Particles in GENKI: Lessons 1-12 (Emmett) P Structural patterns X Y X {N desu / V / Adj.

Adj.} topic marker; contrast 'as for (X)'; '(X), at least' Examples () Watashi wa gakusee desu. (Watashi wa) ni-nensee desu. '(As for me,) I'm a student.' '(As for me,) I'm a sophomore.' Yamada-san wa gakusee ja arimasen. '(As for) Mr. Yamada(, he) is not a student.' 'Mr. Yamada is not a student, (at least).' '(As for) yesterday, I was busy, but I have a lot of free time today, (at least).' () '(As for you,) do you often drink coffee?' () 'No, I don't drink [coffee] at all, (at least), but I often drink tea, (at least).' ( ) LL '(As for me,) I'll go to the library today, but I won't go to LL, (at least).' () '(As for you,) do you read the newspaper at home?' () 'No, I don't read it [at home, (at least) ], but I do at the library, (at least).'

Notes "X " is often dropped.

GENKI L1: 14

L2: 37

L5: 100 L11: 217

L11: 217 (another particle) L11: 217 (another particle)

P Structural patterns (X Y ) 1 question marker (Yes/No-Q) 'Is X Y?' (X QW ) question marker (WH-Q) 'QW is X?' (QW . . . ) question marker (WH-Q) 'QW . . . ?' XY 2 alternative 'X or Y'

Examples () (Anata wa) ryuugakusee desu ka. 'Are you an international student?' Senmon wa nan desu ka. 'What is your major?' Dore ga Michiko-san no kasa desu ka. 'Which one is Michiko's umbrella?'

Notes

GENKI L1: 15

L1: 15

L2: 35

'What do you usually do on the weekend?'

L3: 54 L10: 190

'I intend to go to Korea or Taiwan.'

Particles in GENKI: Lessons 1-12 (Emmett) P Structural patterns (X)(Y ) 1 (X){N desu / V / Adj.} similarity 'also'; '. . ., too'; '. . ., either' Examples Mearii-san wa gakusee desu. 'Mary is a student.' ( ) 'I bought a watch.'

Watashi mo gakusee desu. 'I'm a student, too.' 'I also bought an umbrella.'

Notes

GENKI L2: 37

L4: 81 L4: 81

( ) LL 'I didn't go to LL today. I didn't go to the library, either.' QW 2 emphasis '(not) any' 'What are you doing now?' - 'I'm not doing anything in particular.' 'Will you go anywhere today?' P Structural patterns Noun 1 Noun 2 1 N 1 specifies N 2 'N1's N2'; 'N1 N2'; 'N2 {of/at/in/for/by/on} N1'

(another particle)

'No, I will not go anywhere.'

- in a negative sentence only QW (another particle)

L7: 135 L8: 159 L10: 197

Examples eego no sensee 'an English teacher' 'a teacher of English' Tookyoo no daigaku 'a university in Tokyo'

Notes Michiko-san no kaban 'Michiko's bag' cf. Tookyoo daigaku 'the University of Tokyo' N2 = location word

GENKI L1: 16

'The hospital is to the right of the bookstore.' 'The bookstore is between a hospital and a supermarket.' 'I do Japanese language study.'

L4: 78

cf. 'I study the Japanese language.' N2 may be omitted.

L8: 160 L10: 190

A: . . . 'We have a morning flight and an afternoon flight, but . . .' B: ( ) 'A morning (flight), please.'

Special uses of
V-short 2 nominalizer '-ing' Adj. 3 pronoun 'one' () 'I like listening to music.'

L8: 157

A: 'Have you already bought a dictionary?' B: { } 'Yes, I bought a small {dictionary / one}.' C: { } 'Yes, I bought a useful {dictionary / one}.'

NEVER say: Adj. Noun WRONG

L10: 195

MUST retain na in na-Adj.

Particles in GENKI: Lessons 1-12 (Emmett) P Structural patterns (X ) (subject)~ 1 subject marker no English equivalent Examples Dore ga Michiko-san no kasa desu ka. 'Which one is Michiko's umbrella?' ( ) 'I understand Japanese language.' 'There is a dog here.' 'There is a hospital over there.' 'Kyoko has long hair.' 'There are two children.' 'I have two children.' () 'How many brothers and sisters do you have?' () 'I need money.' {} 'My older sister likes {books / reading books}.' { } 'My older brother is bad at {English / speaking English}.' 'The party began at 7:00.'

Notes does not mark QW.

GENKI L2: 35

Do NOT use . (place) (animate thing)

L4: 75 L4: 77

(place)(inanimate thing) L7: 138 (someone/something) (body part/attribute) (adjective) L7: 140 (someone/something) #-counter (NO Particle) {}

Do NOT use .

L8: 153

(X= someone/something) L8: 157 X (someone/something) {/} X (something){/ } (something) cf. {someone/something} (something) (someone/something) (body part/attribute) (verb) Comma () must be AFTER .

L9: 173

cf.
'We began the party at 7:00.' () 'I got thirsty.' (clause 1)(clause 2) 2 contrast '(clause 1), but (clause 2).' 'This dictionary is cheap, but it is not very good.'

L12: 229

L7: 145

P Structural patterns (sentence) confirmation agreement casual exclamation Tag-Q (e.g.) 'isn't it?' 'is it?' 'don't you?' 'do you?' 'right?' 'you know'

Examples

Senmon wa bungaku desu ne. 'Your major is literature, right?'

Notes NO comma () before

GENKI L2: 38

Takai desu ne. 'It's expensive, isn't it!'

Particles in GENKI: Lessons 1-12 (Emmett) P Structural patterns (sentence) certainty; assertion 'I tell you'; 'I assure you'; 'I'm telling you' Examples Oishii desu yo. 'It's delicious, I assure you.' Notes NO comma () before GENKI L2: 38

P Structural patterns (direct object)(transitive V) 1 direct object marker No English equivalent

Examples Sono tokee o kudasai. 'Give me that watch (close to you).' Kore o onegai-shimasu. 'I will have this one.' lit. 'I request (that you do) this one.' 'I usually drink coffee at the coffee shop.' 'Give me four stamps.' () 'I drive a car.' () 'I drive a car.' lit. 'I do car-driving.' 'A cat wants to drink milk.'

Notes

GENKI L2: 30

L2: 31

L3: 57 (someone/something) #-counter (NO Particle) L5: 96

L8: 160

cf. (){}
'I want to drink water.' (starting point)(intransitive V) 2 detachment; starting point where some movement begins 'out'; 'off;'; 'from'

(someone /something) (someone /something) V-stem { }

L11: 215

'I will get off the bus at the next bus stop.' 'I was absent from school yesterday.'

L6: 117 L6: 117 L6: 280 L11: 212 L6: 130 L10: 303

'Please go out the east exit of the station.' 'Have you ever cut classes?' (passing point)(intransitive V) 3 space where some (unidirectional) movement occurs 'in'; 'on'; 'across' 'Please cross that street (over there).' 'The old man went home by walking on the long mountain road.'

P Structural patterns (place) direction goal of movement 'to'

Examples 'I will go to school at 9:00.'

Notes may be replaced by .

GENKI L3: 61

Particles in GENKI: Lessons 1-12 (Emmett) P Structural patterns (time / date) 1 a specific point in time 'at'; 'on' Examples 'I will go to school at 9:00.'

Notes Do NOT use :

GENKI L3: 61-62

'I will see a movie on Sunday.' (place) 2 direction ; destination; goal of movement 'to' (place) 3 destination 'in'; 'on'; 'to' 'I will go to school at 9:00.' 'Please get on the bus.' 'I take a bath at 9:00 every night.' 'Professor Yamashita often appears on TV.' 'I like climbing a nearby mountain.' 'Have you ever been to England for study?' (place) 4 location of existence 'in'; 'at'; 'on'; 'for'

L3: 60

may be replaced by .

L5: 99 L6: 117 L9: 173 L11: 212 L11: 213 L4: 75

'Children are in the park.' 'Where is the University of Minnesota?' 'Please seat yourself in a chair.'

L6: 116 L7: 135

'My older brother lives in Tokyo.' 'My mother {works for / is employed at} a big company.' 'I didn't have money, so I stayed at a cheap hotel.' () 'I {am interested in / have an interest in} Japanese politics.'

L10: 193 L12: 229

Particles in GENKI: Lessons 1-12 (Emmett) P Structural patterns (X ) (indirect object)(direct 5 object ) V target; recipient 'to'; 'for' Examples ( ) 'I saw my friend in the park yesterday.' ( ) 'I wrote a letter to Ms. Honda.' ( ) 'I asked Mr. Tanaka the time.' () 'Did you return the book to the library?' () 'I made a phone call to my friend.' () 'Excuse me. Please teach me English a little.' () 'I bought a souvenir for my family.' () 'I introduced Ms. Honda to Mr. Tanaka.' (someone)(something) 6 source 'by'; 'from' () 'I borrowed money from my older sister.' () 'I received a ticket from my older brother.' (something) 7 purpose; role 'for'; 'as' 'I will go on a trip next week.' 'I will buy snacks as a souvenir.' 'We'll go to Hawaii for our honeymoon.' 'Where shall we go to have fun?'

Notes

GENKI L4: 75

L5: 99 L6:116-117

L10: 190

X Y 'introduce Y to X'

L11: 213

L6: 117 L9: 173 L6: 128

L11: 217

(V-stem) motion V 8 purpose of movement 'to (V-infinitive)'

L7: 140

Particles in GENKI: Lessons 1-12 (Emmett) P Structural patterns (place) 1 place of action 'at; in; on' Examples 'I usually drink coffee at the coffee shop.' 'My father works at a company in Tokyo.' (place) 2 place of event 'at'; 'in'; 'on' (something ) 3 scope; range 'in'; 'among'

Notes

GENKI L3: 60 L11: 212 L4: 77

cf. (workplace)

'There is a concert at the university.' 'Among bus, train and subway, which [one] is the fastest?' () 'Mr. Tanaka studies most in this class.'

L10: 194

(something) 4 means / instruments to do 'May I pay by credit card?' something 'by'; 'in'; 'on'; 'with'; 'using' 'Let's talk in Japanese!'

L10: 193

() 'I usually eat meals with chopsticks.' (something) 5 reason; cause 'because of'; 'due to'; 'for' 'Minnesota is famous for beautiful lakes.' 'My father got a day off of work because of illness.'

L11: 210

P Structural patterns (number-counter) (demonstrative adj.) approximate extent 'about'

Examples 'I waited for my friend at a bus stop for about an hour.' 'How long(, approximately,) will it take to get to Tokyo Station?'

Notes may be replaced by .

GENKI L4: 75 L10: 190

Particles in GENKI: Lessons 1-12 (Emmett) P Structural patterns noun noun 1 exhaustive listing 'and' Examples 'I will buy meat and vegetables at the supermarket.'

Notes

GENKI L4: 81

'The bookstore was between a hospital and a department store.' (someone/something) 2 partner that does something w/ the subject of a clause 'with'; 'from'

'My younger sister went to see a movie with her friend.'

L4: 81 L7: 135 L11: 213 L12: 229 L8: 155

'I will marry with my boyfriend next year.' 'I don't want to quarrel with my roommate.'

'Mr. Yamamoto {broke up with / separated from} his girlfriend.' (clause) 3 quotative marker 'that' () 'I think (that) Mr. Minami is a student.'

'Michiko {says / is saying} that she wants to go to China.'

P Structural patterns (ending point) temporal /spatial limit 'as far as'; 'till'; 'to': 'up to'; 'until'; 'through'

Examples

Notes

'As for a ticket, how much is it (to get) as far as Chicago?' 'I studied from 4:00 to 8:00.'

GENKI L5: 99

P Structural patterns (situation clause)(reason clause) 1 (reason clause) (situation clause) reason; explanation 'because (reason clause)'; '(reason clause), so . . .'

Examples

'Let's hurry! (It's) because we don't have time.' 'Because we don't have time, let's hurry!' 'We don't have time, so let's hurry!' 'I have good-tasting wine, so won't you come have a drink?' 'Won't you come have a drink? (It's) because I have good-tasting wine.'

Notes MUST be immediately AFTER (reason clause)

GENKI L6: 121 L7: 285 L9: 177

(starting point) temporal /spatial starting point 2 'from'

'I studied from morning till night.'

L5: additional L7: 285

'I come home from school and go to cram school.'

Particles in GENKI: Lessons 1-12 (Emmett) P Structural patterns (someone/something) basis of comparison '{more ~ / -er) than' Examples 'Hawaii is warmer than Minnesota.' 'Japanese language has gotten more difficult than before.' P Structural patterns (number-counter) limit 'just'; 'only'

Notes comparison of two items

GENKI L10: 194 L10: 197

Examples () 'I bought only one apple.' 'Just two students came.'

Notes

GENKI L11: 213

P Structural patterns Examples noun noun inexhaustive listing 'I intend to buy beer and juice, (and things like that) at a supermarket.' 'and (, and things like that)'; 'and so forth'; 'for example'

Notes cf. (noun) (noun)

GENKI L11: 216

P Structural patterns (someone/something) exemplification 'and so on'; 'and the like'; 'for example'; 'etc.'

Examples 'We need notebooks, pencils, and so on.' () 'I bought notebooks, etc. yesterday.'

Notes (X ) Y

GENKI L12: 313

The contents of this table have not been reviewed or approved by the University of Minnesota, the publisher of GENKI or the authors of GENKI. The author of this table is solely responsible for any errors or inaccuracies contained in this table. This table may be revised as necessary. The author encourages the users to discuss with their classmates and/or instructors, should they have grammatical questions on particles. If you have any comments or questions regarding this table, contact Keiko Emmett at < emme0007@umn.edu >. (created: March 15, 2005; 1st revision: July 20, 2005; 2nd revision: Aug. 6, 2006)

Particles in GENKI: Lessons 1-12 (Emmett)

References Banno, Eri, Yutaka Ohno, Yoko Sakane and Chikako Shinagawa. 1999. Genki: An integrated course in elementary Japanese I. Tokyo: The Japan Times. Endo-Simon, Mutsuko. 1986. Supplementary grammar notes to An introduction to modern Japanese: Part 1 Lessons 1-15. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan. Endo-Simon, Mutsuko. 1987. Supplementary grammar notes to An introduction to modern Japanese: Part 2 Lessons 15-30. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan. Jorden, Eleanor with Mari Noda. 1987. Japanese: The spoken Language Part I. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. Jorden, Eleanor with Mari Noda. 1988. Japanese: The spoken Language Part II. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. Jorden, Eleanor with Mari Noda. 1990. Japanese: The spoken Language Part III. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. Kojien (Japanese language dictionary, Fifth edition). 1997. Izuru Shinmura (ed.) Tokyo: Iwanami shoten. Kuno, Susumu. 1973. Nihon bunpoo kenkyuu ('Research on Japanese grammar'). Tokyo: Taishukan. Makino, Seiichi and Michio Tsutsui. 1986. A dictionary of Basic Japanese grammar. Tokyo: The Japan Times. Obusha kokugo jiten (Japanese language dictionary). 1982. Kenji Shuzui, et al. Tokyo: Obunsha. Reikai shin kokugo jiten (Japanese language dictionary, Sixth edition). 2002. Shiro Hayashi, et al. Tokyo: Sanseido.

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