Class:

Subject:

The list of Subtopics

Mathematics
Why these?

Important from
examination point of
view
Application of formula
and calculation need
practice
Self understanding

Distance formula
Section formula
Area of triangle

Coordinate TGeometry

Topic:

Why should I care?

All major fields need
Statistics for
understanding

Common Mistakes
Confusion in formula.
Understanding the question
and applying the right
formula.
While solving sums in
distance formula.

Distance formula
You will learn

You should know

a) Direct Method

1) caretsian plane
Distance between two points on the
coordinate axis can be calculated
using the distance formula.

2) coordinates of a point
3) quadrants

b) Assumed mean Method

c) Step De viation Method

4) Properties of square, rectangle, parallelogram

5) formula related to area of traingle, rectangle, rhombus, parallelogram

Distance fomula
The distance between any two points in the plane is the length of the line segment joining them.
The distance between two points p(x1, y1) and Q(x2, y2) is given by

i.e.,

PQ =

( x 2 x1 )

PQ =

( Difference of abscissae )

+ ( y 2 y1 )

+ ( Difference of ordinates )

Can you mark any two points x1, y1 and x2 y2 on a graph sheet?

Draw a line to show the distance between them

Understanding and application

Find a point on X-axis which is equidistant from A(2, 5) and B(2, 9).
Solution:
We know that a point on x-axis is of the form (x, 0). So,
Let P(x, 0) be the point equidistant from A(2, 5) and B(2, 9).
Then, PA = PB

( x + 2) + ( 0 9)
2
2
( x + 2 ) + ( 9 )
2

x2 4x + 4 + 25

x2 + 4x + 4 + 81

4x 4x

85 29

8x

56

[Squaring both sides]

Hence, the required point is (7, 0).

( x( 5x21)2))2+2++( 5((2)0++15)2)2
2

Illustration 2:
Show that the points (1, 1), (5, 2) and (9, 5) are collinear.
Solution:
Let A(1, 1), B(5, 2) and C(9, 5) be the given points. Then, we have
AB

BC

And AC =

(5 9)

(1 9 )

+ ( 2 5)

+ ( 1 5 )

16 + 9

25

16 + 9

25

64 + 36

100

10

Now, it is clear that AC = AB + BC

Hence, A, B, C are collinear points.
Remembering and application

Illustration 3:
Show that four points (0, 1), (6, 7) , (2, 3) and (8, 3) are the vertices of a rectangle. Also find its area.
Solution.
Let A(0, 1), B(6, 7), C(2, 3) and D(8, 3) be the given points. Then
AD

(8 0 )

BC

(6 + 2)

AC

( 2 0 )

And BD

(8 6 )

+ (3 7)

+ ( 3 + 1)

64 + 16

80

= 4 5

+ ( 7 3)

64 + 16

80

= 4 5

4 + 16

20

= 2 5

4 + 16

20

= 2 5

+ ( 3 + 1)

AD = BC and AC = BD

So, ADBC is a parallelogram.

Now, AB

(6 0)

+ ( 7 + 1)

And

(8 + 2 )

+ ( 3 3)

CD

It is clear that : AB2

36 + 64

100

10

100 + 0

100

10

AD2 + DB2 and

) )

C(2,3)
4 3502 5

Hence, ADBC is a rectangle.

Now, Area of rectangle ABCD = AD BD =

B(6,7)

sq.units = 40 sq.units.

Illustration 4:

A(0,1)
D(8,3)
If two vertices of an equilateral triangle is (0, 0), 3, 3 , find the third vertex.

Solution:

O(0,0) and A 3, 3 be the given points and let B(x, y) be the third vertex of equilateral
OAB . Then,
OA = OB = AB
OA2 = OB2 = AB2
We have, OA2 = (3 0)2 +
= 9 + 3 = 12
Y-axis
A(3,3)

X -axis

X-axis

O
(0,0)

OB2 = x2 + y2
B(x,y)

Y -axis

OB2 = x2 + y2

And

AB2 = (x 3)2 + y 3

AB2 = x2 6x + 9 + y2

AB2 = x2 + y2 6x + 12

+3

OA2 = OB2 = AB2

OA2 = OB2 and OB2 = AB2
12 = x2 + y2 and

and

and 3x + 3y = 6
3x + 3y = 6

6 3x

y=

22 2
2
2222

12x
x 2223y
36
12
36x
=)12
93x
6x

+22+6+3y
3y
=3x
=
3
263x
236 =336
69=
(66636x

3x
=6y(23y
3)0 +=9x
=2 3
xy =+ = = 3===12
12
12
3
33333 3

x = 0 and x = 3

x=0

[Putting x = 0 in 3x + 3y = 0 ]

and

x=3

[Putting x = 3 in 3x + 3y = 6 ]

) (

Hence, the co-ordinates of the third vertex B are 0, 2 3 or 3, 3

Illustration 5:
If P(2, 1), Q(3, 4), R(2, 3) and S(3, 2) are four points in a plane, show that PQRS is a rhombus but
not a square. Find the area of the rhombus.

Solution:
The given points are P(2, 1), Q(3, 4), R(2, 3) and S(3, 2).
We have

S(3,2)

P(2,1)

PQ

(3 2)

+ ( 4 + 1)

QR

( 2 3)

RS

( 3 + 2 )

+ ( 2 3)

SP

( 3 2 )

+ ( 2 + 1)

PR

( 2 2 )

And QS =

( 3 3)

+ (3 4)

R(2,3)

Q(3,4)

1 + 25

26 units.

25 + 1

26 units.

1 + 25

26 units.

26 units.

=
25 + 1
1 26
4 2 6 2
2
=
16 + 16

32

= 4 2 units.

36 + 36

72

= 6 2 units.

+ ( 3 + 1)

+ ( 2 4 )

PQ = QR = RS = SP =

and

PR QS

i.e.,

PQRS is a quadrilateral in which all sides are equal but diagonals are not equal.

Now, area of rhombus PQRS

=

1
(PR QS)
2

=
=

units.

sq.units.
24 sq. units.

(Products of length of diagonals)

WORKSHEET 1
1.

If the points A(6, 1), B(8, 2), C(9, 4) and D(p, 3) are the vertices of a parallelogram, taken in order,
find the value of p.

.....................................................................................................................................................................................
2.

If A(2, 1), B(a, 0), C(4, b) and D(1, 2) are the vertices of a parallelogram, find the values of a and b.

.....................................................................................................................................................................................
3.

If the point (x, y) be equidistant from the points (a + b, b a) and (a b, a + b), prove that bx + ay.

.....................................................................................................................................................................................
4.

Show that the points A(a, a), B(a, a) and C( a 3, a 3) from an equilateral triangle.

5.

If A(3, 4); B(4, 2); C(5, 4) and D(4, 10) are the vertices of a quadrilateral ;
prove that ABCD is a rhombus.

.....................................................................................................................................................................................
6.

The diagonals AC and BD of a rhombus intersect at (5, 6). If A ? (3, 2) then equation of diagonal BD is
(A) y x = 1

(B) 2y x = 17

(C) y 2x + 4 = 0

(D) 2y + x = 17

.....................................................................................................................................................................................
7.

The coordinates of one end point of a diameter of a circle are (4, 1) and the coordinates of the centre
of the circle are (1, 3). Find the coordinates of the other end of the diameter

.....................................................................................................................................................................................
8.

Find the lengths of the medians of a ABC whose vertices are A(7, 3), B(5, 3) and C(3, 1).

.....................................................................................................................................................................................
9.

If A(5, 1), B(3, 2) and C(1, 8) are the vertices of triangle ABC, find the length of median through
A and the coordinates of the centroid.

WORKSHEETS
1.

Find the distance between the points

i) P( 6, 7) and Q(1, 5)
ii) R(a + b, a b) and S(a b, a b)
iii) A(at12, 2at1) and B(at22, 2at2)

.....................................................................................................................................................................................
2.

If the distance between (4, 0) and (a, b) is twice the distance between (0, 0) and (a, b), find the relation
between a and b.

.....................................................................................................................................................................................
3.

Find the value of x, if the distance between the points (x, 1) and (3, 2) is 5.

4.

Find the point on x-axis which is equidistant from A(2, 5) and B( 2, 9).

.....................................................................................................................................................................................
5.

Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of AB, where A and B are the points (3, 6) and
( 3, 4) respectively. Also, find its point of intersection with (i) x-axis (ii) y-axis.

.....................................................................................................................................................................................
6.

Show that the points (1, 1), (5, 2) and (9, 5) are collinear.

.....................................................................................................................................................................................
7.

Do the points A(3, 2), B( 2, 3) and C(2, 3) form a triangle ? If so, name the type of triangle formed.

8.

If two vertices of an equilateral triangle be (0, 0),

, find the third vertex.

.....................................................................................................................................................................................
9.

Show that four points (1, 2), (3, 6), (5, 10) and (3, 2) are the vertices of a parallelogram.

(3,2a +3 ) 3a, 5a )
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
10. The points (2a, 4a), (2a, 6a) &
A) Equilateral triangle B) Isosceles triangle
C) Scalene triangle
D) Scalene triangle

forms an

11. Find the nature of the figure formed by the points A(2, 5), B(2, 3) and C(4, 3).

.....................................................................................................................................................................................
12. Prove that the points (1, 1),

and (1, 2) are the vertices of an isosceles triangle.

1 1
,
2 2

.....................................................................................................................................................................................
13. The points (0, 0), (0, 10), (8, 16) and (8, 6) are joined to form a quadrilateral. Find the type of the quadrilateral.

Section formula
You will learn To find

You should know

1) To divide a line

1. Ratio in which the line is divided, given the co

ordinates.

segment in equal parts

2) Ratio

2. Find the coordinates of the point, given the ratio

in which it divides the line.

3) Midpoint
4) Centroid of a triangle
5) Bisect and trisect
SECTION FORMULA :

The co-ordinates of point P which divide the straight line joining two points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) internally in the
ratio m1 : m2 are,

Corollary :

CO-ORDINATES OF THE MID-POINT :

If P is the mid-point of AB, then it will divide AB in the ratio of 1 : 1, then co-ordinates of P are :
1
1

+ y=2 14
( y+1 820
) x m y + m y
2 ( x1 + x 2 ) , 32
m
x
+
m
=

12 1 , 1 2
1
2
2 1

m1 + m 2
m1 + m 2

Understanding and application

Illustration 6:

If the point C(1, 2) divides internally the line segment joining A(2, 5) and B in ratio
3 : 4, find the co-ordinates of B.
Solution.
Let the co-ordinates of B be ( , ) in figure. It is given that AC : BC = 3 : 4. So,
the co-ordinates of C are :
3
A(2,5) C(1,2)
3 + 4 2 3 + 4 5
3 + 8 3 + 20
3+ 4 , 3+ 4 = 7 , 7

But the co-ordinates of C are (1, 2)

and

3 + 20
=2
7

= 7 ;
= 7 8 ; = 14 20 = 6
= 5 ; = 2
Hence, the co-ordinates of B are (5, 2).

4
B(, )

Illustration 7:
Find the ratio in which the point (3, p) divides the line segment joining the points
(5, 4) and (2, 3). Hence, find the value of p.

Solution.
Let the point P(3, p) divide the line segment joining points A(5, 4) and B(2, 3) in the ratio K : 1.
Then, the co-ordinates of P are
But, the co-ordinates of P are given as (3, p).
3K 4
=p
K +1

and

= 3K 3 and

K = 2 and p =

K = 2 and p =

Hence, the ratio is 2 : 1 and p =

2
.
3

Illustration 8:

3K
22K

x+425150 +3K
1+1
2K
2 4
3
,1= =, =p, 3
3KK
+
1
2
2
1
+
2 K2+ 1 2K +
1

The three vertices of a parallelogram taken in order are (1, 0), (3, 1) and (2, 2) respectively.
Find the co-ordinates of the fourth vertex.

Solution.
Let A(1, 0), B(3, 1), C(2, 2) and D(x, y) be the vertices of a parallelogram ABCD taken in order.
Since, the diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other :
Co-ordinates of the mid-point of AC = Co-ordinates of the mid-point of BD :

3 + x 1+ y
,

2
2

3 + x y +1
,

2
2

and

y +1
=1
2

x = 2 and y = 1

Hence, the fourth vertex of the parallelogram is (2, 1).

Illustration 9:
If the points A(6, 1), B(8, 2), C(9, 4) and D(p, 3) are the vertices of a parallelogram, taken in order,
find the value of p.

Solution.
We know that diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other. So, the co-ordinates of the midpoint of diagonal AC are same as the co-ordinates of the mid-point of diagonal BD.
8+ p 2+3
,

2
2

8+p 5
,
2 2

8+p
2

15 = 8 + p
p = 15 8 = 7

Illustration 10:

a15
6+
+1195+1b+ 4
15
21,2 , ,
2 22 2

If A(2, 1), B(a, 0), C(4, b) and D(1, 2) are the vertices of a parallelogram, find the values of a
and b.

Solution.
We know that the diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other. So, the co-ordinates of the midpoint of AC are same as the co-ordinates of the mid-point of BD.
i.e.,

2 + 4 1 + b
a +1 0 + 2
,
,

2
2
2
2
a +1

,1
=
2

1=

and

a + 1 = 2 and b 1 = 2

a = 1 and b = 3

Hence, a = 1 and b = 3.

Illustration 11:
If the co-ordinates of the mid-points of the sides of a triangle are (1, 2), (0, 1) and
(2, 1), find the co-ordinates of the vertices.

Solution.
Let A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2) and C(x3, y3) be the vertices of triangle ABC. Let
D(1, 2), E(0, 1) and F(2, 1) be them id-points of sides BC, CA and AB respectively. In figure.

D is the mid-point of BC
and

y 2 + y3
=2
2

x2 + x3 = 2 and y2 + y3 = 4 (i)

Similarly, E and F are the mid-points of CA and AB respectively.

and

y1 + y3
= 1
2

and y1 + y3 = 2 (ii)

A(x1,y 1)

x112 ++ xx333 = 0
== 01
x1 + x 2
y1 + y 2
= 2 and
= 1 x1 + x2 = 4 and y21 + y2 = 2 (iii)
and
2
2

From (i), (ii) and (iii), we get

F(2,1)

E(0,1)

(x2 + x3) + (x1 + x3) + x1 + x2) = 2 + 0 + 4 and

(y2 + y3) + (y1 + y3) + (y1 + y2) = 4 2 2
2(x1 + x2 + x3) = 6 and 2(y1 + y2 + y3) = 0

x1 + x2 + x3 = 3 and y1 + y2 + y3 = 0 (iv)

B(x2,y2)

D(1,2)

From (i) and (iii), we get

x1 + 2 = 3 and y1 + 4 = 0
x1

= 1 and y1

= 4

Co-ordinates of A are (1, 4)

From (ii), and (iv), we get
x2 + 0 = 3 and y2 2 = 0
x2

= 3 and y2

=2

Co-ordinates of B are (3, 2)

From (iii) and (iv), we get x3 + 4 = 3 and y3 = 2
x3

= 1 and y3 = 2

And, So co-ordinates of C are (1, 2)

Hence, the vertices of the triangle ABC are A(1, 4), B(3, 2) and C(1, 2).

C(x3,y3)

Illustration 12:
Find the lengths of the medians of a
B(5, 3) and C(3, 1).

whose vertices are A(7, 3),

Solution.
Let D, E, F be the mid-points of the sides BC, CA and AB respectively in figure.

Then, co-ordinates of D, E and F are :

5 + 3 3 1
3 + 7 1 3
D
,
,
= D(4, 1); E
= E(5, 2)
2
2
2
2

and

AD =

= 9 + 16 = 25

( 5 5)

= 5 units.

+ ( 2 3) = 0 + 25 = 25 = 5 units.
2
1224 +21+
2+A(7,3)
581321
2ABC
573+
33 + 1 1
= ( 2 29+,)+11 2(=, )2 + 110 = units.
CF = ( 6 3)2 + ( 0 + 1)2

BE =
And

7 + 5 3 + 3
F
,
= F(6, 0)
2
2

Illustration 13:

E(5,2)

F(6,0)

If A(5, 1), B(3, 2) and C(1, 8) are the vertices of ABC , find the length of median through
A and the co-ordinates of the centroid.

Solution.
Let AD be the median through the vertex A of
co-ordinates of D are

B(5,3)

D(4,1)

C(3,1)

. Then, D is the mid-point of BC. So, the

i.e., (2, 3)
A(5,1)

B(3,2)

AD =

D(2,3)

C(1,8)

= 49 + 16 = 65 units.

Let G be the centroid of ABC , G lies on median AD and divides it in the ratio 2 : 1. So,
co-ordinates of G are :
4 + 5 6 1 1 5
,
= ,
3 3 3
3

WORKSHEET 2
1.

Show that the mid-point of the line segment joining the points (5, 7) and (3, 9) is also the mid-point of
the line-segment joining the points (8, 6) and (0, 10).

.....................................................................................................................................................................................
2.

The co-ordinates of A and B are (1, 2) and (2, 3). Find the co-ordinates of R so that

AR 4
= .
RB 3

.....................................................................................................................................................................................
3.

Find the co-ordinates of a point R which divides the line-segment joining the points P(2, 3) and Q(4, 7)
internally in the ratio

4
.
7

.....................................................................................................................................................................................
4.

If A and B are (1, 4) and (5, 2) respectively, find the co-ordinates of P when

AP 3
= .
PB 4

5.

Find the co-ordinates of a point which divides internally the line-segment joining the points (3, 4)
and (8, 7) in the ratio 7 : 5.

.....................................................................................................................................................................................
6.

Prove that the points (2, 1), (1, 0), (4, 3) and (1, 2) are the vertices of a parallelogram. Is it a rectangle?

.....................................................................................................................................................................................
7.

The three vertices of a parallelogram taken in order are (1, 0), (3, 1) and (2, 2) respectively.
Find the coordinates of the fourth vertex.

.....................................................................................................................................................................................
8.

If the coordinates of the mid-points of the sides of a triangle are (1, 2) (0, 1) and (2, 1).
Find the coordinates of its vertices.

9.

If A(3, 4); B(4, 2); C(5, 4) and D(4, 10) are the vertices of a quadrilateral ;
prove that ABCD is a rhombus.

.....................................................................................................................................................................................
10.

Show that the mid-point of the line-segment joining the points (5, 7) and (3, 9) is also the mid-point of
the line-segment joining the points (8, 6) and (0, 10)

.....................................................................................................................................................................................
11.

If k1a k2b + k3c = 0, family of straight lines ax + by + c = 0 are always concurrent at a point whose
coordinate is k1 k 2

(A) k , k
3 3
k1

k2

(C) k , k
3
3

k1 k 2

(B) k , k
3 3
k

1
2
(D) k , k
3
3

.....................................................................................................................................................................................
12.

The diagonals AC and BD of a rhombus intersect at (5, 6). If A ? (3, 2) then equation of diagonal BD is
(A) y x = 1

(B) 2y x = 17

(C) y 2x + 4 = 0

(D) 2y + x = 17