Phase Shifting Transformers

Prof. S. V. Kulkarni
Department of Electrical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, INDIA
svk@ee.iitb.ac.in
CBIP Conference, New Delhi
28-11-2013
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Outline
Introduction
Applications of PSTs
Basic Concepts
Design Considerations
Other Technologies
Concluding Remarks
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Introduction
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Need for Phase Shifting Transformers
Power systems are becoming complex
Devices useful in controlling power flow in a complex interconnected
network are desirable
Power system deregulation and market mechanism
Power flow from generation centers to load centers in an efficient way
Major disturbances and system blackouts
Stability of a large interconnected system can be improved
Overloading and under-utilization of transmission lines
Lines can be optimally loaded
PSTs would be more relevant when penetration of intermittently
available renewable energy sources increases in the system
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Functions of Phase Shifting Transformers
Power flow control between the sending and receiving ends
of a transmission line
Control of power flow between two parts of a large power
system network
Improvement of system stability and reliability
Re-routing of powers through transmission lines leading to
their optimum utilization/deferment of investment costs for
new lines: Congestion management
Avoid/minimize loop currents and corresponding power
flow
Allow efficient evacuation of new generation
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Applications of PSTs
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Representative and Notable Applications of PSTs
i.Control and increase the power flow between two large systems:
PST option was found better than HVDC and series capacitors
(Ref: Patel, B. K., Smith, H. S., Hewes, T. S., and Marsh, W. J. Application of phase
shifting transformers for Daniel-Mcknight 500 KV interconnection, IEEE
Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. PWRD-1, No. 3, July 1986, pp. 167173)
ii. Kothagudemthermal power station:
- 500 MW evacuation 220 kV lines would be overloaded
- One option: 400/220 kV ICT which would also increase the loading of
the underutilized double-circuit 400 kV line
- System studies indicated reverse flow from 400 kV to 220 kV
- Hence the option chosen : ICT with a phase shifter
(Information: Courtesy - BHEL)
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Representative and Notable Applications of PSTs
iii. Reduction in loop flows
400 MW
300 MW
400 MW
100 MW
100 MW
Loop flow
100 MW
400 MW 300 MW
400 MW
Area-1
Area-2
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Ref: Kulkarni, A. M. Power System Operation and Control NPTEL Web Course, Module 4 :
Voltage and Power Flow Control, Lecture 19
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Basic Concepts
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Power Flow Through a Transmission Line
The real power transferred to the receiving end is proportional to
the angle difference whereas the reactive power is proportional to
the magnitude of the voltage drop across the line.
G
s s s
jQ P S + =
o Z
S
V
0 Z
R
V
Load
R R R
jQ P S + =
sin
S R
R
V V
P
X
o =
2
cos
S R R
R
V V V
Q
X X
o =
( )
R R
S R
V V
V V V
X X
~ = A
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Current (and power) flows through low impedance paths,
governed by Kirchoffscircuit laws, irrespective of line loading
and thermal limits
In order to control the flow of active power and reactive power,
regulating transformers can be used
Magnitude-regulating transformer:
The reactive power flowing through a line can be controlled by
adjusting its tap setting
The transformer can also be used to modify the magnitudes of
reactive powers flowing through two parallel transmission lines
Phase-shifting transformer
Control of active power flow between two interconnected parts
Redistribution of active powers between two parallel lines
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Source: S. V. Kulkarni and S. A. Khaparde, Transformer Engineering: Design, Technology, and
Diagnostics, Second Edition, CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, New York, September 2012.
1 1 1
2 2 2
1 1 1
2 2 2
o
1 1 1
2 2 2
0.425 0.3 1.00
0.425 0.3
0.4354 0.1525 1.05
0.4146 0.4475
0.1817 0.3148 1.0 4
0.6683 0.2852
S P jQ j a
S P jQ j
S P jQ j a
S P jQ j
S P jQ j a
S P jQ j
= + = + =
= + = +
= + = + =
= + = +
= + = + = + Z
= + = +
G
Source
Bus
Load
Bus
1
I
2
Load
0.15
L
I
j
0.15
V
I
1
I
2
j
=1.0 0
I
L
V
S
|
|
2
1:1
1:a
1
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Improvement in Stability
Equal area criterion for assessment of stability
Without PST
Accelerating area: abcda, Decelerating area: defgd, Margin: fghf
With PST
When the power angle is + while swinging, a phase-shift of is
introduced
Accelerating area: mnopm, Decelerating area: pqrstup, Margin: tuvt (> fghf)
Source: S. V. Kulkarni and S. A. Khaparde, Transformer Engineering: Design, Technology, and
Diagnostics, Second Edition, CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, New York, September 2012.

P
Safety
margin
c
e
P
mech
a
b
d
g
h
f
0
0

Safety
margin
m
n
r
s
u
v
o
p
q
P

t
P
mech
Without PST With PST
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Power Flow with Regulating Transformers
Source: S. V. Kulkarni and S. A. Khaparde, Transformer Engineering: Design, Technology, and
Diagnostics, Second Edition, CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, New York, September 2012.
Ideal Transformer
I
n
m m
I
S S
m
n Z
1
Y=
1: a
V
V
a
n
m
n
V
m
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Off-nominal tap ratio, a may be real (e.g., 1.04) or imaginary
(e
j/60
or 3

shift).
Lossless transformer:
( )
or
Now,
Multiplyingbothsidesby
m n
m m m n
m n m n
n n m m n
S S
V I aV I
I aI I a I
I V aV Y aYV YV
a
- -
- - -
-
=
=
= =
= = +

,
m m m n n n
S V I S V I
- -
= =
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If a is a real number, and we can draw an equivalent
circuit for this case:
a a
-
=
But if a is imaginary (as in a phase shifting transformer), the Y bus
is not symmetrical, and we cant draw a equivalent circuit.

m
a Y
n
( a a ) 1 Y
V
n
m ( 1 a ) Y
V
2
2 *
Now,
n m m n
m m mm mn m
n n nm nn n
a I I aa YV a YV
V I Y Y V
a Y a Y
aa a
V I Y Y V
aY Y
- - -
-
= =
(
( ( ( (

= = =
(
( ( ( (

(

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Design Considerations
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Design of PSTs
V
L V
S
V
S
V
L
V A V A
o o
S
PST
L
phase rotation
Phase-advance
A leading quadrature
voltage drop is added
to the source voltage
Phase-retard
A lagging quadrature
voltage drop is added
to the source voltage
Phase-advance and phase-retard modes
Source: S. V. Kulkarni and S. A. Khaparde, Transformer Engineering: Design, Technology, and
Diagnostics, Second Edition, CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, New York, September 2012.
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PSTs are manufactured in different ways depending on the power
output, the rated voltage, and the amount of required phase shift.
Single-core design: for smaller voltage and power ratings
Disadvantages: taps at line ends tap changer cost increases,
vulnerability to system transients
Phase-advance mode (OLTC without reversing switch)
Source: S. V. Kulkarni and S. A. Khaparde, Transformer Engineering: Design, Technology, and
Diagnostics, Second Edition, CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, New York, September 2012.
V
e
V
SR
V
LR
V
RR
2
R
1
R
2
S L
L
L S
S

V
R
1
R
R
R
Y
B B
R
Y
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Two-core design: larger ratings
Source: S. V. Kulkarni and S. A. Khaparde, Transformer Engineering: Design, Technology, and
Diagnostics, Second Edition, CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, New York, September 2012.
V
AA
V
LR
V
SR
Series unit
Exciting unit (Main unit)
a a
A A S L L S S L

R R Y Y B B
B
B
V
BB
Advantages:
The series and exciting units can be independently designed, reduced
tap changer cost
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Other Technologies
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Mechanical: Low cost, slow, wear and tear, step-control
Solid-state: Smooth variation, fast acting, high cost,
complex control
Hybrid: Cost-effective
OLTC based PST: 15
0
to + 15
0
(coarse in step of 5
0
)
and Power Electronics based PST 5
0
to +5
0
(smooth)
Overall 20
0
to +20
0
variation
Mechanical, Solid-State and Hybrid Phase-Shifters
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Reduction in line reactance through a series compensator
(capacitor):
Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC)
Voltage Source Converter (VSC) based series compensator
High Voltage DC Transmission
Other Means of Power Flow Control
VSC
+
_
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Concluding Remarks
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Challenges
Need for co-ordinated PSTs
Issue: You work, I enjoy PST deployed in one region may
benefit an adjacent region
Optimized location is valid for a given operating point
As the base case changes the location of PST changes use
truck mounted PSTs
Expansion of network optimum location will change
PST design and control strategies can be site-specific detailed
systems studies are necessary
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Conclusions
PST a cost-effective option with conventional technology
Advantages: optimal line loading, stability improvement,
elimination of loop flows, deferment of investment in
transmission infrastructure, damping of low frequency
oscillations
Potential of PSTsis unexploited in India
Relevance of PSTs is more now in the context of deregulation
and penetration of intermittent renewable energy sources
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References
Reddy, T., Gulati, A., Khan, M. I., and Koul, R. Application of Phase
Shifting Transformer in Indian Power System, International Journal of
Computer and Electrical Engineering, Vol.4, No.2, April 2012.
Belivanis, M., and Bell, K. R. W. Coordination of Phase-Shifting
Transformers to Improve Transmission Network Utilisation, Innovative Smart
Grid Technologies Conference Europe (ISGT Europe), 2010 IEEE PES.
IEEE Standard C57.135-2001TM, IEEE guide for the application,
specification, and testing of phase-shifting transformers.
Kramer, A. and Ruff, J . Transformers for phase angle regulation considering
the selection of on-load tap changers, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,
Vol. 13, No. 2, April 1998, pp. 518525.
Iravani, M. R. and Mathur, R. M. Damping subsynchronous oscillations in
power systems using a static phase shifter, IEEE Transactions on Power
Systems, Vol. PWRS-1, No. 2, May 1986, pp. 7683.
Iravani, M. R., Dandeno, P. L., Nguyen, K. H., Zhu, D., and Maratukulam, D.
Applications of static phase shifters in power systems, IEEE Transactions on
Power Delivery, Vol. 9, No. 3, J uly 1994, pp. 16001608.
Del Vecchio, R. M., Poulin, B., Feghali, P. T., Shah, D. M., and Ahuja R.
Power transformer design principles: with applications to core-form power
transformers, Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, Canada, 2001, pp. 499
542.
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O Kelly, D., and Musgrave, G. Improvement of power-system transient
stability by phase-shift insertion, Proceedings IEE, Vol. 120, No. 2,
February 1973, pp. 247252.
Hertem, D. V., Verboomen, J ., Cole, S., and Belmans, R. Inuenceof phase
shifting transformers and HVDC on power system losses, IEEE Power
Engineering Society General Meeting, 2007, pp. 1-8.
Kulkarni, A. M. Power System Operation and Control NPTEL Course,
Module 4 : Voltage and Power Flow Control, Lecture 19.
Sweeney, B. Application of phase-shifting transformers for the enhanced
interconnection between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland,
Power Engineering Journal, J une 2002, pp. 161-167
Verboomen, J ., Hertem, D. V., Schavemaker, P.H., Kling, W.L., and
Belmans, R. Phase Shifting Transformers: Principles and Applications,
International Conference on Future Power Systems, Nov. 2005, Vol. 6.
Belivanis, M. , and Bell, K.R.W. Use of Phase-Shifting Transformers on the
Transmission Network in Great Britain 45th International Universities
Power Engineering Conference (UPEC), 2010, pp.1-5.
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Thank You !
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