Axenie Andrei SPE II

Romanian migration to Spain (1989-2009)

Extreme migration is a very popular phenomenon in Romania especially because of the fact that we are still an origin country, not a destination one. Based on Eurostat documents I want to show through this paper the amplitude of this phenomenon in Spain and also the possible differences of emigrations between men and wemen. For years and years romanian migration was known to be an important source of money for the population which managed to partially solve the unemployment problem in Romania and also it managed to redress the payment balance of the romanian state. The appearence of the economic crysis in the European Unions countries started to shred into pieces this post-decembrist mith. The authoritieas and Mass-media started to understand that the remmitance of the emigrants are in a sharp decline, that the romanians who already left the country to go to Spain will not come back to Romania necessarily and finally they understood that the massive migration will have a big and long(as a period of time) impact on the romanian society. In the first years after 1989, in Romania, the emigration fluxes main motivational factor was the political element. The same flapper effect appeared after the romanian nationality emigration flux after 1996. The low-waging or the lack of jobs induced by the restruturing of the national economy generated a migration flux which amplified itself as the years passed and which exploded after facilitating the ways through which the romanians could cross the border and go to the more developed countries in the EU. The second level of romanian emigration fluxes to Spain which improved the detrimental economical context in Romania was the one of the remittances sent to our country. In this study I will analize if in 1989-2009 period existed differences regarding the tendences of emigration between men and wemen and also i will take into consideration the age, the migration experience and also the variables connected to the wellbeing for both of the cathegories.

Axenie Andrei SPE II

A.
To demonstrate the phenomenon mentioned in the introduction i will use the testing of the hypothesis: In 1989-2009 period were there more men or more wemen to emmigrate to Spain? For this i will take into consideration the emigrant propulation of Romania. Analizing the dynamics of this phenomenon during the 20 years period of post-communism, we can tast the hypothesis which characterisez the migration. So, after 1989, along with the fall of the communism the romanian migration became a disquieting phenomenon; almost 15% of the population left the country. According to Eurostat, 96929 persons left Romania in the revolution period and for the next 3 years the numbers grown so much it nearly indicated 170000 persons crossing the borders. Most of the people emigrated in the first period of 1990-1995 and the destination countries were Turkey, Italy, Spain and Germany, following a second period 1996-2001 with emmigrations in Spain, United States and Canada and the third period 2001-2009 reffers to the creation of the Schengen visas and the integration of Romania to the European Union. The destination countries were Italy, Spain, Germany, Hungary and Israel. But before sorting each year and number of emigrations by sexes we have toe have a clear image of what a migration phenomenon is and what causes it. The term reffers to the human movement from one place to another, sometimes over long distances or in large groups. Based on the period of time which the emmigrants spend in the foreign countries we can distinguish the permanent migrations which last more than a year and the temporary migrations which last more than a month. The causes of the migration are diverse, from the economical ones to the social and political ones. People leave their own way of living or separate from their roots because of things like natural disasters, persecutions with religious or political character or from economic reasons. Most of the romanians who left in the recent years are interested in practicing activities which generate money. The number of the romanian people in Spain had a semnificant growth from an year to another. Romania wasnt even in the top 15 countries regarding foreign resident populations on origin country. In 2006 Romania was on the third place with a number of 342200

Axenie Andrei SPE II

residendts after Maroc and Great Britain. After Romania became member of the EU Romania gets a new ranking in Spain. In the begining of 2009, Caritas Migrant Report estimated aproximately 9.892 romanians taking into account the data given by the INE (Spanish National Statistics Institute) which means that Romania is on the first place among the states with the most foreign residents in Spain. Sadly, the migration phenomenon to Spain is not a controlled one and the official data published in Romania is not updated and it underestimates by far the real situation because only the ones who have established their homes abroad are taken into consideration. Romania finds itself in a situation where the workforce emmigration has no precedent in history. Emmigration is considered to be a solution for a better way of living, not just by the ones who already left for other countries in the EU, but also by the unemployed romanians too. Being a case-study, the paper, the instruments and the conclusions formulated give a perspective for the future investigations.

B.
Taking into consideration the characteristics presented earlier, the principles on which my research is based are: descriptive statistics with means, median, t test, difference between the averages and then the correlation. I used a program called SPSS to determine the numbers, so to describe the data regarding the years and the sex of the migrators I used the technique related to descriptive statistics. The arithmetic mean is simply called the mean or average and it represents the gravity center of the distribution. The mean doesnt say anithing about the scattering of the values or the distribution. The median is a type of mean and it is the value which is bigger or equal with half of the values from the data set. To determine the median the data is ascendintly ordered. The t test between the means differences of two dependent samples permits the evaluation of the varie semnification of a certain characteristic of the same individuals in two different situations.

Axenie Andrei SPE II

I wanted to use this static model because it gives me the big advantage of catching the variation called within-subject because the basis of the calculus is the difference between the two values of each subject. The corelation reffers to the study of two variables which are connected with each other. When one of them vavies the other varies too. The first condition for calculating the coeficient of the Pearson linear corelation is that the implied variables need to be measured on a interval-ratio scale. As r grows toward -1 or +1, the corelation relationship between the two of them becomes stronger. 1. -1 r 1 2. r = +1: positive corelation 3. r = -1 : negative corelation The result of the corelation is important from a statistical point of view through calculating the Sig coefficient. So, i managed to see that the coefficient is smaller than 0.05 and the corelationt is significantly negative. For a better understanding of the obtained tables/charts i will describe each component: N the number of subjects of the two cathegories. Mean the mean of the two groups. Std. Deviation standard deviation. t t test. df degrees of freedom Sig. (2-tailed) - p(significance limit)

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C.
Group Statistics group1_ 2 sex d 1,00 i m e n s i o n 1 2,00 20 9,0347 9,92372 2,21901 N 21 Mean Std. Deviation Std. Mean 2,19837 Error

10,9032 10,07421

Axenie Andrei SPE II

Independent Samples Test Levene's Test for

Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means 95% Confidence Interval of the Sig. (2F emmigrants Equal variances assumed Equal variances not assumed ,575 39,939 ,569 -1,75219 3,04983 7,91641 4,41203 Sig. t df 40 Mean Std. Error Upper 4,41174 Difference

tailed) Difference Difference Lower ,569 -1,75219 3,04983 7,91612

,000 ,999 ,575

Looking at the t-test table for independent samples, we can observe that there are no significant differences between the number of male(M= 9.03, SD= 9,92) and female emmigrants(M= 10,9, SD = 10,07) (t= .598, df= 39, p > 0.05) fron a statistical point of view.

Axenie Andrei SPE II

Correlations year year Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) N men Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) N wemen Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) N 21 -,697** ,000 21 -,634** ,002 21 21 ,993** ,000 21 21 1 men -,697** ,000 21 1 wemen -,634** ,002 21 ,993** ,000 21 1

**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). Looking at the Pearson corelation table we can observe the existance of a negative relation significant form a statistical point of view between the year variable and the wemen (r. = -.63, p.<001) and men (r. = -.69, p.<001) variables. Also we can see that less and lees emmigrants of both sexes migrated from 1989 until 2009

Axenie Andrei SPE II

Bibliography
1. Kearney, Michael (1986) From Invisible Hand to Visible Feet: Anthropological Studies of Migration and Development in Annual Review of Anthropology, Vol. 15 2. Koser, Khalid; Lutz, Helma, (1998) New migration in Europe-Social Constructions and Social Realities 3. Held, David (1998) Democracy and Globalisation in Archibugi, Danielle; Held, David; Kohler, Martin Re-imagining Political Community, Studies in Cosmopolitan Democracy 4. ECAS Report from 2008