Consciousness, Physics and the Holographic Paradigm, Part 1

by Alan T. Williams The search for the fundamental constituents of matter continues and the search for primordial energy has just begun. Abstract: Albert Einstein firmly rejected Niels Bohr's hypothesis that reality per se has meaning only within the explicit act of observation or measurement and to the end of his days Einstein continued to assert the objective, independent reality of our material universe. The disparate views of Einstein and Bohr are, according to the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum theory, complementary; i.e., they are mutually exclusive, contradictory and incompatible. This essay unifies the macroscopic, microscopic, subatomic and subquantum domains by acknowledging Bohr's inclusion of the presently unquantifiable energy of consciousness as a variable in the canon of quantum theory, then building on it to produce a new physical model of objective, independent subquantum reality with which, had he known of it, Einstein might have agreed. Indeed, Bohr might also have agreed. Part 1: Energy Interactions and Material Mass Humankind has for many millennia postulated an all-encompassing transcendent (subquantum) realm located beyond, yet in communication with, the undeniable material realm observed and experienced by means of human sensory perception. Various individuals have formulated the problem, but a physically real process, or mechanism, that links the transcendent (subquantum) and material (macroscopic, microscopic, subatomic) realms of existence and experience has remained elusive. Both matter and energy have been extensively investigated using contemporary state-ofthe-art methods. Thus, as expressed in Einstein's popular formula, E = mc, matter and energy have been found to be physically real and interconvertible. In support of the ensuing hypotheses it should also be noted that matter is material and energy is nonmaterial in nature, therefore physically real nonmateriality per se is a well-known concept in physics. Moving beyond the bound of our local material universe, the energetic transcendent realm can also be seen as nonmaterial but still physically real. That is, the intangible, nonmaterial but still physically real energy of the transcendent realm and the fundamental subquantum ultrahigh frequency energy field that encompasses and pervades our tangible material universe are one and the same. This omnipresent, previously unrecognized subquantum field links the energetic activities of the nonmaterial transcendent realm and our finite material universe of particulate matter by means of ultrahigh frequency energy and information transfers from the transcendent realm to our open material system, our local spacetime continuum, utilizing fundamental physics and holographic principles. Significant agreement with contemporary physics is found. Energy is conserved in the complex system comprised of the combined nonmaterial and material levels of energetic activity. If the nonmaterial/material energy transfers are confirmed by experiment, the scope of physical knowledge will be extended by the hyperenergy and hyperinformation physics that link the nonmaterial (subquantum) and material (macroscopic, microscopic,

subatomic) realms of ultimate reality just-as-it-is. Key points: Our finite tangible material universe is encompassed by and pervaded with omnipresent, nonmaterial ultrahigh frequency energy and information. Ultrahigh frequency energy (hyperenergy) and information (hyperinformation) transfers take place between the intangible nonmaterial (subquantum) realm of physical activity and the tangible material realm of particulate matter human beings see, hear, touch, taste and smell. In principle the hyperenergy and hyperinformation transfers at any nonmaterial/material energy interface take place well beyond the scope of special relativity, general relativity and quantum mechanics. The fundamental dimensional symmetry of nonmaterial/material reality includes at least eight dimensions by encompassing three or more dimensions of nonmaterial space plus one dimension of nonmaterial time and three or more dimensions of material space plus one dimension of material time within the comprehensive present moment. Within the all-inclusive nonmaterial/material present moment the arrow of time inexorably points from past to future for each and every event. (Replacing visible light vectors with nonmaterial hyperenergy vectors in the well-known light cone diagram may provide a useful analogy.) Nonmaterial/material hyperenergy and hyperinformation transfers minimize the effects of entropy within our open local spacetime system. The energetics in a vacuum encompassed by and pervaded with the omnipresent, prequantum 1 hyperenergy/hyperinformation field significantly affect the dynamic subatomic charged particle activity within that vacuum. The energetic interactions between the omnipresent, prequantum hyperenergy field and the subluminal, quantized electromagnetic radiation (EMR) field has a significant effect on the net energetics implicit in Newton's formula F = ma and Einstein's E = mc. Novel gravitation time dilation agreement with general relativity. Novel agreement with fundamental cosmological energetics.# # Note: "Energetic(s)" in this essay refers to the ordinary meaning of the word; i.e., to be vigorously active, forceful; having energy or energies; of or relating to energy or energetic equations (compare with "dynamic(s)" re motion). A novel concept: In the early 1970's, the original holographic paradigm articulated the novel concept that the organic human brain in some way functions as a hologram that both perceives and participates in a holographic universe.2 Based on experimental evidence and the contemporary understanding of physics and hologram theory at that time, each organic human brain appeared to function according to dynamic holographic principles as it received and processed information from the synergistic spacetime hologram that constitutes our finite sub-light-speed material universe. The 1970's paradigm was the result of the combined hypotheses and conjectures of Karl Pribram, David Bohm and others 3 based on the holographic principles discovered by Dennis Gabor, recipient of the 1971 Nobel Prize in Physics . Much of the early effort to solve the holographic paradigm was directed toward unifying the accumulated body of objective knowledge known as physics and the intangible, subjective realm of conscious

human experience. It is not, therefore, surprising that the effort to unify organic brain physiology, conscious human experience and objective physical science eventually reached an impasse. On the other hand, experiments performed by Paul Pietsch since that time have advanced the hologramic model 4 of the organic mind/brain complex. Interestingly, the solution of the holographic paradigm and the fundamental principles of the nonmaterial/material energy interfaces directly related to it are entirely objective and physical. And the early theory of dynamic holographic brain processes interacting with a holographic universe, as proposed by Pribram and Bohm, et al., was much too narrow. The all-inclusive Holographic Paradigm described in this essay is an objective physical model within which our finite synergistic material universe, intangible nonmaterial autonomous minds and tangible organic human brains individually and collectively emerge as energetic holonomic 5 projections -- energetic holographic reconstructions -within a single all-inclusive hologram wholly encompassed by and permeated with the omnipresent nonmaterial hyperenergy of unconditioned ultimate being itself. In other words, unconditioned omnipresent subquantum hyperenergy is the ultimate all-inclusive ontological ground of nonmaterial physical being within which all conditionally relative nonmaterial and material phenomena manifest. This new model extends the scope of physics beyond the high-energy particle physics of the standard physical model to the previously unexplored regions of nonmaterial subquantum ultrahigh frequency hyperenergy and hyperinformation per se, nonmaterial/material energy interfaces, and nonmaterial/material hyperenergy and hyperinformation transformation. In principle or in practice, where does one start? In the 17th century CE, Ren Descartes(1596-1650) noted that the physical body not only affects mind, mind also affects the physical body. Based on these observations Descartes hypothesized that the tangible human body, which includes the brain, is extended in space, but intangible mind and thought are not. Descartes' near contemporary, Baruch Spinoza (1632-1677), reasoned that intangible mind and tangible matter are simply two different aspects of the same underlying ground of being, therefore tangible bodies, intangible minds, and thoughts are all extended in space. Spinoza was indeed correct, but the physics of his day were insufficient to explain the objective underlying physical principles of his hypothesis. Thus the intangible/tangible, nonmaterial/material interactions noted by Descartes remained unsolved until Dennis Gabor's 1947 discovery of holographic principles opened objective new physical insights into the structure of ultimate reality just-as-it-is. Extending the limited theory of the original holographic paradigm, i.e., an organic human brain interacting with our finite local holographic universe, the comprehensive new model of the all-inclusive Holographic Paradigm (TAHP) postulates that the human mind and brain are an energetic holonomic complex which, at the very least, is a composite hologram within a hologram within a hologram. That is, each human mind/brain holonomic complex is a discrete combination of energetic nonmaterial and material holonomic image events that emerges (is holographically reconstructed) within our local sub-light-speed holographic universe, our finite material spacetime continuum, which itself emerges (is holographically reconstructed) within the all-inclusive ontological hologram that emerges within the unconditioned nonmaterial hyperenergy of ultimate physical reality just-as-it-is. In principle the ultrahigh frequency hyperenergy interfaces, hyperenergy and hyperinformation transformations, and

holographic principles either implicit or explicit in these postulations can be mathematically and scientifically determined. Researching the literature on consciousness, one immediately notices that the term "consciousness" means many things to many people. Nevertheless, as a general rule, when one currently speaks of "consciousness" one is most often referring to subjective, conditionally relative human phenomenological consciousness. Given this bias both the objective energy aspect of human consciousness and the energetic pre-existing underlying ground of ontological consciousness itself have been essentially ignored. Thus it would seem that before the physics or the phenomena of consciousness per se can be properly defined and described, these long-standing lacunae must be investigated, defined and described. The ultrahigh frequency hyperenergy physics and the concomitant ultrahigh energy hyperinformation spectrum of the nonmaterial subquantum energy domain comprise the comprehensive continuum or spectrum of phenomenal consciousness, the investigations of which will undoubtedly have far-reaching effects on the scope and practice of fundamental physics, on understanding the scope and role of consciousness per se, on the conservation of energy, on cosmology, high-energy particle physics, etc., etc. Indeed, the law of causality may be revitalized as the scope of physical science is immeasurably extended. Thus it would seem that the fundamental physics of the omnipresent, prequantum ultrahigh frequency hyperenergy domain, the concomitant ultrahigh energy hyperinformation spectrum and phenomenal consciousness itself are three key issues -- indeed, the key issues -- of 21st century physics. Food for thought: Based on fundamental physics and holographic principles, the all-inclusive Holographic Paradigm (TAHP) is a comprehensive physical model of ultimate reality just-as-it-is. The fundamental physics and holographic principles of ultimate reality just-as-itis are entirely objective. The underlying ontological hologram that contains and sustains all conditionally relative nonmaterial and material phenomenal (holographic) manifestations is immersed in (encompassed by and permeated with) the unconditioned nonmaterial ultrahigh frequency physical energy of ultimate reality just-as-it-is. Our open subluminal spacetime system -- our local synergistic material universe -- is an energetic experiential hologram that emerges reciprocally (is holographically reconstructed) on some level of conditional activity within an allinclusive ontological hologram which itself emerges reciprocally (is energetically constructed) within the unconditioned nonmaterial hyperenergy of ultimate physical reality just-as-it-is. Question: Why do these energetic experiential holograms emerge reciprocally? Answer: There is a 180 degree phase shift between the stored image and the reconstructed image of a hologram. Synergistic conditionally relative holograms interact with each other and with the comprehensive nonmaterial/material spacetime hologram within which they and our open holographic spacetime system itself are immersed, thus the all-inclusive energetic present moment has at least eight dimensions (8-D). That is:

1. Within the all-inclusive present moment, energetic nonmaterial conditional relativity has at least three space dimensions and one time dimension (4-D); 2. Within the all-inclusive present moment, energetic/dynamic material conditional relativity has at least three space dimensions and one time dimension (4-D); 3. Thus the fundamental nonmaterial/material dimensional symmetry of the allinclusive conditionally relative present moment is comprised of at least six space dimensions and two time dimensions (8-D). Nonmaterial subquantum hyperenergy and hyperinformation per se are entirely independent of particulate matter. Conditionally relative particulate matter is comprised of discrete aggregations of nonmaterial physical energy or energies. Each composite human mind/brain holonomic complex is a synergistic intangible/tangible, nonmaterial/material energetic hologram that emerges reciprocally (is holographically reconstructed) within our finite local holographic universe, which itself emerges reciprocally (is holographically reconstructed) on some conditional level within an all-inclusive ontological hologram which, in turn, is wholly immersed in (encompassed by and permeated with) the unconditioned nonmaterial ultrahigh frequency physical energy of ultimate reality just-as-it-is. The fundamental physics of the nonmaterial subquantum continuum of conditionally relative phenomenal consciousness are entirely objective. Only nonmaterial/material personal experience is subjective. Our open local spacetime system -- our finite holographic universe -- and each individual human mind/brain holonomic complex interfaces with, receives information from, and provides feedback to the subquantum hyperenergy domain via the nonmaterial continuum of conditionally relative phenomenal consciousness. In principle all nonmaterial subquantum hyperenergy and hyperinformation activity lies beyond the scope of special relativity, general relativity and quantum mechanics. Fundamental forces: Each macroscopic, microscopic and subatomic material form is a discrete aggregation of subquantum physical energy or combination of energies, the composition of which is sustained and maintained by the synergistic conditional activity of the four distinct fundamental forces or interactions that have thus far been discovered in our holographic material universe. The four known fundamental forces are electromagnetism, the strong nuclear force, the weak nuclear force and gravitation. Each of these four known fundamental forces or interactions is constrained by (limited to acting within) the conditionally relative phenomenal boundary (or bound) of our synergistic subluminal spacetime continuum. A bold prediction: The all-inclusive Holographic Paradigm (TAHP) postulates that consciousness per se is an objective subquantum nonmaterial physical energy and that the subquantum nonmaterial continuum or spectrum of conditionally relative phenomenal consciousness may be the presently unrecognized fifth fundamental force. Indeed, the TAHP model of ultimate reality just-as-it-is postulates that unconditioned

omnipresent nonmaterial consciousness itself and the pre-existing underlying unconditioned primordial physical energy within which, without exception, all nonmaterial and material phenomena exist are identical, i.e., they are one and the same. TAHP further postulates that all nonmaterial and material phenomena are holographically constructed and reconstructed via a broad continuum or spectrum of subquantum conditionally relative phenomenal consciousness which organizes and directs the energetic activity that creates, contains, sustains and maintains each and every holographic image event within and beyond the bound of our local spacetime continuum. This view necessarily yields three additional postulates; namely: 1. consciousness per se is the inseparable agent of energy; 2. subquantum hyperenergy and hyperinformation are the nonmaterial means by which coherent particulate matter is organized and directed; 3. the objective subquantum continuum or spectrum of conditionally relative phenomenal consciousness is, in principle, amenable to mathematical quantification and scientific investigation. Force, agent, or both? Is the objective nonmaterial ultrahigh frequency energy of consciousness a force as well as an agent? The nonmaterial continuum of phenomenal consciousness exerts only an indirect action on coherent particulate matter through the agency of subquantum hyperenergy and, in principle, is many magnitudes weaker than the approximately 6x1039 force of gravity, the weakest of the four presently known fundamental forces. Nevertheless, by means of nonmaterial/material energy interfaces and holographic transformation principles (reconstruction, projection), the subquantum activity of the continuum of phenomenal consciousness provides the necessary and sufficient physical force required of the prequantum agent that organizes and directs the energetic actions which create, sustain and maintain coherent conditionally relative particulate matter within the bound of our synergistic holographic spacetime continuum. Thus, although Niels Bohr was in the final analysis unable to clearly articulate his intuitive grasp of the significance, hence the inclusion, of consciousness in the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum theory, the objective subquantum energies of conditionally relative phenomenal consciousness may indeed constitute the unrecognized fifth -- or primordial -- fundamental force. Quantum and quanta: British scientist J.J. Thomson's 19th century cathode ray experiments provided an essential precursor for our quantum century and 20th century science. Thomson (18561940), recipient of the 1906 Nobel Prize in Physics , announced the discovery of the electron -- the first fundamental quantum of subatomic energy to be experimentally isolated -- during a lecture on April 30, 1897. Just three years later, in 1900, Max Planck (1858-1947), recipient of the 1918 Nobel Prize in Physics , mathematically determined and defined the "quantum of action" for the energy of heat radiation now known as Planck's Constant. And in his 1905 paper, "On a Heuristic Point of View Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light", 6 Albert Einstein (1879-1955), recipient of the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics, proposed the use of Planck's quantum of action to describe the activity of light: "According to the assumption to be contemplated here, when a light ray is spreading from a point, the energy is not distributed continuously over everincreasing spaces, but consists of a finite number of energy quanta that are

localized in points in space, move without dividing, and can be absorbed or generated only as a whole." 7 History amply demonstrates that the cited 1905 paper focused the attention of the early 20th century European and American scientific communities on the discrete subatomic aggregations of energy now called photons rather than unbound subquantum energy itself. Subquantum energy: Aware that subquantum hyperenergy has no material mass and focusing on the search for unbound energy itself rather than discrete aggregations of subatomic energy, one can almost hear Gustav Kirchhoff (1824-1887) say, "it should be obvious to the most casual observer that the use of E = mc is inappropriate in this case". Of course, when Kirchhoff died Einstein was only eight years old and had not yet derived his famous formula. Max Planck, Kirchhoff's venerable pupil, succeeded Kirchhoff at the University of Berlin in 1889 and announced his opportune discovery of the quantum of action for energy, h, in 1900. Nonetheless, Kirchhoff's comment would have been appropriate in that subquantum scientific investigation and experimentation will necessarily seek answers which lie beyond the scope of previous scientific endeavors and high-energy particle physics. In principle, all subquantum hyperenergetic activity takes place well beyond the theoretically absolute barrier represented by the speed of light in Einstein's special theory of relativity (SR). This implies that omnipresent, pervasive nonmaterial subquantum hyperenergy and hyperinformation not only can be but are transmitted at rates much faster than the speed of light both within and beyond the bound of our local spacetime continuum; rates that may even be considered instantaneous from a material perspective. Indeed, faster-than-light (FTL) transmission of subquantum hyperenergy and hyperinformation can be seen as significant agreement with the gravitation time dilation described in Einstein's general theory of relativity (GR). That is, compared to the faster frequencies (shorter wavelengths) of the nonaccelerated or gravity-free superluminal hyperenergy and hyperinformation transfer in the omnipresent, pervasive nonmaterial subquantum spacetime continuum, the slower frequencies (longer wavelengths) of energy and information transfer within the subluminal, quantized electromagnetic radiation (EMR) field of our holographic material universe may be due to gravitation time dilation effects. 8 The scientific and mathematics communities must necessarily overcome multiple challenges in the revolutionary search for subquantum energy. For example, the concepts and formulae pertaining to subatomic particulate matter and electromagnetic radiation must be surpassed. The nonmaterial realm has its own space, time and continua or spectra of consciousness and energy. With no subatomic electrons or photons to detect, electron volts (eV) cannot be used as a measure of prequantum energy. In addition to the value c, formulae such as p = hv/c (where p is momentum, h is Planck's Constant, v is wavelength and c is the speed of light) contain the material concept of particulate matter in motion and are valid only within the bound of our holographic material universe; i.e., only within a material realm which includes electromagnetic radiation and its visible concomitant, light. Is every contemporary physical measure, every contemporary mathematical formula now compromised? No, of course not. Classical (Newtonian) physics, special and general relativity, and quantum mechanics will continue to apply within their respective limits.

On the other hand, science and mathematics will undergo an exciting new era of intensive investigation and experimentation. Nonmaterial time, space and energy provide theoretical and mathematical physicists with a more-or-less familiar starting place in the prequantum realm, thus new formulae that describe the subquantum ultrahigh frequency energy field and nonmaterial/material interactions will be found. New instrumentation and experiments that test the links between the transcendent (subquantum) and material (macroscopic, microscopic, subatomic) realms of existence and experience will be designed and implemented. Eventually the scope of most, if not all, hard and soft sciences will be extended beyond contemporary limits. Dark energy may be generated by subquantum energy: Contemporary state-of-the-art cosmological observations of our holographic sub-lightspeed spacetime continuum suggest that our finite subluminal material universe has low matter density, is inflationary (with an accelerating rate of expansion) and flat (with large-scale Euclidean geometry). In the context of the all-inclusive Holographic Paradigm, our material universe is an objective energetic/dynamic conditionally relative phenomenal hologram embedded within an all-encompassing field of objective subquantum physical energy which is itself an energetic conditionally relative phenomenal hologram. In other words, our holographic material universe is immersed in (encompassed by and pervaded with) a superluminal subquantum field or domain of objective nonmaterial physical energy that extends beyond the boundary of our finite material universe; is immersed within a novel quantifiable subquantum physical energy that encompasses, pervades, energizes and informs our open subluminal spacetime system. This objective subquantum ultrahigh frequency physical energy may interface with, transmit energy to and exchange information with the electromagnetic zero point field(ZPF) at the zitterbewegung, the trembling motion of the ZPF. Superluminal hyperenergy and hyperinformation may also interface with quintessence, the massive amounts of recently discovered cosmic dark energy that pervade the material universe. Indeed, subquantum hyperenergy may generate quintessence (dark energy) via the nonmaterial/material energy interface(s). In principle the subquantum hyperenergy and hyperinformation received by our open spacetime continuum via the nonmaterial/material energy interface(s) organizes and directs the synergistic activity of particulate matter (discrete aggregations of energy or energies) within our subluminal holographic universe. Indeed, subquantum hyperenergy and hyperinformation may also leave our open spacetime system via the zitterbewegung, quintessence and human mind/brain nonmaterial/material energy interfaces, among presently unknown others, thus providing feedback for the synergistic cosmogenic activities encoded (stored) in the transcendent (nonmaterial, subquantum) holomovement 10 within which our finite local material universe is holographically reconstructed. Energy interactions and material mass: Subquantum hyperenergy and hyperinformation per se are entirely independent of particulate matter. Subquantum hyperenergy and hyperinformation interact only indirectly with conditionally relative particulate matter via nonmaterial/material energy interfaces. Macroscopic, microscopic and subatomic particulate matter per se is comprised of discrete aggregations of nonmaterial subquantum energy, or energies, which are bound (gebunden) by one or more of the four conditionally relative fundamental

forces. The known universe contains an immense amount of unbound subquantum energy (ungebundene Energie). Conservation of energy: The conservation of energy per se essentially means that in a closed system energy can neither be created nor destroyed, and the sum of all energies in the system under consideration is a fixed quantity. By definition the material realm begins and ends at the bound of our open local spacetime system; therefore, any physical energy that may enter or leave our open local material universe is necessarily nonmaterial. All energy in every nonmaterial/material interaction is conserved, just as all energy in every matter/energy interaction is conserved. Total nonmaterial/material physical energy in our local holographic spacetime continuum is conserved in the complex system comprised of the comingled nonmaterial and material energy domains. The conservation of energy thus extends well beyond the known Laws of Thermodynamics and is necessarily more complex and more comprehensive than previously believed. Consciousness and energy: In the context of the Holographic Paradigm, all things other than subjective personal experience -- including the transcendent (nonmaterial, subquantum) aspects of ultimate reality just-as-it-is -- are entirely physical. Thus consciousness, the inseparable agent of energy, is an objective continuum of nonmaterial physical energy. Somewhat counterintuitively, our finite holographic material universe and the human mind/body holonomic complex are open physical systems rather than closed systems. And the conservation of all nonmaterial/material energies, including consciousness itself, must be incorporated in any theory or algorithm that purports to represent any of the following: the definitive physics of our finite local spacetime continuum (our open holographic material system); the definitive physics of the nonmaterial continuum of phenomenal consciousness; the definitive nonmaterial/material unified theory of everything (TOE). the definitive nonmaterial/material physics of ultimate reality just-as-it-is. Part 2: Hologram (Information) Theory, Wave/Particle Duality and Quantum Mechanics. Notes: 1. Prequantum: coming before or earlier than subluminal quantization. 2. Ken Wilbur, editor, The Holographic Paradigm and Other Paradoxes: Exploring the Leading Edge of Science, Shambhala, 1982, 2-3. October 1995 reprint: ISBN 0877732388. 3. Ibid. 4. Paul Pietsch, Shufflebrain, Chapter 1, Footnote 1, 1999. 5. Holonomic: having the characteristics of a hologram ("The term 'holonomic' was introduced by George Leonard to refer to entities 'in the nature of a hologram'; see G. Leonard, The Silent Pulse, Dutton, New York, 1978." Wilber, 153, note 1). 6. Albert Einstein, "ber einen die Erzeugung und Verwandlung des Lichtes betreffenden heuristischen Gesichtspunkt", Annalen der Physik 17 (1905), 132-148. Translated by Anna Beck. 7. Ibid. 8. The casual reader will find an excellent nontechnical explanation of Special and General Relativity in Brian Greene's book, The Elegant Universe, W. W. Norton &

Company, New York - London, 1999: ISBN 0-393-04688-5. 9. To view this PostScript (*.ps) file, your browser must have 1) a Ghostscript interpreter and 2) a Ghostscript viewer installed. To obtain FREE Ghostscript and Ghostviewer software, please go to <http://www.cs.wisc.edu/~ghost/>. (Note: Ghostview is platform specific and the Aladdin Ghostscript software MUST be installed first.) 10. Holomovement: the energetic phenomenal activity of a comprehensive transcendent (subquantum) or material hologram. For example, the finite totality of our holographic material universe is one comprehensive sub-light-speed holomovement. http://www.cox-internet.com/hermital/index.htm Last update: May 19, 2001. This paper is a work in progress. Please check for the latest update before quoting in other venues the concepts and hypotheses presented here. Thank you. Constructive comments welcome: hermital@cox-internet.com

Consciousness, Physics and the Holographic Paradigm, Part 2

by Alan T. Williams I think of my lifetime in physics as divided into three periods. In the first period ... I was in the grip of the idea that Everything is Particles ... I call my second period Everything is Fields ... Now I am in the grip of a new vision, that Everything is Information. - John Archibald Wheeler, Geons, Black Holes, and Quantum Foam: A Life in Physics 11 Until recently, information was regarded as unphysical, a mere record of the tangible, material universe, existing beyond and essentially decoupled from the domain governed by the laws of physics. This view is no longer tenable. - Wojchiech Zurek, Decoherence and the Transition from Quantum to Classical 12 Part 2: Energy, Hologram (Information) Theory, Wave/Particle Duality and Quantum Mechanics Given the physical limitations of human sensory perception the macroscopic material objects we see, feel, touch, taste and smell seem to have a solid, objective, independent existence. Using various kinds of instrumentation to extend our human perception into the microscopic, atomic and subatomic domains counterintuitively reveals that macroscopic material objects are comprised of relatively vast energy fields that encompass surprisingly small amounts of molecular, atomic and/or subatomic mass. The coherent pattern of vast energy fields containing low matter density is repeated again and again as material size increases or decreases in scope on a scale ranging from the undefined bound of our macroscopic subluminal material universe to the subquantum superluminal hyperenergy/hyperinformation transition zone that links the nonmaterial and material realms of ultimate reality just-as-it-is.

Albert Einstein derived the equivalence of energy and mass for a particle in motion, E = mc, as a direct result of the investigation that produced the special theory of relativity and presented the equivalency to the scientific community at large in his 1905 paper, "Does the Inertia of a Body Depend upon its Energy Content?"13 Note well that energy per se has long been known to be nonmaterial rather than material in nature, but -perhaps as a result of its nonmaterial nature -- for a very long time energy has been treated as a property of matter and was thought to have no independent existence. Actually, the reverse is true. While energy and matter are indeed interconvertible, energy itself is the irreducible, independent foundation of matter and matter is entirely dependent upon energy. That is: 1) Energy has an objective, independent physical existence and exists in the absence of matter. 2) Matter is entirely dependent upon energy and cannot exist in the absence of energy. Regardless of size, each macroscopic, microscopic, atomic or subatomic material form is a discrete aggregation of nonmaterial physical energy, or combination of energies, and the composition of specific instances of matter is sustained and maintained by the synergistic conditional activity of the four known nonmaterial fundamental forces or interactions (electromagnetism, the strong nuclear force, the weak nuclear force and gravitation) acting in concert with other presently unknown nonmaterial energies, forces, or interactions. Thus, rather than affirming the primacy of matter, Einstein's energy-mass equivalency points directly toward the fundamental, irreducible primordial foundation of independent, physically real nonmaterial energy itself. Hologram (Information) Theory: In 1947 while working in England to improve the electron microscope, Hungarian electrical engineer Dennis Gabor, recipient of the 1971 Nobel Prize in Physics, invented a method of storing on film a three-dimensional (3-D) image of the information pattern encoded in a beam of light (subatomic electromagnetic radiation) and coined the word hologram to describe his discovery. Combining the Greek words holos (whole, entire) and gramma (anything written or drawn), an energy hologram is defined as the whole (or entire) message compared with the partial message obtained in an ordinary twodimensional (2-D) photograph. Gabor then chose the existing word "holography" to describe the information storage and retrieval processes that produce a hologram or a reconstructed holographic image event. Reconstructed conventional (fixed, or static) holographic images that remain unchanged in time and space are three-dimensional. Reconstructed energetic holographic image events that reproduce changes in time, through space, are four-dimensional (4-D). In 1948 Gabor performed the basic experiments in optical holography (then called "wavefront reconstruction") using incandescent light, but the results were less than satisfactory due to the random phase relationships (the "noise") generated by incandescent light. Practical use of Gabor's holographic principles would necessarily await the development of a coherent light source. "Coherent" light means that all of the light emitted by the laser has the same wavelength and is in phase, i.e., there is no difference in the phase relationships of the emitted light. Happily, the invention of the laser (light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation) a decade later produced the needed coherent light source. In 1958 Charles Townes and his co-workers at Columbia University, New York --

including Arthur Schawlow, a co-recipient of the 1981 Nobel Prize in Physics -- and a research group led by Nicolay Gennadiyevich Basov and Aleksandr Mikhailovich Prokhorov at the Lebedev Institute for Physics, Moscow, simultaneously and independently analyzed the possibilities of applying the maser principle (microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation) to the optical region of the EMR spectrum. The first operating optical maser, now known as the laser, was constructed by Theodore H. Maiman and was demonstrated at the Hughes Research Laboratories in Malibu, California, May, 1960. The laser is the indispensable coherent light source that makes contemporary optical holography possible. Among other changes in operating conditions, the step from microwaves to visible light permitted a 105 increase in frequency. Townes, Basov and Prokhorov shared the 1964 Nobel Prize in Physics "for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle". Compared to the long day of Plato and Aristotle that has illuminated Western tradition for more than two millennia, hologram theory and holographic principles are only a brief flash of lightning in the cosmos of scientific knowledge as humankind enters the 21st century CE. Nevertheless, this bright flash of holographic lightning may usher in a new day that more clearly illuminates ultimate reality just-as-it-is. Conventional optical holograms: Conventional photography and optical holography are light dependent methods of storing informatiom. Both methods record some of the information contained in the optical region -- the visible light region -- of the electromagnetic radiation spectrum. Conventional photography records only the intensity of the incident light waves. Optical holography records both the intensity and the phase relationships of the incident light waves. The reconstructed results of the two processes, i.e., a photograph or a hologram, are significantly different. Light travels through a given medium (air, for example) in a wave-like form. To capture the information encoded in the incident light waves, photographic film with an appropriate emulsion speed records the pattern of light obtained from an object or scene of interest. An ordinary conventional photograph records only the amplitude -- the intensity -- of the incident light waves. When the photograph is developed, a twodimensional picture (image) of the object consisting of higher (bright) intensities, lower intensities (shadows) or absence of light can be printed on light-sensitive photographic paper or projected onto a screen (slides, movies). But intensity is only a small part of the information contained in the particular light waves of interest. Using the coherent light of a laser to illuminate the object, a hologram records the intensity plus the phase relationships of the incident light waves -- and perhaps much more information of which we are presently unaware. After the film is developed and coherent laser light is directed through the recorded information at the proper geometric angle, a reversed three-dimensional image containing all the details of the original object is reconstructed in open local space. It should be noted, however, that only part of the information contained in the message represented by a hologram is presently capable of being deciphered using the most sophisticated methods of contemporary scientific understanding. A diffused hologram has the appearance of random noise and is sometimes compared to a distributed memory: One can call it "ideal Shannon coding" because Claude E. Shannon has shown in

his communication theory that the most efficient coding is such that all regularities seem to have disappeared in the signal; it must be 'noiselike'. But where is the information in this chaos? ... It is...a complicated figure, the diffraction pattern of the object, which is repeated at random intervals, but always in the same size and orientation. - Dennis Gabor, "Holography, 1948-1971", Science, 177, 1972, 304. Conventional off-axis optical holography requires two light beams: A reference beam and a diffraction beam (also called the object beam). A single laser provides the coherent light beam which is used for both purposes. A beam splitter -- an optical device that divides the coherent beam into two parts -- is placed directly in the laser beam. One part of the divided coherent beam is then focused directly on the film by strategically placed mirrors and focusing lenses. This unmodified coherent light is called the reference beam. The second part of the divided coherent beam (the diffraction or object beam) is directed onto the object of interest. The modified light waves reflected by the object are then focused on the undeveloped film where they interact with the reference beam. The interaction of the coherent information in the reference beam and the modified information in the diffraction beam creates a unique interference pattern (diffraction pattern) that is recorded (encoded) in the film emulsion. When the developed film is again placed in the path of a coherent light beam at the proper geometric angle, the encoded information is reconstructed and a reversed three-dimensional optical image of the original object is projected into open local space. Some years after he produced an exact analysis of his hologram theory (1948-51), Dennis Gabor thought the effort to improve the electron microscope might have been twenty years premature. Electron holography actually took nearly fifty years to come of age through the use of the Mllenstedt biprism. Now, more than fifty years after he first articulated his hologram theory, conventional laser holography, acoustical holography and electron holography all utilize Gabor's holographic principles. And computational holography, a computer synthesized realtime 3-D interactive "holovideo" or interactive virtual reality display of holograms, is a growing area of interest. Wave-particle duality and Young's double-slit experiment: The historical search for the fundamental properties, or nature, of light is a long one that includes many well-known names in physics -- or "natural philosophy" as physics was known until well into the 19th century -- and has come to fruition essentially within the past one hundred years, i.e., in the 20th century CE. Following his work in physiological optics and the transmission of sound in the late 18th century, Thomas Young (1773-1829) discovered the principle of interference of light waves in 1801. Continuing to revise and refine his wave theory of light through various experiments, Young introduced the concept of and the word "energy" in 1807. In his 1820 effort to solve the puzzling double refraction of light discovered by Erasmus Bartholin (1625-1698), Young devised and performed his famous double-slit experiment, the results of which led him to conclude that light is a transverse wave. The modern version of Young's double-slit experiment is so refined that a recording device or photographic film placed behind the slits in line with a controlled source (emitter) can record the activity of a single photon (or electron) at a time. The single photon (or electron) double-slit experiment produces the expected particle-like results when only one slit is open; i.e., when slit A is closed and every photon (or electron) must

pass through slit B, or vice versa. But with both slits A and B open the device or film records a totally unexpected wave diffraction pattern with bright and dark interference bands (A B) -- a well-known characteristic of electromagnetic radiation (waves) -rather than the expected sum of the two trials (A + B) through alternate open slits (A or B) which produce particle-like results. This extraordinary wave-like result when both slits are open at the same time has remained unexplained since Young first performed the double-slit experiment in 1820. Indeed, the phenomenon has been called the central mystery of quantum theory by Richard Feynman, co-recipient of the 1964 Nobel Prize in physics, among others. Quantum mechanics: It would seem that every physicist and every student of light and electromagnetic radiation has learned of Young's enigmatic double-slit experiment. Thus the inexplicable inabilility to explain the unexplained double-slit results in the past 180 years is not due to lack of awareness. Unresponsive even to the mathematical subtleties of quantum mechanics (QM), the solution would also seem to be beyond the QM scope of action. This implies that the explanation of Young's mysterious results is more complex -- thus more fundamental -- than previously suspected. A vast improvement over classical (Newtonian) mechanics, quantum mechanics basically describes probabilistic or statistical particle interactions on the subatomic level of our finite local spacetime continuum and predicts experimentally attainable results within the limits of quantum indeterminancy and uncertainty. Indeed, the validated equations of QM and relativity have been so extraordinarily successful within their scope of action that some individuals seem to believe that mathematics per se drive, control, and/or organize physical reality itself. That is not the case. Mathematics is a science of abstract symbols and can only describe the laws of nature, not control them. Just as classical physics was surpassed by relativity and quantum theory, it now seems that the scope of physics itself must once again be extended. Hypothesis and experiment: The unexpected interference pattern obtained from Young's experiment may ultimately be described by the holographic principles Dennis Gabor discovered in 1947. 14 Thus the mysterious result may be an optics problem rather than a physics problem; an energy problem rather than a particle physics problem. That is, the observed diffraction pattern may be an in-line transmission hologram of the photon or electron energy rather than the more familiar off-axis hologram. Once one moves beyond the consideration of fixed holograms to the concept of energetic, interactive, relativistic holograms, contemporary electron holography techniques may provide the solution to the enigmatic imagery produced by the high-tech double-slit experiment. A laboratory experiment designed to enhance the in-line hologram would resolve the issue, perhaps by increasing the background complexity of the reference beam through the use of the Mllenstedt biprism used in electron holography. Enhancement of the primary image itself may require an optical system that effectively eliminates unwanted secondary, or ghost, images during holographic reconstruction. If the photon and electron energy hologram hypothesis is confirmed by experiment, it can also be seen as further confirmation of the uncertainty principle formulated in 1926 by Werner Heisenberg, recipient of the 1932 Nobel Prize in Physics. That is, at the Planck scale the discrete aggregation of material energy comprising a photon or electron loses coherence and can no longer be treated as a particle-like material point either physically

or mathematically. In other words, the transition zone from a discrete particle-like point source to unbound (ungebunden) material energy has been reached at the Planck scale, thus position and momentum are no longer relevant. New formulae and new physical theories are needed to go into and beyond the discrete matter/ungebunden energy transition zone, perhaps by implementing the formulae Dennis Gabor developed and described in his papers on hologram theory (1947-51) or the advanced holonomic formulae others have contributed since that time. Indeed, experimental confirmation of photon and electron energy holograms produced by Young's double-slit experiment will immediately throw open provocative new vistas via the transcendental (subquantum) energy interface(s) connecting the physical nonmaterial and material energy fields of ultimate reality just-as-it-is. Continued in Part 3 (under construction). Notes (continued from Part 1: 11. Quoted in The Bit and the Pendulum: From Quantum Computing to M Theory -- The New Physics of Information, by Tom Siegfried. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1999, 1. 12. Ibid, 57. 13. Albert Einstein, "Ist die Trgheit eines Krpers von seinem Energieinhalt abhngig?", Annalen der Physik, 18 (1905), 639-641. Translated by Anna Beck. 14. Dennis Gabor, "Holography, 1948-1971". Science, 177, 1972, 299ff. Part 1: Energy Interactions and Material Mass. Last update: May 23, 2001. This paper is a work in progress. Please check for the latest update before quoting in other venues the concepts and hypotheses presented here. Thank you. Constructive comments welcome: hermital@cox-internet.com