Grade 10 English Exam Review

Literary Terms
Alliteration: the repetition of a consonant sound at the beginning of words Example: sweet smell of success Allusion: a reference to a famous person, place, event, literary work or a work of art Example: She wrote as if she was inspired by Shakespeare Antagonist: character who opposes the main character in a literary work Example: the Road runner in the Coyote and Road Runner cartoons Assonance: the repetition of similar vowel sound followed by different constant sounds in words Example: mellow wedding bells Atmosphere: the overall emotional quality created by the setting and through mood and tone Example: It was a dark and stormy night and Miranda could feel her heart pounding in her ears Climax: in a plot, the climax is usually the highest point of intensity for the protagonist Example: in the three little pigs, when the audience understands that the wolf cannot blow down the house Conclusion: the final thought or twist in the plot Example: in the three little pigs, when the wolf goes down the chimney and ends up in the pot Conflict: the struggle between two opposing forces; as a literary device, conflict is often categorized as: person vs. person, person vs. self, person vs. nature/society Connotation: the various feelings, images and memories that surround a word Example: thrifty vs. penny-pinching Denotation: dictionary definition of a word Example: cheap- costing very little; relatively low in price; inexpensive Euphemism: rather than saying things bluntly that could be considered offensive or rude or too frank Example: a death in the family has occurred so you say sorry someone passed away instead of sorry someone died Expanded moment: slowing down to expand a moment that stretches out the tension Example: She stopped, checked her watch, straightened her skirt and pushed the door.

Falling Action: the unravelling of loose ends in a plot Example: in the three little pigs, when the wolf doesnt give up, but decides to break into the house through the chimney Foreshadowing: the use of hints or clues that suggest what will happen later on in the literature to build up suspense and/or prepare the reader for later events Example: Early on in the movie, at a simple visit to the supermarket, the car wont s tart. Later in the movie, the protagonist attempts to escape danger but the car wont start. Hyperbole: a deliberate exaggeration or overstatement, often used in comedy Example: He was hungry enough to eat a hippopotamus Idiom: refers to a construction or expression in one language that cannot be matched in another language Example: Who cut the cheese? Imagery: words and/or phrases that help a reader mentally experience what the characters are actually experiencing Example: the fluffy white ball of yarn Inciting Incident (Force): the conflict that fuels a story (follows the introduction) Example: in the three little pigs, when the pigs are sent out into the world to fend for themselves Introduction: a point in a short story where the major characters, setting and background information is declared Example: in the three little pigs, when the audience learns about the pigs and the wolf Irony: a contrast between what is stated and what is meant or between what is expected to happen and what actually happens Example: the meeting for procrastinators is postponed to a later undecided date Metaphor: a comparison of two unlike things that have something in common; doesnt use words: like or as; direct comparison Example: Its raining cats and dogs Mood: the feeling understood by the reader in a literary work Example: she feverously searched the room for the unknown dangers that wanted her Onomatopoeia: use of words to imitate sounds; spelling=sounds Example: Meow

Oxymoron: contradicting terms that make sense together Example: deafening silence Parallel Structure: use of similar or identical language, structures, events or ideas in different parts of text Example: He swung his bat, hit the ball and ran to the base. Personification: inanimate objects or abstract concepts are given human qualities Example: The tiny piece of candy screamed with all its energy but it was useless because it was the chosen one Point of View

First person: the voice of the character telling the story Limited Omniscient: a story told in the third person that reveals characters thoughts, feelings and actions Omniscient: a story told from a narrative voice that is all seeing and all knowing Third person: a story told without using words like: I or you; in fiction this is the voice of a character outside the events of the story

Protagonist: the main character of the story Example: the Coyote in the Coyote and Road Runner cartoons Repetition: the use of a specific word, phrase or structure repeated several times; to emphasize a particular idea Example: Today, as never before, the fates of men are so intimately linked to one another that a disaster for one is a disaster for everybody. Rising Action: events that led up to the climax of a literary work Example: in the three little pigs, the wolf blowing down the houses Setting: where and when a literary work takes place Simile: a comparison between two unlike things that have something in common; it uses words: like or as; indirect comparison Example: Good coffee is like friendship: rich and warm and strong Suspense: quality of the literary work that makes the reader uncertain/tense about the outcome of events Example: As Billy entered the dark and musty house at the end of street, all the rumours of ghosts and it being haunted were flooding his mind. Symbolism: the use of a specific object or image that represents an abstract idea; a symbol must be tangible while the idea is universal

Theme: a central message or insight of life revealed by a literary work (truth about life) Example: in the three little pigs, the audience learns that hard work pays off Tone: the writers attitude towards his or her subject, character or audience Example: People dont always believe in you Understatement: deliberately minimizing the significance of an event, object or item for effect Example: I have to have this operation. It isn't very serious. I have this tiny little tumor on left side of my brain

Romeo and Juliet

Prologue In what city does this play take place? Why are Romeo and Juliet called star-crossd lovers?

Act I Scene I Who is fighting in the beginning of the first scene? Who tries to break up the fighting? What threat does the Prince make to Lord Montague and Lord Capulet? Benevolio and Montague describe the way Romeo has been acting. What do they have to say about him? Why is Romeo so sad? Explain. What is Benevolios advice to Romeo? Scene II Why does Capulet think it will be easy for Montague to keep the peace? What does Paris think about Capulet? What is Capulets first answer? How old is Juliet? A bit later Capulet appears to change his mind about Paris question. What does he then tell Paris?

What is the name of the woman that Romeo loves? What do Romeo and Benevolio decide to do? Scene III When Lady Capulet asks Juliet how she feels about marriage, what is Juliets answer? Following Juliets answer, what does Lady Capulet then tell Juliet? Scene IV According to Mercutio, who or what is Queen Mab and what does she do? What does Mercutio say about Dreams? What is Romeos mood at the end of this scene? Explain. Scene V What does Romeo think of Juliet the first time he sees her? How does Tybalt recognize Romeo? When Tybalt is ready to seize Romeo and throw him out of the party, what does Capulet say to Tybalt? Explain what the conversation is between Romeo and Juliet. How does Juliet find out Romeos last name?

Act II Scene I Why can Mercutio and Benevolio not find Romeo? How does Mercutio try to find him? Scene II Juliet is on the balcony outside her bedroom but cannot hear the words that Romeo says to himself as he looks at her from the hiding place below. Answer the following questions about lines 2-25: i) Romeo repeats the light and dark images he introduced when he saw Juliet for the first time. Why does Romeo compare Juliet to the sun? ii) Why does he want the sun to kill the envious moon? iii) Why is the moon envious? iv) Why does he compare Juliets eyes to the stars? v) Why does this comparison to stars another example of foreshadowing

Highlight these lines 33-36. Juliet is still unaware that Romeo is nearby. Paraphrase these lines Highlight these lines 43-44. Paraphrase lines 38-49. What is Juliets attitude toward the feud that has separated the two families? After Juliet asks some pertinent questions (lines 62-84) she realizes that Romeo has overheard her intimate thoughts about him. How does her attitude change in lines 85-105? What is she worried about? Why does Juliet object to Romeos swearing to the moon (lines 109 -111)? Juliet speaks her fears in lines 106-116. Explain Paraphrase lines 142-143 Scene III Friar Lawrence is introduced in a length soliloquy in which he philosophies about nature and mankind. Paraphrase his speech (lines 7-30) What does Romeo tell Friar Lawrence and what does he want from Friar Lawrence (lines 43-64)? What is Friar Lawrences reaction to hearing of Romeos new love (lines 65 -80)? Highlight lines 89-92. What does Friar Lawrence give for agreeing to marry Romeo and Juliet? Scene IV This scene shows us more of the nurses character as she trades quip s and pulls with Mercutio. What malapropism (an inappropriateness of speech resulting from the use of one word for another which resembles it) does this the nurse use (line 116)? What message does Romeo urge the nurse to give to Juliet (lines 163-166)? Scene V Juliet is very impatient to hear news from Romeo (lines 1-17) what image does she use in her soliloquy to express this? Why does the nurse agree to help Juliet marry Romeo?

Act III Scene I Why do you think Tybalt approaches Mercutio and Benevolio and wants a word with one of them (line36)? Mercutio tries to provoke Tybalt to fight (lines 37-38). Why doesnt Tybalt want to fight him (line53)? After Tybalt insults Romeo, Romeo responds with lines 59-62. Explain these. What is the reason Romeo has for ignoring the insult?

Explain the meaning of the lines and the dramatic irony of the situation (lines 65-69). Why does Romeos answer to Tybalts insults upset Mercutio? What does he think Romeo is doing (line70)? Romeo tries to stop Mercutio and Tybalt from fighting by reasoning with them (lines 82-85). Paraphrase what he says Even when he is dying, Mercutio continues to joke and to make puns. Explain the pun he makes in line 92-99 Mercutio repeats the following line (106) three times and then adds the next line. Explain what he means: A plague O both your houses! / They have made worms meat of me What does Romeo mean when he says lines 119-120? After Mercutio dies, why does Romeo decide to kill Tybalt instead of accepting Mercutios death as a n unfortunate accident? What does Romeo mean (line 132)? What reasoning does Lady Capulet use in begging the Prince for vengeance for Tybalts death (lines176-177)? What is Lord Montagues reasoning in his attempt to persuade the Prince not to kill Ro meo for killing Tybalt (lines 180-183)? What is the Princes decree, and what are the reasons he gives for making it (lines 182 -185)? Scene II In lines 37-68 the nurse confuses Juliet as she tells Juliet of the fight. What misconception does Juliet make? When Juliet receives news of Tybalts death, what is her first reaction (line 73)? When the nurse agrees with Juliet, Juliet has a different reaction to Romeos killing of Tybalt . Explain lines 90-93 How does the scene end? Scene III What is Romeos reaction when he learns that he has been banished? From the beginning of the play, Romeo acts impulsively. In what way is he still impulsive in this scene (lines 102-108)? Friar Lawrence tells Romeo to count his blessings. What are they (lines 135-140)? Explain Friar Lawrences plan (lines 146-154)?

Scene IV What is the purpose of this scene? Scene V Lady Capulet misunderstands Juliets sadness, and Juliet does not want her to know what has happened between Romeo and Juliet. What does Juliet say about Tybalt and Romeo to keep the truth from her mother (lines 67-102)? What is Juliets response when she is told the news that she is to marry Paris (lines 116 -123)? How has she changed since Act I? What is her mothers reaction to Juliets response (lines 124 and 139-140)? What is Lord Capulets response to Juliets refusal to marry Paris (lines 190 -194)? Capulet says come to the wedding or ill disown you and never look at me again What does the Nurse advise Juliet to do (lines 212-225)? What is her reasoning? After the Nurse leaves and Juliet is alone, what does Juliet decide to do (lines 240-243)?

Act IV Scene I Why is Paris visiting Friar Lawrence? Juliet tells Friar Lawrence what she will do if the wedding to Paris cannot be avoided. Paraphrase lines 50-67 Paraphrase lines 68-76. The Friar says he has thought of a way out, but what would it require? What is Juliets answer to the Friar in her effort to convince him that she will do anything to avoid the marriage with Paris (lines 76-88)? Summarize Friar Lawrences plan as described in lines 89-120. Scene II Compare Juliets words (lines 17-22) to her fathers (lines 39-47). What literary device is demonstrated? What is the effect? Scene III Summarize Juliets concerns about taking the drug from Friar Lawrence and her rationale for taking the drug (lines 24-57). Scene IV What is the purpose of this scene?

Scene V How does Lady Capulet react to the news of Juliets death (lines 47 -48)? The Nurse (lines 49-54)? Paris (lines 55-58)? Capulet (lines 59-64)? What is the purpose of the end of the scene?

Act V Scene I What premonition does Romeo have at the beginning of this scene (lines 1-11)? What news does Balthasar bring? How does this disrupt the Friars plan? Paraphrase line24. Why is this a brazen thing to say? What does Romeo decide to do after he hears Balthazars story (lines 34-57)? Scene II What story does Friar John tell Friar Lawrence as an explanation as to why he could not deliver the letter to Romeo? Scene III What does Romeo notice about Juliet? Explain the dramatic irony (lines 91-96). What does Juliet realize about the situation (line 167)? Explain lines 169-170.

To Kill a Mockingbird
Chapter 1 -3 Questions 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. What first impression is created for Scout? Describe the Cunninghams What impression is created for schooling? How is Scout Portrayed? Why does Walter pour syrup on everything and why does Atticus get angry at Scout for noticing? Describe the Ewells. What sort of man is Atticus?

Chapters 4-6 Questions 1. 2. What do the presents show about Boo? What do the childrens reactions tell us about the society they live in?

3. Describe how Boo must feel seeing the enactment of his past and the scissors every day on the porch? 4. Who was laughing at Scout and what does this tell us about what Boo is really like?

Chapters 7-9 Questions 1. 2. 3. Why does Mr. Radley cement up the tree and what does this tell us about his character? How is Jems reaction to the kindness of Boo a function of this? Why is Atticus defending Tom? Should he take the case on?

Chapters 10-11 Questions 1. 2. What does the mad dog incident show about Atticus? What does it mean to say that it is a sin to kill the mockingbird?

Chapters 12-14 Questions 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Why will no one hire Toms wife? How has Scout grown? The quote about lying How are the girls treated differently than boys, why is this? Why does Aunt Alexandria dislike Calpurnia? Is Aunt Alexandria a racist?

Chapters 15-17 Questions 1. 2. 3. 4. Why did Mr. Cunningham retreat? What did Scout do and how does her presence change the situation? How does using the word them relate to racism? How do people react in the mob would they react differently on their own?

Chapters 18-20 Questions 1. 2. Who is Dolphus Raymond and why does he act the way he does? How is the case evolving? Is it simply black and white?

Chapters 21-23 Questions 1. What is the significance of Jem and Scout sitting in the Gallery?

2. What does Dill mean when he makes the statement that all he can do about folks is to make them laugh? Do you agree? 3. 4. Is Boo a prisoner or a refugee? Explain. Describe the Cunninghams.

Chapters 24-26 Questions 1. 2. 3. What does hypocrisy mean? How does it apply to this section of reading? Why is the missionary circle ironic? Why did Tom go mad in the prison?

4. 5.

How does the White community respond to Toms death? Why? How is Scout developing / becoming more mature?

Chapters 27-29 Questions 1. 2. Describe the contrast between fictitious danger of the Haunts and the real danger of Bob Ewell. Who stuck in the knife? Was this act justified?

Chapters 30-31 Questions 1. Is Atticus correct in his changing opinion about the courtroom?

2. What does Bringing out the truth would mean punishing someone who is essentially good mean about the law? 3. 4. 5. Is justice different from the law? Is being right the same as being correct? How has Scout changed? Is Boo any safer from people now than at the beginning?

Themes
1. -It is the wisdom of experience that leads to growth 2. -True love means sacrifice 3. -A parents love is selfless 4. -Family is a blessing OR Family is a curse 5. -The most vulnerable members of society can have the most powerful impact 6. -Childhood is not all fun and games 7. -A strong male role model challenges stereotypes of what it means to be a man 8. -A strong female role model challenges what it means to be a woman 9. -Evil is not always located within the enemy