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195-218

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-195-

1960
3
1

2
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1991
67-95

362006 12 155-165
Ping-ti Ho, The Significance of the Ching Period in Chinese History, The Journal of Asian
Studies 26:2 (February 1967), pp. 191-193.

4
1990
5

6 7
8

10
4
5
6

7
8
9

10

40 1968 10 276-277
Evelyn S. Rawski, Presidential Address: Reenvisioning the Qing: The Significance of the Qing
Period in Chinese History, The Journal of Asian Studies 55:4 (November 1996), pp. 829-850.
Mark C. Elliott, The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Enthic Identity in Late Imperial China
(Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001), pp. 2-35.(Mark C. Elliott)
2002 4 87-90
(Mark C. Elliott) 24 2
2006 12 2-15
The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Enthic Identity in Late Imperial
China 142010 6 187-189

1986 413 4 101

1985 84
3
1985 115 3
1986 485 15

-197-

11

1213
14

15

11

12

13
14
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(960-1800)
2007 249-273

2000 41-69
2005
38-56 151990
12 207-215

40 255-279
43 3 1971 11 445-488

1997 134-135
2000 2 24-33
2002 4 87-93

2006
80-81

16

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16
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2001 5 28-32

1985 81

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1981
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1980-1990
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(1744)
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1981 1 129-136
1434 4
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R. Kent Guy, Who Were the Manchus? A Review Essay, The Journal of Asian Studies 61:1
(February 2002), pp. 151-164.
1981 1 133

1989 4-5

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(Pamela K. Crossley)
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1975
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1984 1213

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(1723)
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1986 8 3791

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-205-

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(1683)
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2003 191
2006 1
79
115 3
31-5261-94
111 28
1069
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32 155-156

(1687)

56

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131 19
1979 25 374

322004
6 110-117
1989

-207-

60

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1996 4
225

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1990 253-254
25 299

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(1727)

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5 22-23
254
1976 15-16

32 57-60

1999 27-31
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6 17

-209-

gioro

70

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(1813)

72(1819)

73

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70

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72
73
74
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-210-

1993 20-23
371373-374
1993 1 2
34-36

1986 269 15-16

356 5
63 16
93

76
(1687)

77
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80

81
82

76

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78
79
80

81
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1989 236 5331-5334 237

5336-5349
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83

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90
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1062 34

1993 59 15
1997 1 16-17
319 9127-9129

1993 30
5
1993
323-325
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1987 14
1009

91

91

3 22
726

-213-

92

92

-214-

Mark C. Elliott, The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Enthic Identity in Late Imperial China,
p. 347.

141987

1984
21975
1979
321980
2752963194751986
161992

25611985
1684901985
631111151311985
1211985
5648549178896710621434
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2693561986
1976
413
1986

11997

81986
1989
30
1993
59
1993
1989

11997

1996
1 2 3 221993
664
1986

-215-

1985
2003
1999
2005

2008

1993

2003

1993
1990
2002
1989
Elliott, Mark C. The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Enthic Identity in Late Imperial China.
Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001.

2006
1981 1 129-136
1982 2 22-28
1991
(Pamela K. Crossley)
72002

2000 5
62-73

2001 3 35-39

2002 1 37-39

38 52006
9 3-7

2000

2005
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151990 12
207-215

-216-


1997
(1989-2009) 142010 6
125-175
322004 6
89-120
36
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382007 12 69-151

(960-1800)2007

40 1968 10 255-279
43 3 1971
11 445-488
The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Enthic Identity in Late Imperial China
142010 6 177-192
(Mark C. Elliott)
2002 4 86-93
(Mark C. Elliott) 24 22006
12 1-18
2006
1 74-80
1996 4 70-77
21 12003
9 101-134
52008 6
37-89
2001 5 21-44
10
52008 9 51-55
Guy, R. Kent. Who Were the Manchus? A Review Essay. The Journal of Asian Studies 61:1, February
2002, pp. 151-164.
Ho, Ping-ti. The Significance of the Ching Period in Chinese History. The Journal of Asian Studies
26:2, February 1967, pp.189-195.
Rawski, Evelyn S. Presidential Address: Reenvisioning the Qing: The Significance of the Qing Period in
Chinese History. The Journal of Asian Studies 55:4, November 1996, pp. 829-850.

-217-

Several Questions on the Study of Manchu Sinicization

Yeh Kao-shu

Abstract
How the Manchus, who established a new empire and dominated China
for two hundred and sixty-eight years, sinicizedand even if they were
sinicized at allhave long been a major concern to scholars of Qing
studies. It is first necessary to clarify who were the real Manchus, who
were sinicized, and how they were sinicized. The so-called Manchus
have been equated with bannermen in Chinese society since the
mid-twentieth century and in recent scholarship. However, it is important
to consider the ethnicity of the members of the Eight Banners as well as the
attitudes toward Chinese culture of its three groups: the Manchu, the Mongol
and the Chinese Martial Banners. Moreover, owing to different social,
economic, and cultural conditions in different garrison areas, the process of
sinicization varied. Bannermen must also be classified according to at least
three layers: royal members at the top, officials in the middle level, and
ordinarly soldiers at the bottom. Members of different levels were affected
by Chinese culture to different degrees; hence we should not generalize on
the basis of single cases. Further research must determine whether
individual cases of sinicization represent entire ethnic groups and social
classes. The results of individual case studies must be collated, with due
attention to their specific ethnic and social background, as the basis for more
concrete conceptualizations of Manchu sinicization.
Keywords: Manchus, sinicization, bannermen, Eight Banners

-218-

Department of History, National Taiwan Normal University