotate ! ! ! F = q(v ! B) = Force on a charge q moving ! ! with velocity v in a magnetic field B

See your textbook Chapter 3 for more information on vectors and cross and dot products

Definition of Velocity when it is smoothly changing

Differential Calculus "

Dene the instantaneous velocity ! Recall!

( x2 ! x1 ) "x v= = (t 2 ! t1 ) "t
!x as !t v = lim !t
Example! 2 x= 1 at 2

(average)

0 = dx/dt (instantaneous)!

x = f (t ) dx What is ? dt

DISTANCE-TIME GRAPH FOR UNIFORM ACCELERATION

v = !x /!t! dx/dt = lim !x /!t as !t x 0
x + !x = f(t + !t)!
2 x=1 at 2

x = f (t)

x, t! ! t ! (t+!t)!

x = f(t)!

Differential Calculus: an example of a derivative

2 x=1 at 2

x = f (t)
dx/dt = lim !x /!t as !t 0

2 f (t) = 1 at 2
2 f ( t + !t ) = 1 a ( t + ! t ) 2 2 2 =1 a ( t + 2 t ! t + ( ! t ) ) 2

2 2 2 1 1 f ( t + !t ) " f ( t ) a ( t + 2 t ! t + ( ! t ) ) " at 2 = = 2 !t !t

a(2 t!t + (!t ) 2 ) = !t

1 2

=1 2 a(2 t + !t ) ! at
"t ! 0

dx = at dt

velocity in the x direction!

Problem 4-7 The position of an electron is given by the following ! , where t is in secs and r is in ! 4t 2 j + 2k displacement vector r = 3ti m. What is the electrons velocity vector v(t)?! ! ! dr ! 8t v= = 3i j dt What is the electrons velocity vector and components at t= 2 s?!
! dr ! 16 v= = 3i j dt

vx = 3m / s vy = !16 m / s

What is the magnitude of the velocity or speed? !

v = 32 + 16 2 = 16.28 m / s
What is the angle relative to the positive direction of the x axis?!

What is the angle relative to the positive direction of the x axis?!

+vy!

vx = 3m / s vy = !16 m / s

$"

3! -16!

+vx!

"16 ! = tan ( ) = tan "1 ("5.33) = "79.3deg 3

"1

Integral Calculus How far does it go?

v=dx/dt vi! tf v= at

0
N

!ti!

t
N N

x = " !x i = " v i!t i = " at i!t i

i= 1 i= 1 i= 1

N=

tf !ti

Distance equals area under speed graph regardless of its shape Area = x = 1/2(base)(height) = 1/2(t)(at) = 1/2at2

Integration:anti-derivative
" at !t = #
i i i= 1
tf

tf 0

atdt where !t i $ 0 and N $ %

tf 0

1 2 atdt = at 2
2

1 1 2 = a (t f " 0) = a t f 2 2 2

x= 1 2 at

Vector Questions 1. Consider three vectors:

! +0 A = 3i j ! + 2 B = 2 3i j ! + 5 3 C = !5i j

a. Draw the three vectors. ! ! ! b. What is the length or magnitude of A , B and C ? ! ! ! ! ! ! c. What is the angle between A and C , A and B , B and C ?

2. Consider three vectors:

! +6 A = 4i j ! 2k ! +7 B = 2i j ! 1k ! +3 C = 0i j + 5k

! ! a. What is the length or magnitude of A , also written as A ? ! A b. Write the expression for 2 . ! ! c. What is A + B ? ! ! d. What is C ! A ? ! ! e. What is C " A ? ! ! f. What is the magnitude of C " A ? ! ! g. What is B # C ? ! ! h. What is the angle between A and C ? ! ! ! ! i. Does B # C equal C # B ? ! ! ! ! j. How is C " A and A " C related? k. Give an example of the use of dot product in Physics and explain. l. Give an example of the use ! of cross product in Physics and explain. m. Imagine that the vector A is a force whose units are given in Newtons. Imagine vector ! B is a radius vector through which the force acts in meters. What is the value of the ! ! ! torque ($ = r " F ) , in this case? ! ! n. Now imagine that A continues to be a force vector and C is a displacement vector whose ! ! units are meters. What is the work done in applying force A through a displacement C ? ! ! o. What is the vector sum of a vector D given by 40 m, 30 degrees and a vector E given by 12 m, 225 degrees? Use the method of resolving vectors into their components and then adding the components

Three Important Rules of Differentiation

Power Rule

y = cx n dy / dx = ncx n !1
y( x ) = f ( x ) g ( x ) dy df dg = g( x ) + f ( x ) dx dx dx

y = 30 x 5 dy = 5(30) x 4 = 150 x 4 dx
y = 3x 2 (ln x ) dy 1 = 2(3) x(ln x ) + 3x 2 ( ) = 6 x ln x + 3x dx x dy = 3x(2 ln x + 1) dx

Product Rule

Chain Rule

y( x ) = y( g( x )) dy dy dg = dx dg dx

y = (5 x 2 ! 1)3 = g 3 where g=5x 2 ! 1 dy dg = 3g 2 = 3(5 x 2 ! 1)2 (10 x ) dx dx dy = 30 x(5 x 2 ! 1)2 dx

Differentiation Practice
QUESTION: Differentiate the following values with respect to x, t, or z. And let a and b be constants.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.
y = xn y = x5 y=a

x3 3 y= + 3 x3 y = (5ax 2 )(12 x !3 ) y = sin x y = a cos x y = f ( x) g ( x)

y = x 3 sin x y = f ( g ( x)) y = sin ax y = ex
y = !e x + a y = ln x x +1 y= 2 x y = x ln x ! x
2

y = z 32 y = 2t 3 ! 21t 2 + 60t ! 10 x y= ln x

Some Derivatives
y = x5
y = xn

y=a
y = (5 ax 2 )(12 x !3 )
y = sin x

y=

x +1 x2

Integration Practice
1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 .

7 .

! x dx ! dx ! xdx ! adx ! (ay by ! z dz c ! r dr

n 3 "3
2

)dy

8 .

9 . 10. 11. 12.

! (v + at )dt ! cos#d# ! sin btdt

0

1 ! x dx ax ! e dx

13.

! x dx
2 1

14.

) dg & f ' $dx , where f and g are both the functions of x . ( dx %

15. 16. 17.

18.

! x cos xdx ! x sin xdx ! sin axdx dx ! x a

2
2 2

Some integrals
n x ! dx

! dx
! a dx
! (v
0

+ at ) dt

3 2 ( ay by )dy !

! x dx

" cos! d!

Misconceptions - Clickers

ConcepTest 2.8a

Acceleration I
1) Yes 2) No 3) Depends on the velocity

ConcepTest 2.8a

Acceleration I
1) Yes 2) No 3) Depends on the velocity

1) at height h 2) above height h/2 3) at height h/2 4) below height h/2 but above 0 5) at height 0

1) at height h 2) above height h/2 3) at height h/2 4) below height h/2 but above 0 5) at height 0

1) they are perpendicular to each other Given that A + B = C, and that lAl 2 + lBl 2 = lCl 2, how are vectors A and B oriented with respect to each other? 2) they are parallel and in the same direction 3) they are parallel but in the opposite direction 4) they are at 45 to each other 5) they can be at any angle to each other

Given that A + B = C, and that lAl 2 + lBl 2 = lCl 2, how are vectors A and B oriented with respect to each other?

1) they are perpendicular to each other 2) they are parallel and in the same direction 3) they are parallel but in the opposite direction 4) they are at 45 to each other 5) they can be at any angle to each other

Note that the magnitudes of the vectors satisfy the Pythagorean Theorem. This suggests that they form a right triangle, with vector C as the hypotenuse. Thus, A and B are the legs of the right triangle and are therefore perpendicular.

Given that A + B = C, and that lAl + lBl = lCl , how are vectors A and B oriented with respect to each other?

1) they are perpendicular to each other 2) they are parallel and in the same direction 3) they are parallel but in the opposite direction 4) they are at 45 to each other 5) they can be at any angle to each other

Given that A + B = C, and that lAl + lBl = lCl , how are vectors A and B oriented with respect to each other?

1) they are perpendicular to each other 2) they are parallel and in the same direction 3) they are parallel but in the opposite direction 4) they are at 45 to each other 5) they can be at any angle to each other

The only time vector magnitudes will simply add together is when the direction does not have to be taken into account (i.e., the direction is the same for both vectors). In that case, there is no angle between them to worry about, so vectors A and B must be pointing in the same direction.