Physics Midterm Review

Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
____ 1. Which of the following situations represents a negative displacement? (Assume positive position is measured vertically upward along a y-axis.) a. A cat stands on a tree lim . . A cat !umps from the ground onto a tree lim . c. A cat !umps from a lower tree lim to a higher one. d. A cat !umps from a tree lim to the ground.

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". According to the graph a ove# during which interval is the cat at rest? a. $.$%&.$ s c. 1$.$%1&.$ s . &.$%1$.$ s d. 1&.$%"$.$ s '. According to the graph a ove# the cat has the fastest speed during which interval? a. $.$%&.$ s c. 1$.$%1&.$ s . &.$%1$.$ s d. 1&.$%"$.$ s (. According to the graph a ove# during which interval does the cat have the greatest positive velocity? a. $.$%&.$ s c. 1$.$%1&.$ s . &.$%1$.$ s d. 1&.$%"$.$ s &. When a car)s velocity is positive and its acceleration is negative# what is happening to the car)s motion? a. *he car slows down. c. *he car travels at constant speed. . *he car speeds up. d. *he car remains at rest. +. When a car)s velocity is negative and its acceleration is negative# what is happening to the car)s motion? a. *he car slows down. c. *he car travels at constant speed. . *he car speeds up. d. *he car remains at rest. ,. When there is no air resistance# o !ects of different masses dropped from rest a. fall with e-ual accelerations and with e-ual displacements. . fall with different accelerations and with different displacements. c. fall with e-ual accelerations and with different displacements. d. fall with different accelerations and with e-ual displacements.

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.. Which would fall with greater acceleration in a vacuum/a leaf or a stone? a. the leaf . the stone c. *hey would accelerate at the same rate. d. 0t is difficult to determine without more information. 1. Which of the following statements does not descri e force? a. 2orce causes o !ects at rest to remain stationary. . 2orce causes o !ects to start moving. c. 2orce causes o !ects to stop moving. d. 2orce causes o !ects to change direction. 1$. A free- ody diagram represents all of the following except a. the o !ect. c. forces exerted y the o !ect. . forces as vectors. d. forces exerted on the o !ect.

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11. *he free- ody diagram shown a ove represents a car eing pulled y a towing ca le. 0n the diagram# which of the following is the gravitational force acting on the car? a. &.$$ 3 c. 1( ,$$ 3 . ,,& 3 d. 1' +1$ 3 1". Which of the following is the tendency of an o !ect to maintain its state of motion? a. acceleration c. force . inertia d. velocity 1'. A car goes forward along a level road at constant velocity. *he additional force needed to ring the car into e-uili rium is a. greater than the normal force times the coefficient of static friction. . e-ual to the normal force times the coefficient of static friction. c. the normal force times the coefficient of 4inetic friction. d. 5ero. 1(. As an o !ect falls toward 6arth# a. the o !ect does not exert a force on 6arth. . the o !ect exerts a downward force on 6arth. c. 3ewton)s third law does not apply. d. the upward acceleration of 6arth is negligi le ecause of its large mass. 1&. A hoc4ey stic4 hits a puc4 on the ice. 0dentify an action-reaction pair in this situation. a. *he stic4 exerts a force on the puc47 the puc4 exerts a force on the stic4. . *he stic4 exerts a force on the puc47 the puc4 exerts a force on the ice. c. *he puc4 exerts a force on the stic47 the stic4 exerts a force on the ice. d. *he stic4 exerts a force on the ice7 the ice exerts a force on the puc4.

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1+. *he magnitude of the gravitational force acting on an o !ect is a. frictional force. c. inertia. . weight. d. mass. 1,. A force does wor4 on an o !ect if a component of the force a. is perpendicular to the displacement of the o !ect. . is parallel to the displacement of the o !ect. c. perpendicular to the displacement of the o !ect moves the o !ect along a path that returns the o !ect to its starting position. d. parallel to the displacement of the o !ect moves the o !ect along a path that returns the o !ect to its starting position. 1.. 0n which of the following scenarios is wor4 done? a. A weightlifter holds a ar ell overhead for ".& s. . A construction wor4er carries a heavy eam while wal4ing at constant speed along a flat surface. c. A car decelerates while traveling on a flat stretch of road. d. A student holds a spring in a compressed position. 11. A construction wor4er pushes a wheel arrow &.$ m with a hori5ontal force of &$.$ 3. 8ow much wor4 is done y the wor4er on the wheel arrow? a. 1$ 9 c. "&$ 9 . && 9 d. 1"&$ 9 "$. Which of the following energy forms is associated with an o !ect in motion? a. potential energy c. nonmechanical energy . elastic potential energy d. 4inetic energy "1. Which of the following energy forms is associated with an o !ect due to its position? a. potential energy c. total energy . positional energy d. 4inetic energy "". What is the potential energy of a 1.$ 4g mass 1.$ m a ove the ground? a. 1.$ 9 c. 1$ 9 . 1.. 9 d. 1+ 9 "'. Which of the following is a true statement a out the conservation of energy? a. :otential energy is always conserved. . ;inetic energy is always conserved. c. <echanical energy is always conserved. d. *otal energy is always conserved. "(. Which of the following is the rate at which energy is transferred? a. potential energy c. mechanical energy . 4inetic energy d. power "&. What is the term for the net force directed toward the center of an o !ect)s circular path? a. circular force c. centripetal force . centrifugal force d. or ital force "+. Which of the following can e a centripetal force? a. friction c. tension . gravity d. all of the a ove ",. A child rides a icycle in a circular path with a radius of ".$ m. *he tangential speed of the icycle is ".$ m=s. *he com ined mass of the icycle and the child is (' 4g. What 4ind of force provides the centripetal force on the icycle? a. gravitational force c. air resistance . friction d. normal force

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".. Why does an astronaut weigh less on the moon than on 6arth? a. *he astronaut has less mass on the moon. . *he astronaut is farther from 6arth)s center when he or she is on the moon. c. *he gravitational field strength is less on the moon)s surface than on 6arth)s surface. d. *he astronaut is continually in free fall ecause the moon or its 6arth. "1. Which of the following is an example of a vector -uantity? a. velocity c. volume . temperature d. mass

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'$. 0n the figure a ove# which diagram represents the vector addition C > A ? B? a. 0 c. 000 . 00 d. 0@ '1. Which of the following is an example of pro!ectile motion? a. a !et lifting off a runway . a thrown ase all c. an aluminum can dropped straight down into the recycling in d. a space shuttle eing launched '". Which of the following is not an example of pro!ectile motion? a. a volley all served over a net c. a hot-air alloon drifting toward 6arth . a ase all hit y a at d. a long !umper in action

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Short Answer

''. A motori5ed scooter starts from rest and accelerates for ( s at " m=s . 0t continues at a constant speed for + s. Araph the scooter)s velocity versus time. 6xplain how you could use the graph to show that the scooter)s acceleration is constant during the intervals 1.$%".$ s and &.$%+.$ s.

'(. What is the term for the curved# para olic path that an o !ect follows when thrown# launched# or otherwise pro!ected near the surface of the 6arth?

*he figure a ove shows the path of a all tossed from a uilding. Air resistance is ignored. '&. 0n the figure a ove# what would happen to the height of the all)s path if it were launched with a greater velocity? '+. 0n the figure a ove# what would happen to the width of the all)s path if it were launched with a greater velocity? ',. Bescri e the graph of the hori5ontal component of velocity versus time for the motion of the all shown in the figure a ove. '.. Bescri e the graph of the vertical component of velocity versus time for the motion of the all shown in the figure a ove. 0dentify any constants that would appear in the graph. '1. Why is force not a scalar -uantity? ($. A loc4 of wood supported y two concrete loc4s is chopped in half y a 4arate instructor. 0dentify an action-reaction pair# and compare the forces exerted y each o !ect. (1. 0n what direction does the force of air resistance act? (". *wo horses are side y side on a carousel. Which has a greater tangential speed/the one closer to the center or the one farther from the center? 6xplain your answer. ('. Bistinguish etween the displacement of a traveler who ta4es a train from 3ew Cor4 to Doston and the displacement of a traveler who flies from Doston to 3ew Cor4. ((. 6xplain how a dog that has moved can have a displacement of 5ero. (&. What is free fall? (+. 8ow are the velocity and speed of a vertically thrown ase all moving upward in free fall changing? (Assume a > g > 1..1 m=s .) (,. *he length of a vector arrow in a diagram is proportional to what property of the vector? (.. What is a pro!ection of a vector along an axis of a coordinate system called? (1. 0f the magnitude of a vector component e-uals the magnitude of the vector# then what is the magnitude of the other vector component?

&$. Driefly descri e how applying the ra4es to stop a icycle is an example of force. &1. What happens to an o !ect in motion when it experiences a non5ero net external force? &". Bescri e the forces acting on a car as it moves along a level highway in still air at a constant speed. &'. Why does it re-uire much less force to accelerate a low-mass o !ect than it does to accelerate a high-mass o !ect the same amount? &(. 8ow do mass and weight vary with altitude? &&. Bistinguish etween mass and weight. &+. When a car is moving# what happens to the velocity and acceleration of the car if the air resistance ecomes e-ual to the force acting in the opposite direction? &,. 6xplain how an o !ect moving at a constant speed can have a non5ero acceleration. &.. What provides the centripetal force for a all whirled on a string? &1. 0s there an outward force in circular motion? 6xplain. +$. What provides the centripetal force for the moon)s or it around 6arth? Problem +1. A shopping cart is given an initial velocity of ".$ m=s and undergoes a constant acceleration of ".$ m=s . What is the magnitude of the cart)s displacement after the first +.$ s of its motion? +". A s4ater glides off a fro5en pond onto a patch of ground at a speed of ".1 m=s. 8ere she is slowed at a constant rate of '.$$ m=s . 8ow fast is the s4ater moving when she has slid $.'. m across the ground? +'. 8uman reaction time is usually a out $."$ s. 0f your la partner holds a ruler etween your finger and thum and releases it from rest without warning# how far can you expect the ruler to fall efore you catch it? (Bisregard air resistance. a = g > 1..1 m=s .) +(. A stagehand starts sliding a large piece of stage scenery originally at rest y pulling it hori5ontally with a force of 1,, 3. What is the coefficient of static friction etween the stage floor and the "'$ 3 piece of scenery? +&. What centripetal force is exerted on the roller car at the lowest point? ++. A hi4er travels south along a straight path for 1." h with an average speed of (.1 4m=h and then travels north for 1., h with an average speed of (., 4m=h. What is the hi4er)s displacement for the total trip? +,. A roc4 is thrown straight upward with an initial velocity of +.( m=s in a location where the acceleration due to gravity has a magnitude of 1..1 m=s . *o what height does it rise? +.. A cave explorer travels ".$ m eastward# then ".( m northward# and finally 1..$ m westward. Ese the graphical method to find the magnitude of the net displacement. +1. An athlete runs 1'$ m across a level field at an angle of "".$ north of east. What is the north component of this displacement?

,$. What is the magnitude of the resultant displacement of a dog loo4ing for its one in the yard if the dog first heads &,.$ north of west for 1$.' m and then turns and heads west for (.$$ m? ,1. A stone is thrown at an angle of '$.$ a ove the hori5ontal from the top edge of a cliff with an initial speed of 1& m=s. A stopwatch measures the stone)s tra!ectory time from the top of the cliff to the ottom at +.'$ s. What is the height of the cliff? (Assume no air resistance and that a > g > 1..1 m=s .) ,". A model roc4et flies hori5ontally off the edge of a cliff at a velocity of ,$.$ m=s. 0f the canyon elow is 11$.$ m deep# how far from the edge of the cliff does the model roc4et land? ( a > g > 1..1 m=s ) ,'. A farmhand attaches a ", 4g ale of hay to one end of a rope passing over a frictionless pulley connected to a eam in the hay arn. Another farmhand then pulls down on the opposite end of the rope with a force of '1, 3. 0gnoring the mass of the rope# what will e the magnitude and direction of the ale)s acceleration if the gravitational force acting on it is "+& 3? ,(. Das4ing in the sun# a 1.1, 4g li5ard lies on a flat roc4 tilted at an angle of 1&.1 with respect to the hori5ontal. What is the magnitude of the normal force exerted y the roc4 on the li5ard? ,&. A rope attached to an engine pulls a "($ 3 crate up an 1(.,F ramp at constant speed. *he coefficient of 4inetic friction for the surfaces of the crate and ramp is $.'". What is the magnitude of the force that the rope exerts on the crate parallel to the ramp? (g > 1..1 m=s ) ,+. A couch with a mass of 1.$$ 1$ 4g is placed on an ad!usta le ramp connected to a truc4. As one end of the ramp is raised# the couch egins to move downward. 0f the couch slides down the ramp with an acceleration of $.,1 m=s when the ramp angle is 1".$# what is the coefficient of 4inetic friction etween the ramp and the couch? (g > 1..1 m=s ) ,,. A car on a roller coaster loaded with passengers has a mass of ".$ 1$ 4g. At the lowest point of the trac4# the radius of curvature of the trac4 is "( m and the roller car has a tangential speed of 1, m=s. What is the centripetal acceleration of the roller car at the lowest point on the trac4? ,.. A +1.. 4g student sits at a des4 1.,& m away from a ,..1 4g student. What is the magnitude of the gravitational force etween the two students? (G > +.+,' 1$ 3m =4g ) ,1. *wo truc4s with e-ual mass are attracted to each other with a gravitational force of &.' 1$ 3. *he truc4s are separated y a distance of ".+ m. What is the mass of either of the truc4s? ( G > +.+,' 1$ 3m =4g )

Physics Midterm Review Answer Section

MULTIPLE C !ICE 1. A3GH B . ". '. (. &. +. ,. .. 1. 1$. 11. 1". 1'. 1(. 1&. 1+. 1,. 1.. 11. :*GH A3GH A3GH A3GH A3GH A3GH A3GH A3GH A3GH A3GH A3GH A3GH A3GH A3GH A3GH A3GH A3GH A3GH A3GH Given 1 D J A A D A J A J J D B B A D D J J B02H :*GH :*GH :*GH :*GH :*GH :*GH :*GH :*GH :*GH :*GH :*GH :*GH :*GH :*GH :*GH :*GH :*GH 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ID9H B02H B02H B02H B02H B02H B02H B02H B02H B02H B02H B02H B02H B02H B02H B02H B02H B02H "-1.1 00 00 00 00 00 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 00 00 0 0 0 ID9H ID9H ID9H ID9H ID9H ID9H ID9H ID9H ID9H ID9H ID9H ID9H ID9H ID9H ID9H ID9H ID9H "-1.' "-1.' "-1.' "-".1 "-".1 "-'.' "-'.' (-1.1 (-1." (-1." (-".1 (-".' (-'.' (-'.' (-(.1 &-1." &-1.'

Solution

:*GH 1 "$. A3GH B "1. A3GH A "". A3GH D Given

B02H 000A :*GH 1 :*GH 1

ID9H &-1.( B02H 0 B02H 0

ID9H &-".1 ID9H &-".1

Solution

"'. "(. "&. "+. ",. ".. "1. '$. '1. '".

:*GH A3GH A3GH A3GH A3GH A3GH A3GH A3GH A3GH A3GH A3GH

1 B B J B D J A D D J

B02H :*GH :*GH :*GH :*GH :*GH :*GH :*GH :*GH :*GH :*GH

000A 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

ID9H B02H B02H B02H B02H B02H B02H B02H B02H B02H B02H

&-".+ 0 0 0 0 00 00 0 0 0 0

ID9H ID9H ID9H ID9H ID9H ID9H ID9H ID9H ID9H ID9H

&-'.1 &-(.1 ,-1." ,-1." ,-1." ,-".1 '-1.1 '-1." '-'.1 '-'.1

S !RT A"S#ER ''. A3GH *he scooter)s acceleration is constant during oth intervals ecause the velocity versus time graph is a straight line for each of the intervals.

:*GH 1 '(. A3GH pro!ectile motion :*GH 1 '&. A3GH

B02H 0

ID9H "-"."

B02H 0

ID9H '-'.1

*he height of the all)s path would increase. :*GH 1 B02H 0 ID9H '-'." '+. A3GH *he width of the all)s path would increase. :*GH 1 B02H 0 ID9H '-'." ',. A3GH *he graph of the hori5ontal component of the velocity versus time is a straight line parallel to the time axis. :*GH 1 B02H 0 ID9H '-'." '.. A3GH *he graph of the vertical component of the velocity versus time is a straight line with a negative slope. *he slope of the line is 1..1 m=s # which is g. :*GH 1 B02H 00 ID9H '-'." '1. A3GH A scalar -uantity has only magnitude. 2orce has oth magnitude and direction# so it cannot e a scalar -uantity. :*GH 1 B02H 00 ID9H (-1." ($. A3GH *he hand exerts a force on the wood# and the wood exerts an e-ual force on the hand. 6ach end of the wood exerts a force on a loc4# and each loc4 exerts an e-ual force on the wood. :*GH 1 B02H 00 ID9H (-'.' (1. A3GH Air resistance acts in the direction opposite the direction of an o !ect)s motion. :*GH 1 B02H 0 ID9H (-(.' (". A3GH *he horse farther from the center has a greater tangential speed. Although oth horses complete one circle in the same time period# the one farther from the center covers a greater distance during that time period. :*GH 1 B02H 00 ID9H ,-1.1 ('. A3GH *he magnitudes of the displacements are e-ual# ut the displacements are in opposite directions. *herefore# one displacement is positive and one displacement is negative. :*GH 1 B02H 00 ID9H "-1.1 ((. A3GH *he dog)s initial position and its final position are the same position. :*GH 1 B02H 00 ID9H "-1.1 (&. A3GH 2ree fall is the motion of an o !ect falling with a constant acceleration due to gravity in the a sence of air resistance. :*GH 1 (+. A3GH B02H 0 ID9H "-'.1

Doth the ase all)s velocity and speed are decreasing. :*GH 1 B02H 00 ID9H "-'." (,. A3GH *he length of the vector arrow is proportional to the magnitude of the vector. :*GH 1 B02H 0 (.. A3GH a component of the vector :*GH 1 (1. A3GH 5ero B02H 0 ID9H '-1.1

ID9H '-".'

:*GH 1 B02H 00 ID9H '-".' &$. A3GH 2orce causes an acceleration# or a change in an o !ect)s velocity. Applying the ra4es decelerates the icycle (accelerates it in the negative direction) and causes a change in the icycle)s velocity ecause the icycle slows down. :*GH 1 B02H 00 &1. A3GH *he o !ect experiences an acceleration. ID9H (-1.1

:*GH 1 B02H 0 ID9H (-".1 &". A3GH Aravity exerts a downward force on the car that is alanced y the normal force of the road acting upward on the car. *he car)s forward motion is opposed y the friction etween the road and the tires and y the resistance of the air. *he sum of these opposing forces is alanced y an e-ual and opposite force exerted y the engine and applied to the tires# where the road exerts a reaction force that is directed forward. :*GH 1 B02H 00 ID9H (-"." &'. A3GH An o !ect with smaller mass has less inertia# or tendency to maintain velocity# than does an o !ect with greater mass. :*GH 1 B02H 00 ID9H (-'.1 &(. A3GH <ass remains constant# ut weight decreases with altitude. :*GH 1 B02H 0 ID9H (-(.1 &&. A3GH <ass is the amount of matter in an o !ect and is an inherent property of an o !ect. Weight is not an inherent property of an o !ect and is the magnitude of the force due to gravity acting on the o !ect. :*GH 1 B02H 00 ID9H (-(.1 &+. A3GH *he acceleration is then 5ero# and the car moves at a constant velocity. :*GH 1 B02H 0 ID9H (-(.'

&,. A3GH Acceleration depends on the change in an o !ect)s velocity. An o !ect moving at a constant speed can experience a non5ero acceleration if the direction of the o !ect)s motion changes. :*GH 1 B02H 00 ID9H ,-1.1 &.. A3GH *ension in the string provides the centripetal force. :*GH 1 B02H 00 ID9H ,-1." &1. A3GH 3o# there is only an inward force causing a deviation from a straight-line path. *he tendency to move in a straight line away from the circular path is inertia. :*GH 1 B02H 00 ID9H ,-1.' +$. A3GH *he gravitational force etween 6arth and the moon provides the centripetal force. :*GH 1 PR!BLEM +1. A3GH (. m Given v > ".$ m=s a > ".$ m=s t > +.$ s Solution B02H 00 ID9H ,-".1

:*GH 1 +". A3GH ".& m=s Given v > ".1 m=s a > '.$$ m=s x > $.'. m Solution

B02H 000A

ID9H "-".'

:*GH 1 +'. A3GH at least $."$ m Given a = g =1..1 m=s t > $."$ s v > $.$ m=s Solution

B02H 000A

ID9H "-".'

:*GH 1 +(. A3GH $.,, Given F 1,, 3 F "'$ 3 Solution

B02H 000A

ID9H "-'."

:*GH 1 +&. A3GH ".( 1$ 3 Given

B02H 000D

ID9H (-(.(

Solution

:*GH 1 ++. A3GH '.1 4m# north Given v > (.1 4m=h t > 1." h v > (., 4m=h t > 1., h

B02H 000A

ID9H ,-1."

Solution x > x ? x > v t ? v t x > ((.1 4m=h)(1." h) ? ((., 4m=h)(1., h) x > %(.1 4m=h ? ..$ 4m=h > ?'.1 4m > '.1 4m# north :*GH 1 +,. A3GH ".1 m Given a = g = 1..1 m=s v > +.( m=s v > $.$ m=s Solution B02H 000D ID9H "-1."

:*GH 1 +.. A3GH 1+." m

B02H 000D

ID9H "-'."

Solution Gtudents should use graphical techni-ues. *heir answers can e chec4ed using the techni-ues presented in Gection ".

:*GH 1 +1. A3GH (1 m Given d 1'$ m Solution

B02H 000A

ID9H '-1."

= "".$

:*GH 1 ,$. A3GH 1".1" m

B02H 000A

ID9H '-".'

Given d 1$.' m at &,.$ north of west d (.$$ m west d d 1$.' m (.$$ m

&,.$ $.$

Solution

:*GH 1 ,1. A3GH 1(. m

B02H 000D

ID9H '-".(

Given v 1& m=s at '$.$F a ove the hori5ontal t +.'$ s g 1..1 m=s Solution

:*GH 1 ,". A3GH

B02H 000D

ID9H '-'.'

Given v ,$.$ m=s hori5ontally

11$.$ m

Solution

:*GH 1 ,'. A3GH (.1 m=s # upward Given F '1, 3 F "+& 3 m ", 4g Solution

B02H 000D

ID9H '-'.'

(.1 m=s # upward B02H 000A ID9H (-'."

:*GH 1 ,(. A3GH 1..+ 3 Given m > 1.1, 4g > 1&.1 g > 1..1 m=s Solution

:*GH 1 ,&. A3GH 1'& 3 Given F "($ 3 1(., $.'" Solution

B02H 000A

ID9H (-(."

:*GH 1 ,+. A3GH $.1'1 Given m 1.$$ 1$ 4g a $.,1 m=s 1".$ g 1..1 m=s Solution

B02H 000D

ID9H (-(.(

:*GH 1 ,,. A3GH 1" m=s Given

B02H 000J

ID9H (-(.(

Solution

:*GH 1 ,.. A3GH Given

B02H 000A

ID9H ,-1.1

Solution

:*GH 1 ,1. A3GH ,.' 1$ 4g Given

B02H 000A

ID9H ,-"."

Solution

:*GH 1

B02H 000J

ID9H ,-"."