Literature Study Final

H A B I T A T C E N T R E , G H A Z I A B A D
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INTRODUCTION


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INTRODUCTION
THE CHANGING WORKSPACE:
The nature of working environment across the country is changing drastically
and for the better. The change is focused and is driven greater global
business interaction, growing aesthetic needs, deteriorating urban services,
overvalued city properties, communication and transportation explosion as
well as increasing awareness-all put together.
The result is that while traditional downtown business districts become
congested and strained, suburban options showing better infrastructure,
environment and architecture. Increasing global interactions and cross
working will make it necessary for companies to upgrade their working
environments to global standards. Also, the competitive and stressful working
lifestyles today need equally stress free meeting spaces and recreational
facilities to keep one going.

THE HABITAT CENTRE: a summary.
It is the centre of contemporary cultural economic, business and social
events. The concern for the habitat and its environment works as the
functional backbone of the complex. It not only provides an improved working
environment to its employee but will also contribute to the urban level
functions that a living city requires.
HABITAT CENTRE is a place of formal assembly for a common purpose
within a proper equipped built environment in which various professions and
institutions dealing with different facets of habitat and habitat related
environmental issues would function, interact and attempt to resolve a habitat
related problems in a coordinated manner.
It will provide a built space for the performance of various educational
activities along with interaction between different other educational centers in
and outside the country.


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ABOUT THE PROJECT:
- HABITAT CENTRE, INDIRAPURAM, GHAZIABAD
- PLOT NO. 16, AHINSA KHAND
- PROPOSED BY GHAZIABAD DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY
- ON BEHALF OF UTTAR PRADESH GOVERNMENT
- ARCHITECT : W.S. ATKINS
- AREA : 12.54 ACRES

INDIRAPURAM HABITAT CENTRE (IHC) HAS BEEN INSPIRED AND IS
PROPOSED TO BE DEVELOPED ON THE LINES OF INDIA HABITAT
CENTRE.
The HABITAT CENTRE will provide a physical environment which would
serve as catalyst for a synergetic relationship between individuals and
institutions (e.g. N.G.O.s) working in diverse habitat related areas and
therefore maximize their total effectiveness. To facilitate this interaction, the
center provides a range of facilities like auditorium, sports center etc.
HABITAT CENTRE is now home not only to these offices and research
organizations but will house a club, convention centre as well as several
restaurants and performance venues for cultural activities.
Sharing a common concern for habitat, there are various organizations have
come together to participate in an exciting venture of institution building.
1. TERI 2.HUDCO 3.CPWD 4.CBRI
Another prime goal of the project is to bring the concerned people and
intellectual under one roof, as a result the exchange of ideas and views can
be easily possible with all the implementation of modern conferencing
systems as to make the interaction smoother and easier ways.
If all the necessary facilities can be brought under one roof a lot of time &
inconvenience may be saved there by creating more favorable platform for
education.


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PROPOSALS:
It is a convention centre, which will be able to accommodate more than 5,000
people. The facilities provided wil be:
1. SOCIO CULTURAL
Convention facilities along with auditoriums, exhibition area, art gallery, open
concert facility, open-air-sculpture garden and educational facilities.
2. RECREATIONAL
Hotel with fine dining, club house, banquet and indoor recreational facilities,
swimming pool, health club with multigym, guest rooms.

3. COMMERCIAL
Offices

NEED IDENTIFICATION:
DETERIORATING WORKSPACE QUALITY IN URBAN CENTERS:
Indian cities are truly at loss with their business districts going from bad to
worse in recent times.
The extraordinary high cost of downtown property is more than matched with
high traffic congestion, high density built masses ,and high risk in safety
standards .
OPTIONAL SUBURBAN WORKSPACE:
Companies are now looking elsewhere from downtown for new office space
requirements.
In all Indian metros today, the biggest and best offices are built on the
outskirts of the cities and suburban areas.
Delhi is no exception with gurgaon and noida netting most of the large
companies.


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AIMS &OBJECTIVES:
- Develop an integral physical environment for professionals and
institutions interact in a coordinated manner.
- Promote awareness education, research, training & development
of all habitat issues.
- Create better urban/rural facilities related to the lifestyle of people.
- Inculcate awareness and sensitivity of creative human activity in
habitat.
- Document information related to habitat, human settlements &
environmental issues.
- Comprehensive convention centre with facilities for concurrent session.
State of the art audio visual equipment, computer controlled conference
and simultaneous interpretation system in auditorium.
- Finest dining and reception facilities.
- Club house, cultural and entertainment facilities.
- Internet, multimedia, videos and latest newspapers, periodicals,
reference books
SCOPE:
Indirapuram is one of the premier-lifestyle residential areas,those who don't
get a proper place in Delhi prefer to settle in Indirapuram. It is spread of 1,300
acres and has existing or upcoming townships from over 40 builders.
- Recently, the GDA has announced that it would provide Rs500 crore
for construction of HABITAT CENTRE in Indirapuram.
- Indirapuram offers a host of positive features mostly absent in urban
downtown locations.


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METHODOLOGY:
The methodology for achieving the above stated purpose involves the
following steps:
- Studying and subsequently gathering the relevant information about the
various functional aspects of the project.
- Studying the relevant space standards.
- Carrying out case studies to get a look at buildings, which are
analogous to our requirement, and study how a functional space
operates under various restraints.
- The next step is carrying out a comparative analysis of all the case
studies and drawing conclusions and inferences.
- The final step is to freeze the design requirements in terms of space,
based on the inferences of the comparative analysis.


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LITERATURE STUDY


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LITERATURE STUDY
OFFICE PLANNING:
- Office building culture in India is undergoing a revolutionary change.
- Not only the inside environment designed to be more comfortable and
efficient, conducive to a high level of productivity but also the look of the
building is given utmost importance.

DEFINITION:

Efficiency of office building usually measured in terms of ratio of rentable
space to total space.
Work Place Area (Usable Area): spaces in which possible for people to
work at desks; includes secondary circulation.

Primary Circulation: circulation essential to provide access & mean of
escape to work place area.
Usually takes up between 10 and 15% of net usable area.

Special Areas: space which cannot be used for office workers but it is
dedicated to particular function, ex-archives, restaurant.

Core: defined as those parts of building that consists of elevators, elevator
lobby shafts, staircases, toilets, mechanical and engineering services
and ducts.

Duct: vertical ducts required for heating, telephone electric, drainage and
water supply; also in air-conditioned building for air movement.

Lavatories:
In multi-storey office building should occupy no more than 20%.of GOA.

Gross Outside Area (GOA): sum of all constituent office area including
core, structure and perimeter walls .

Net usable area (NUA): what remains when core, structure and perimeter
walls subtracted from GOA.


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ELEVATORS: it should be grouped so that availability of any elevator in bank
on any floor can be easily observed.
Its number and size depends upon
1. Population of building
2. Number of floors
3. Required waiting time

- For preliminary assumption the number of elevators required may be
estimated on the basis of one elevator per 25,000 sq ft. of rentable
area.
- Elevator lobbies should be 6 to 9 ft wide, if elevators are on the same
side only; 10 to 12 ft if elevators are on both sides.
- Corridors are usually, 5 to 6 ft wide.

DESIGN OF OFFICE SHELL:
Position of primary circulation: Fixed, may serve to one side or two.
Position of core: placed centrally, or at one end, or detached.
Central(interior): location has number of advantages.
- It allows all the windows space to be used as a rentable office space
- Depending on the configuration of building plans office of varying
depths receiving natural lights.


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MAJOR BANDS OF OFFICE SPACE
DEPTHS:
NARROW -4000-6000 MM: suitable for single office
room or for 2-3 open plan work place.
MEDIUM -6000-8000 MM: for enclosures larger than
single room or for 3-5 open plan workplaces
DEEP -8000+ MM: more than 5 open work places

SOME PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS:

- Heavy equipments shall be placed against the walls or the columns to
avoid floor overloading.
- Don't obstruct the exits, corridors or stairways, fire safety codes
governing aisles, exits should be followed.
- Employees performing close work should be in best lighted areas.

OFFICE PLANNING CONCEPTS:

Two main concepts are considered:
1. CONVENTIONAL PLAN:
These plans are being used for the years and have been the
customary ways of arranging office spaces.

Advantages:
- Visual and aural privacy can be provided.
- Well suited for companies that draw lines between ranks of its Officials
- The need of conference spaces is minimized.

Disadvantages:
- Partitions have to be demolished when spaces need to be
changed.
- Natural light and view is minimized.
- Energy savings by natural light to interior is minimal


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2. OPEN PLAN:
Refers to an open space occupied
by a number of employees,
supervisors, furnishing equipments
and circulation area.
Large open areas permit flexibility.

Advantages

- Most employees benefited
natural light and a view to the
exterior.
- The plan is highly flexible.
- By using modular workstations, variations in user need can
Be easily catered.
- Such plans are compatible with energy conserving designs.

Disadvantages
- There is some loss of visual & aural privacy.
- The plan is not feasible in buildings with narrow wings or
many obstructions.
- More conference space is needed.

BUSINESS CABINS:
- Private Cabins- it is desirable that the size of private cabins be a
minimum of 100 sq ft and a max. of 300 sq ft .
- Each in size only where the occupant is expected to meet the
delegations of 10 or more at least once a day the size should be
approach 300 sq ft.
- Semiprivate Cabins- they range
from 150 sq ft to 450 sq ft,
occupied by two or more
individuals. Generally it houses
the members of work team or
other group of employees
assigned to particular tasks.


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OFFICE SERVICES:
Demand for services in offices increasing. Each work place must be located
next to outlets for power and telephone. Essential grids are provided to each
work place with easy access and without dangerous.

DISTRIBUTION AT PERIMETER
AND THROUGH PARTITIONS
DISTRIBUTION THROUGH FLOOR GRID
(USUALLY 1800-2000 CENTRES)
DISTRIBUTION THROUGH FIN
WALLS
DISTRIBUTION FROM CEILING
DISTRIBUTION THROUGH FALSE FLOORS
(HEIGHT SHOULD BE 50-500)


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CONFERENCE ROOM:
- General Sessions and face to face
groups with a high participation
primarily concerned with planning,
obtaining facts and information or in
solving organizational problems.
- Number of delegates attending the
conference may range up to 150 or
more.

LOCATION OF CONFERENCE ROOM
- Centrally located to the users.
- Interior spaces which is not the most desirable for the office purpose
can be used for conference
- This location eliminates outside distraction

SIZE OF THE CONFERENCE ROOM
- Designed to accommodate average but not max. attendance.
- Extra chairs should be used to achieve additional seating.

CONFERENCE ROOM DESIGN
Programmatic requirement: To decide the type of room and capacity,
reseating configuration.
Architectural requirement: room dimension, height, desirability of
windows & divisibility, column free space, acoustics, interior design.
Electrical and mechanical requirement: separate system for each
room, HVAC for peak hours lighting, jacks for audio visual system.


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STANDARS FOR CONFERENCE ROOMS:
Large: area> 140sq
For presentations requiring little audience involvement through discussion or
questions.
Medium: 1000-1500sq ft (93-140 sq m)
For highly interactive training
Small: 500-1000sq ft (46.5-93sq m)
Offer flexibility
Board Rooms: 500-899sq ft
Arrangement: theatre classrooms square, u shaped or small configuration.

CONFERENCE ROOM LIGHTING:
- Incandescent down lights florescent lamps.
- Over all room illumination.
- Dimming capability.
- Task lighting on writing boards etc.
- Accent lighting on the speaker, wall displays.
- Control of unwanted light from the corridor and projection work.

AREA 200 SQ.FT
AREA 375 SQ. FT


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LANDSCAPE AROUND AN OFFICE COMPLEX:
The primary issues are:-
1. VISUAL PARAMETERS
2. FUNCTIONAL ISSUES
3. ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

1. VISUAL PARAMETRS
Green buffer in the form of trees and shrubs makes the view from inside the
building more pleasant

Promoters prefer visibility from main
road

Emerging trend: visibility from the main
road are traded off in lieu of garden view
for users.

Trellises are used to screen the view of
parked vehicle from higher floors of
building.


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View of moving/parked automobile is
considered visual pollution

- Landscape design gets affected by the design of the parking.
- Basement parking which releases an equivalent area at the ground
level for greens.

2. FUNCTIONAL ISSUES:
- Provide an outdoor space for lunch hour relaxation.
- Smoking is banned in most offices, thus an outdoor smoking area
would be a good amenity for the users.
- In the form of gazebos or seats in the landscape

3. ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES:
- A good irrigation system is the lifeline of landscape.
- Using recycled water for nourishing the plants.
- Planting trees according to climate, in tropical climate trees which
consume less water should be planted.


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THEATRE DESIGN:
The design of a large auditorium will be greatly influenced by the

- Dimensions (in terms of area and volume)
Area of auditorium- 0.9-1.2
m2/person
Volume of auditorium- 3.5-4.5 m3
/person
- The different purpose, apart from
congress, for which the hall
may be used, such as stage
shows ,live theater ,concert
- Access and circulation
requirements.
DEFINATION:
Theatre is the gathering together of a group of people to witness a
planned performance. It is the
Relationship of the performing area to the audience
ELEMENTS OF THEATRE
RECEPTION : entrance, booking hall, foyer, cloaks etc
AUDITORIUM main stage, back stage, scenery storage, workshop,
STAGE : dressing room, rehearsal room

Function of an auditorium is to
accommodate
1. Performance
2. Audience
3. To bring the two together


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THE PARAMETERS:
- Two methods adopted depending
on capacity &
type of performance.

1. LINE OF SIGHT METHOD
2. EQUAL RISE METHOD

PROSCENIUM:
- Dimensions are not fixed, varies with lowering the teasers and drawing
the tormentors.
- Side panels can have side stages or openings.

CROSSOVER:
- Part of path followed by audience behind the seating area between
lobby and aisles.
- The width of the crossover equals the sum of the width of the aisles.


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AISLES:
Radial aisles are best for purpose of seeing
with curved aisles only slightly less efficient.
- No of seats between aisles (Max.) =14
- No of seats between aisle and wall
- Main longitudinal gangway = 1200 mm
- Side longitudinal gangway = 900 mm
SEATING:
Minimum distance between the front row and screen is 9m.

There are two type of seating arrangements:
Continental and Conventional
1. Conventional seating -
it accommodates more centered seats
2. Continental seating
Row space not less than 39".
It requires wider end aisles with closely spaced exit doors

- When done with the line of sight method a mild slope of 12 degree
is there in lower seating and steeper 24 degree for upper half.
- All seats oriented towards stage- curvature in the rows.
- Staggering provides better sight lines without going at much height.


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LIMITATIONS CONSIDERED FOR DETERMINING SEATING
AREA AND FOR THE POSITION OF WALL AND SHAPE
- Horizontal angle of polychromatic vision is approx. 40.
- Horizontal angle to the projection sheet at which distortion on the screen
becomes substantially intolerable is 60.
- Horizontal angle to the centre line at which objects onstage, cease to bear
the intended relationship to other objects onstage and to the background
is approx. 60.

PROCENIUM OPENINGS:
- Width 12 to 16 m is recommended
- Height can be 4.8m to 5.4m
- Depth can vary between 12 to 16m, depending on the
type of operation performed
PROCENIUM OPENINGS:
- Optimum depth 4 times screen width
- Maximum depth 6W
- Depth equals 1.25-2.35 times house width when house width is
2.5-3.5 times screen width.
- Workshop 50-70% of stage area

W = SCREEN WIDTH


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SIGHT LINES:
1.The stage height is taken as 3-4 above level of first row of seats
2. The vertical angle beyond which the ability to recognize standard shapes
falls of very rapidly is app. 30.
3. Audiences will not choose a location beyond a line approx.100degree to the
curtain at proscenium side
4. 35 with the horizontal from top of the screen will intersect the horizontal
eye line, 3'-8" above the floor and will determine the first row of seat.

CURTAIN LINE OR BOTTOM
OF SCREEN
BASIC DIMENSION FOR
PLOTTING FLOOR SLOPE
SIGHTLINE OF THE STANDING
PATRON LIMITS THE BALCONY
OVERHANG


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THE STAGE:
1. ACTING AREA
2. SCENERY STORAGE
- Size of the acting area is a direct function of the no. of performers
who use it, their costumes & nature of their performance.
- Single performers - 4 sq. ft
- Solo dancers - 300 sq. ft

LAVATORIES:
5 urinals, 3 wash basins & 2 toilets/1000 seats (minima for men)
5 toilets & 5 wash basins /1000 seats (minima for women)

LIGHTING IN AUDITORIUM:
Lighting has following functions:
1. Light for visibility is desirable by which patrons may find their
seats, white light is best.
2. Aisle light must be near floor decorative lights are also used.
3. The objects of lighting in the auditorium are to concentrate
upon the stage.

ACOUSTICS IN AUDITORIUM:
1. Sound waves should be umformly distributed in every part of
auditorium.
2. The backside surface should be absorbent


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EXHIBITION SPACES:
GALLERY DESIGN BASED ON AN IDEA OF:
- What will be showing?
- No of exhibits planned per year ?
- Kind of traveling exhibition hope
to be scheduled?
- For permanent collection how
many pieces will be remained on
view?
- 3D objects to be displayed in
cases or pedestal ?

ALSO ON THE MEAN ADULT EYE
LEVEL HEIGHT, IS ABOUT 5 FT

PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS:
1. CIRCULATION
2. LIGHT
1. CIRCULATION:
EXTERNAL
- General approach to the building.
- The access from the public parking must be direct, easy and inviting.
- Goods and services entry to be segregated the from public entrance

INTERNAL
- Within the building.
- Circulation of objects and goods.
- Circulation of staff and visitors.
Movement of visitors in the exhibition space is an important aspect which
need to be carefully dealt with.


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LAYOUT OF DISPLAY AREA:

LIGHTING:
Natural
- Skylights
- Windows&
punctures

Artificial
- Showcases lit by lamps at 30
- Paintings lit by lamps at 45

Lateral lighting
- Side windows and openings in the walls at suitable distances
- Shads full and agreeable light on exhibits placed against the other
walls and in the centre of the room at the correct angle to the
source of light.

STRAIGHT LAYOUT
MOVEMENT OF VISITOR
IS FACILATED BY GENTLY
CURVING
STRAGGERED
ARRANGEMENT
CREATES MYSTERY


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CRITICAL DIMENSIONS FOR VISUAL ARTS FACILITY:

FUNCTIONAL DIAGRAM OF A VISUAL ARTS FACILITY:


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CLIMATIC ANALYSIS


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CLIMATIC ANALYSIS
CLIMATE:
- Composite climate
- Extreme dryness with an intensely hot summer and cold winter
- Temperature range vary from 45 in summers to 4 in winters
- Cold waves from the Himalayan region makes winter very chill,
marked by mist and fog in the morning
- City is sufficiently far from the equator to experience marked
seasonal change in solar radiation and wind direction
- Only during the three monsoon months july, august and september
does air of oceanic origin penetrate to this district and causes
increased humidity, cloudiness and precipitation.

SEASONS:
The year can broadly be divided into four seasons.
- The cold season starts in late November and extends to about
the beginning of March.
- This is followed by the hot season which lasts till about the end
of June when the monsoon arrives over the district.
- The monsoon continues to the last week of September.

TEMPERATURE:
- Varies considerably throughout the year from hot to cold.
- Building design should be so as to
withstand the variations and provide
comfortable living.
- Cold season starts from mid of November,
January is the coldest month.
- May and June are the hottest months.
- From April the hot wind known locally as
luh blows and the weather is unpleasant.
- Monsoons advances towards the end of
june when day temperature drops
appreciably.


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Winter : mean daily max.temp at 21.3c
mean daily min. at 7.3c.
Summer : mean daily max. temp at 43c
mean daily minimum at 30c.
WIND DIRECTION:
- Wind direction is different in all the three seasons.
- Winds are generally light during the post monsoon and winter
months.
- They strengthen during the summer and monsoon months.
- Except during the monsoon months winds are predominantly from a
westerly or northwesterly direction and tend to be more northerly in
the afternoon.
- Easterly and southeasterly winds are more common in the monsoon
months.
SOLAR RADIATIONS:
- It is direct and strong during the dry days as absence of cloud
permits easy flow of heat into night sky during the hot dry month.
- Diffused radiations exist during hazy period, i.e. during monsoons.
CLOUDINESS:
- During the monsoon specially in july and august skies are heavily clouded and
often overcast.
- Rest of the year skies are clear or
- In the months of january, february and early march skies become cloudy
and sometimes overcast when the district is affected by western disturbances.


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HUMIDITY:
- The air is dry during the greater part of the year.
- Humidity is high in the monsoon months.
- April and May are the driest months with relative humidites of about 30%
in the mornings and less than 20% in the afternoons.

SPECIAL WEATHER PHENOMENA:
- April to June is the period with the highest incidence of thunderstorms and
dust storms.
- Some thunderstorms give rise to violent squalls (andhis), others are
accompanied with heavy rain and less frequently with hail.
- Thunderstorms also occur in the winter months.
- Fogs sometimes dense occur in the winter months.
RAINFALL:
- Monsoon rains are
prolonged and intense.
- About 80% of the
rainfall is received
during the monsoon
months of July, August
and September.
- Mean annual rainfall-
60-65cm


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INFERENCES FROM CLIMATE ANALYSIS:
We are concerned with improving the thermal condition of building fo which
stringent economy is a necessity.
1. PROPER ORIENTATION OF BUILDINGS:
Orient the structure as to capture summer breeze and protect from storm winds.

2. PROTECTION FROM SUN:

Deciduous trees should be located on the south side of the pedestrian paths.
Since the project habitat centre provide some space for outdoor activities, so the
open environment needs to be taken care of-

Hence landscaping is to be
emphasized since plants and
trees are helpful in moderating
the heat impact.


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SITE STUDY


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SITE STUDY
LOCATION:
- PLOT NO.16,AHINSA KHAND
INDRAPURAM,GHAZIABAD,
UTTAR PRADESH
- STRATEGICALLY LOCATED ON
- NH 24 BYE-PASS INDIRAPURAM
OWNER:

APPROACH:
Approachable from all sides, road
all around the site.
ACCESS:
- By bus- the nearest bus stand is ISBT, Anand Vihar,8km away.
- By road-through nh24 ,3km away from site
- By train-the Sahibabad is nearest station,5km away.
- Taxi and autos are also readily available for the site.

Owned & proposed by
Ghaziabad development
authority
PROPOSED SITE
SITE


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SURROUNDINGS:
West 24mtr. wide road group housing
North 30mtr.wd road,Swarnjayanti park
East 24mtr. wide road, group housing
South 30mtr. wide road, group housing

SITE
12.5 ACRES


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VEGETATION & TOPOGRAPHY:
- Site is flat with no contours
- No trees & plants, site is barren
- Construction of basement going on
SITE NORMS:
SITE AREA: - 12.54 acres, regular in shape
GROUND COVERAGE- 40 PERCENT
F.A.R - 120
SET BACK - Front- 15Mtr. Rear 9Mtr.
MAXIMUM HEIGHT - No limit

LOCATION ADVANTAGE:
- NH-24 running alongside, the up gov. is planning to widen NH-24.
- Connaught place is about 40 minutes away, as are lajpat nagar and
south extensions in south Delhi,
- Number of software majors and educational institutions, is right across
the highway.
- Proximity with residential localities & colonies like vaishali, vasundhara,
kaushambi, patparganj, greater kailash, new friends colony, sarita vihar
and sector 15 (Noida).
- Close to the major commercial & residential areas of delhi, noida and
greater noida.
- The site will enjoy absolute accessibility as a result of signal free roads
& 15 flyovers proposed by GDA.
SERVICES:
- 4 Side road will help in services
- Power supply can be taken from any side according to future planning.
- Water supply can be from bore well.
- Sewer lines are available on site.
- Drainage available on all sides.


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CASE STUDY 1
INDIA HABITAT CENTRE,
NEW DELHI


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Best building award- 1995
Location- maxmuller marg,near
lodi garden,New Delhi

CASE STUDY1
INDIA HABITAT CENTRE
NEW DELHI:
Architects-Stein, Bhalla & Doshi
Design- JA Stein
Client- IHC Society
Site area- 9.6 Acres
2Basemnt -18,000Sq.m
Const. started- 1988
Completed- 1995
Area- Total covered 53,000Sq.m
Ground covered 9600Sq.m
Project cost- 100 Crores.

OBJECTIVE:
- The INDIA HABITAT CENTRE is truly best convention
center in country.
- It was the brainchild of Indira Gandhi and was conceived
to provide a physical environment that would help
different NGO in making interaction with the individuals as
well as masses as a whole
- To work for the conservation of natural habitat of the
human, animal and plant kingdom.
- It is the centre of contemporary cultural economic,
business and social events.
- The concern for the habitat and its environment works as
the functional backbone of the complex.
- It not only provides an improved working environment
to its employee but will also contribute to the urban level
functions that a living city requires.
- Several leading corporate entities and non-profit
organizations like tata energy research institute (teri),
hudco, nhb, cii, ilo etc., sharing a common concern for
the 'habitat',has a total of 37 institutions working for same.


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BUILDING LAYOUT:
- The whole complex consist of building blocks
with aerial walkways interconnecting the
building blocks.
- These building blocks being separated manage
to create interesting courtyards that are partially
open to the elements.
- 2 basements at P1 & P2 level,for parking &
services
LOCATION FOOTPRINT:
A.MARGOSA LAWN
B.SILK COTTON LAWN
C.EMERALD GARDEN
D.AMPHITHEATRE
E.THE PLAZA
G.CONVENTION
CENTRE
H.SILVER OAK LAWN
ORIENTATION:
North-South
Main blocks & their
arrangement:
Building has total 7 blocks, all
interconnected with steel bridges.
Complex is divided in to 2 Zones-
1. SOUTH ZONE:
Block 1 & 2- (facilities block)
Block 3- (auditorium block)
2. NORTH ZONE:
Blocks 4,5,6,7- all office blocks
(ngos),visual arts gallery,food
court- eatopia
BLOCK 1 & 2
BLOCK 3


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1. SOUTH ZONE (BLOCK 1&3)
THE CONVENTION CENTRE:
- India's most comprehensive
convention centre.
- Over 20 concurrent sessions possible.
- State of the art a.v. equipment.
- Computer controlled conference &
simultaneous interpretation system in
auditorium.
- Well equipped secretariat &
documentation centre.
STEIN AUDITORIUM:
Ideal for large conferences, seminars,
film screenings, presentations, theatre

MAHOGANY:For small gatherings.
attached are a kitchenette
and a private washroom.

JACARANDA:
Elegantly carpeted,ideal for
corporate meetings,
seminars, workshops and
fine parties.


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SILVER OAK:
outdoor attachments in form
of a patio, garden space, for
exhibitions, conferences,
seminars

DOCUMENTATION CENTRE:
Has 6 cabins as well as 6 workstations fitted with all modern business aids
CASUARINA:
A fixed seating hall equipped
with state-of-the-art
multimedia facilities and each
table equipped with a set of
mikes. Ideal for seminars,
corporate presentations, press
interactions, product launches.
THE TRINTY: Flexible set
with individual as well as
combined usage possibilities.
Ideal for workshops, board
meetings and theatre/cultural
performances

AREA (SQFT) SEATING
Amaltas 1760 55
Kadamba 620 24
Rudraksha 620 24
The Theatre 3000 120
Casurina 1520 60
Mangolia 1540 65
Maple 1270 32
Auditorium 6200 537
AREA (SQFT) SEATING
Silver Oak- I 1200 60
Silver Oak - II 840 40
Mahogany 470 24
Chinar 320 16
Willow 570 35
Gulmohar 2870 113
Jacaranda - I 1290 60


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BLOCK-2
Hotel block with 57 guest rooms & suites, every floor
boasts of its very own theme,reflects in the furniture
style and colour schemes.
Along with a SPA, GYM & SWIMMING POOL
FOOD FACILITIES
Inadequate canteen facilities encourage outside dhabas spoiling the facade &
access to the buildings. So solution here was to invite dhabas inside the
building. Nominal rent, hygienic facility & quality control.

2.NORTH ZONE
Visual arts gallery 5,000
sq.ft of space, which
works as an art exhibition
space with its adjoining
sculptural court.
BLOCKS 4,5,6,7- ALL
OFFICE BLOCKS
(NGOS), VISUAL ARTS
GALLERY FOOD COURT-
EATOPIA

ORIENTAL OCTAPUS
PAST TIMES
DELHI O DELHI
EATOPIA


P a g e 4 1
OUTDOOR VENUES:
HANDICAP PARKING:
- Handicap car parking is provided,
- Plus railings and ramps at various
parts of
building
where
needed.


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ENTRANCES AND PARKING:
- The ground was perceived as a vehicle-free environment except
for repair & fire.
- All cars and scooters are directed in to two levels of basement.
- Only two drop off points-convention centre porch, hotel porch.
- Parking at ground level from gate 1- only for members

BASEMENT


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SERVICES: SERVICES IN BASMENT
- Entire building is air conditioned.
- Basements are mechanically
ventilated.
- Sprinklers system is installed
- Fire escape staircases and lobbies
are pressurised to prevent spread of
fire along vertical shafts

.

SERVICE CORES FROM
BASEMENT,LIFTS &
STARICASE
FIRE CONTROL ROOM
HVAC SYSTEM
WATER TREATMENT PLANT
AT P1 LEVEL-
TIME OFFICE
STORE OF IHC
STAFF CANTEN
DRIVERS REST ROOM
SERVICE ENTRY TO
HOTEL BLOCK


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DESIGN REVIEW:
- Though of an imposing nature, the
building complex manages to blend
in with its surroundings through its
natural embellishments.
- The presence of an amphitheatre
also marks an interesting feature of the complex.
- The external facade of the convention centre has a mundane appearance
which masks the open inner space.
- The absence of roof gutters rids
the complex of clutter, instead
separations between walls that are lined
with tiles facilitates the disposal of rain
water.
- IHC serves
different emotions
at different places
The building's all entrances are not one and the
same. The first entrance depicts a seemingly
long deep corridor.
Gate no.2 creates curiosity to a person when
stands in front of the building.
PRESSURISED
SHAFTS
SERVICE ENTRY
TO BANQUETS
CHILLER PLANT AT GROUND


P a g e 4 5
Gate no.3 gives surprise when it opens to a huge space.
ENERGY EFFICIENY:

LADSCAPING:
Each courtyard has been designed to impart a distinct identity to the spaces
and its conductive to the type of functions or activities that can be anticipated.

CARFULLY PLANNED LAWNS
PATHWAYS ARE PROVIDED
WITH SHADES


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ON NORTH FAADE PLENTY OF LAWNS ARE GIVEN BECAUSE OF LESS SUN
ON SOUTH FACADDE NO LEVISH GARDENS
WATER BODY
PLAY OF LEVELS CREATING
VERTICAL GARDENS
TALL PALM TREES IN 3FT
HIGH PLANTERS
PLANTS IN WINDOW BOXES
SOFTENING THE WALL SURFACES


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WHY CALLED HABITAT CENTRE??????????
- Habitat means home, all living being resides at a same time.
- Birds sit on sunscreen, fishes in the water body & we humans.
- Anyone can enter, there is no restriction.
- So it is for all people. all people eat, rest at a same place,
- A peon also open his lunch and high profile officer also
- In Amphitheatre, street children plays also goes on & at the same time
ministers/executives delivers their lecture
- Not yet turned in to a commercial commercial during its whole life time
of 16years like nehru place.
- The main objective of the IHC is resolve the habitat related problems.
- To work for the conservation of habitat.
- The offices present in the complex are all NGO,s & related to
environment & habitat preservation.
- There is also a habitat learning centre.


P a g e 4 8

CASE STUDY 2
INDIA INTERNATIONAL
CENTRE, NEW DELHI


P a g e 4 9
CASE STUDY 2
INDIA INTERNATIONAL
CENTRE, NEW DELHI :
Architect- J.A. Stein
Site area- 4.6 Acres
Built up area-8582Sq.m Covered
area-4400Sq.m Cons. started-1960
Year of completion-1962
Location-At Lodi Estate, New Delhi
INTRODUCTION:
- The India International Centre is a premier non-official organization in
the capital playing a unique cultural and intellectual role in the life of the
citizens.
- It is among the best convention centers.
- This non-profit institution works for the cultural interaction between
nations.
- It is a meeting point & gossip gallery for foreign diplomats & Indian
bureaucrats.
- The centre is non-official in its character and do not affiliate itself to any
government, political, economic or religious organization.

AIMS &OBJECTIVES:
- To provide intellectual service
through seminars, symposium,
meeting, debates.
- It also houses one of the best
libraries in India.
- To provide cultural service, which is undertaken through the regular
song and dance performances apart from Film screenings.
- Community service through its hostel &catering facility.


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LAYOUT OF BUILDING:
The centre is laid out with three wings each serving a separate function.
1. North wing:
Residential and catering facilities to members and their guests
2. South wing:
- Programme block of offices
- Library
- Domed Auditorium.
3. West wing:
- The lounge
- Dining hall & services,
overlooking LODI Gardens.

AREAS:
AUDITORIUM
- Seating capacity- 250, theatre style
with 12 semicircular rows approached
by two aisles.
- Area- 300 sq.m
- Hexagonal plan
- It is surmounted by a dome in the
shape of smaller inscribed hexagons

STONE CLADDING IN THE DOME FOR
REFLECTION AND SOUND DISTRIBUTION


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GUEST ROOMS
- 38 Single Bedrooms, area 16sq.m
- 28 Double Bedrooms, area 36sq.m
- It has been given a curved form
which approaches, then recedes
from the part boundary, avoiding
the expression of a long rigid
arcade along the park.

LOUNGE AND DINING
- Hexagonal plan
- The lounge is slightly elevated
above the adjoining ground to
obtain a better view into the
centre garden and also to
make it attractive.
- Surrounded and shaded by its
own verandah, on which it freely
opens the lounge enjoys the feeling of
its space extending far beyond its
enclosing glass.


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DINING HALL (120)-180 SQ.M
PRIVATE DINING (45)-70 SQ.M
LOUNGE (90)-108 SQ.M
BAR (40)-48 SQ.M
KITCHEN-380 SQ.M

CONFERENCE ROOMS
CONFERENCE HALL1-92SQ.M
CONFERENCE HALL 2-50SQM

LIBRARY
- Rectangular block
- Area -450 sq.m
- Backdoor service for books at rear
side is provided.
- A direct view of whole library can be
made from reception which is not appropriate.


P a g e 5 3

MATERIALS:
- IIC is virtually handmade
building.
- Natural concrete in the
structure revealed throughout
in its own texture and colour.
- The building is without exterior
paint or colour.


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- Materials permitted to assume their fine natural
coloration.
- Consistent expression of the structure is made
by use of
concrete column ,
beams & coffered
concrete ceiling.

LANDSCAPING:
- Landscaping has been done to enhance the ambience rock garden.
- Central court is designed for dining in open areas
- Building landscape is merging with adjoining LODI Gardens.


P a g e 5 5
LOUVERS AND SHADING DEVICES:
- Range of shading devices- roof top,
pergolas, jalies,vertical shading louvers.
- Jalies of fire clay tiles shade exterior
southern walls, also screen the service
area.
- In addition to filtering light these jalies
have no horizontalsurface for dust.


P a g e 5 6
SERVICES:
- The entire building is air- conditioned.
- Double basement for services
- Services provided:
AC PLANT ROOM
WATER PURIFICATION PLANT
ELECTRIC SUB STATION
CONTROL ROOM
MECHANICAL ROOM
DRINKING WATER
TANK
WATER TREATMENT
PLANT
FIRE PUMP ROOM
LOCKERS, STORE

PLANNING FEATURES:
- Uniformity in design & architectural character.
- A very subdued form merging with surroundings.
- Layout according to shape of the site.
- Landscape merges with the LODI Garden.
- Library could have been in a quieter location.
- Efficient by means of verandas & less corridors.
- Dining is away from guest rooms
- Single staircase in utility block is in sufficient
- Lobby for Auditorium, library & administration is common
- Parking space is not well provided.

STAFF CANTEEN


P a g e 5 7

CASE STUDY 3
CHENNAI CONVENTION
CENTRE, CHENNAI


P a g e 5 8
CASE STUDY 3
CHENNAI CONVENTION CENTRE:
A JEWEL FOR THE NEW
GENERATION
- TAMILNADU has been fast
emerging as one of the
progressive state in the
industrial map of india.
- Chennai the capital city has
seen a dramatic rise in international business operations and trade
promotion activities.
- To meet the evergrowing needs of the international trade and business,
TamilNadu Trade Promotion Organization has been set up.

Site area - 25 Acres
Architect - C.R.
Narayan Rao

LOCATION:
The Chennai
Convention Centre
is set up at a prime
location in the
Chennai metro, nandambakkam adjacent to st. thomas mount .
Ideal location.
Chennai airport -5 kms/15 mins drive
1.5km away from inner ring road
1.6km away from great southern trunk road
Easily accessible from the main IT corridor
American embassy (us) -12 kms 25 to 30 mins drive.
MAIN ENTRY
SERVICE ENTRY


P a g e 5 9
SPACES:
- 3 Exhibition Halls
- Convention Centre
- Administration block
- Ample parking space
- Outdoor venues

NEED FOR CONVENTION CENTRE:
As meetings, seminars and
conventions,buyers seller meet, trade
discussion etc are part of trade promotional
activities and there was a felt need for a
convention centre within the ctc complex,
the board of tntpo in its resolve to construct
convention centre at a cost of rs.26.83
crores
LEGENDS

1.AUDITORIUM
2. STAGE

3. MULTIPURPOSE
HALL
4. VIDEO CONTROL RM
5. AUDIO CONTROL RM
6. MEETING RM


P a g e 6 0

EXHIBITION SPACE:
CTC HAS THREE HALLS -
HALL NO. 1 (4,400 SQ. MTRS)
HALL NO. 2 (1,760 SQ.MTRS.)
HALL NO.3 (4,400 SQ.MTRS)

- The air -conditioned halls with no
intermittent pillars or columns, are
eminently suitable for multi-purpose
use of organizing exhibitions, conferences, conventions and conducting
other trade, commerce and industry-related events.
- All the halls are inter-linked and hall no. 3 is connected with convention
centre.
7. GREEN RM
8. LANDSCAPE AREA
9. PLANTERS
10. GENTS TOILET
11. LADIES TOILET
12. LOBBY
19. LOUNGE
20. VIP PANTRY
21. FAX/XEROX
13. COMMON LOUNGE
14. OPEN PLAZA
15. ELECTRICAL RM
16. TES TANK
17. SERVICE ENTRY
18. VIP WAITING

CONFERENCE HALL
ENTRANCE FOYER
MEETING ROOMS LOBBY
CONVENTION LOBBY


P a g e 6 1
LANDSCAPING:
THE cool and green environs perfectly
refreshes mind and balancingly blends it
with the building.

PARKING:
Ample parking space is provided
separate parking for convention centre
and exhibition hall via parking.


P a g e 6 2
FACILITIES:
- HALLS WITH CENTRALIZED AIR CONDITIONING
- AMPLE CAR PARKING FACILITIES WITH
SEPARATE PARKING FOR PROTOCOL.
- SERVICE TRENCHES FOR POWER,
WATER SUPPLY AND DRAIN LINE,
TELEPHONES & COMPRESSED AIR.
- POWER: 2 NOS. OF 1000 KVA
TRANSFORMERS AND 100% STAND BY
GENERATORS ARE PROVIDED.
- GENERAL LIGHTING INSIDE THE HALLS.
- PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEM WITH ZONAL
CONTROL
- 200 LINES FOR TELEPHONE FACILITIES.
- WATER SUPPLY FOR GENERAL
PURPOSES.
- HEAVY DUTY FLOORING (BEARING
CAPACITY OF 5 TONNES PER SQ.MT. APPROX)
- TOILET FACILITIES FOR GENTS, LADIES
AND HANDICAPPED
- BUSINESS CENTRE PROTOCOL AND
SERVICE ROOM.
- FIRE PROTECTION THROUGH WATER SPRINKLERS, SMOKE DETECTORS
AND FIRE ALARMS PROVIDED.
- AMBULANCE AND FIRST AID SERVICE ON
REQUEST.
- BANKING FACILITIES ON REQUEST
- CAR HAILING SYSTEM
- VESTIBULES LINKING BOTH THE HALLS.
- LANDSCAPING WITH FOUNTAINS.
- SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT
- WIFI ENABLED
- GENERAL SECURITY


P a g e 6 3

DESIGN PRINCIPLES


P a g e 6 4
DESIGN PRINCIPLES:

1. EVERY THING MUST HAVE A PURPOSE

a. Relation of park to surroundings
b. Relation of use areas to site
e. Relation of use areas to use areas
d. Relation of major structures to use areas
e. Relation of minor structures to minor structures

2. DESIGN MUST BE FOR PEOPLE

a. Balance of impersonal and personal needs

3. BOTH FUNCTION AND AESTHETICS MUST BE
SATISFIED

a. Balance of dollar and human values

4. ESTABLISH A SUBSTANTIAL EXPERIENCE

a. Effect of lines, forms, textures, and colors
b. Effects of dominance
c. Effects of enclosure


P a g e 6 5
5. ESTABLISH A APPROPRIATE EXPERIENCE
a. Suited to personality of place
b. Suited to personality of user
c. Suited to personality of function
d. Suited to scale

6. SATISFY TECHNICAL REQUIREMENT
a. Sizes
b. Quantities
c. Orientation to natural forces
d. Operating needs

7. MEET NEEDS FOR FEWEST POSSIBLE COST
a. Balance of needs and budget
b. Use of existing resources
c. Provision of appropriate structural materials
d. Provision of appropriate plant materials
e. Attention to details

8. PROVIDE FOR SUPERVISION EASE
a. Balance of use freedom and control
b. Circulation
c. Safety
d. Discouraging undesirables


P a g e 6 6

DESIGN
CONSIDERATIONS


P a g e 6 7

FACTORS AFFECTING THE DESIGN CRITERIA:
These specific conditions of hot and tropical climate depend mainly on
the following considerations:
- Physical comfort by day depends mainly on a reduction of intense
radiation from the sun, ground and the surrounding buildings.
- Breezes cannot be used to advantage indoors unless the air is cool
and tile air is filtered out.
- Outside conditions are so hostile in this climate that both building and
external living spaces need to be protected, as much as possible, from
the intense solar radiations and the hot dusty winds.
- During the day, ventilation should be kept minimum, necessary only
when the stored heat is to be dissipated.
- Surface exposed to the sun should be reduced as much as possible.
- The larger dimension of the building should be minimized and should
face North or South. The worst orientations are towards the West.

RESPONSE TO CLIMATE AND RESOURCES:

The basic principles of design in tropical climate
> Dense cluster of the buildings
The basic criterion for planning is the compact packing of the Units. These
houses are built back to back site to site in a dense cluster. This protects a
minimum of two to three sides of from direct exposure to the solar radiation.
> Courtyard planning
Introvert planning around courtyards helps in avoiding solar radiation by
shading, besides helping ventilation and allowing diffused light to all rooms-
the central court is the hub of many activities.

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS


P a g e 6 8
> Effect of climate on building design
The data on the climate of Ghaziabad shows that the effective temperature in
the summer months exceeds the comfort conditions while in winter the
effective temperature is lower than comfort conditions.
> Flow of heat:
Due to high temperature in summer, there is marked tendency of the heat
flow inside the building the roofs and walls of the building. Heat flow
depends upon the normal conductivity of the material porosity of the
material. From the data, the following can be clearly seen:
- The importance of proper location of openings .
- The importance of Orientation
- The roof problem

WIND:
- One of the forces, which act on the building, is wind pressure, which
acts against the walls and roofs.
- Wind loading is based on the measurement of the wind velocity and
the pressure exerted when the velocity of a mass of air is checked by
an obstruction.
- The pressure being proportional to the square of the velocity that
may be expected in a particular locality will depend on the exposed
nature of locality.
- Cold winds in the winter and the dust storm in the summer also come
from the same direction therefore the opening in this direction should
be capable of being tightly closed.

NATURAL VENTILATION AND THERMAL COMFORT:
- Natural ventilation means movement of air in and out of a building
under the action of the atmospheric forces.
- Such air movement is essential in a building to supply the required
amount of fresh air to reduce the concentration of odors and air borne
contamination with a space.


P a g e 6 9
FACTORS AFFECTING VENTILATION

- The chief reason for insufficient flow of air or the change of air is the
absence of suitable inlet for fresh air or escape from the warm vitiated
air.
- When the temperature difference induces ventilation the phenomenon
is known as stack effect and when the ventilation is by pressure
difference the phenomenon is known as WIND ACTION.
- When the breeze -blows against the buildings, It establishes a zone of
positive pressure against the windward way and a corresponding zone
of reduced pressure on the leeward side of the building.
- If the Induced pressure is conveyed to the air within a building through
stably placed openings, the air will be forced Inwards through the
openings on the leeward side.
- The rate at which the air will enter the flow through the building will
depend on the speed and direction of winds the layout of structures and
the extent of suitably placed openings.

OUTDOOR SPACE

- A courtyard is the most pleasant outdoor space for most of the year
because it excludes the wind and traps the sun.
- Pergolas carrying deciduous creepers may even cover the courtyard.

SURFACE TREATMENT:

- Surface expose to the sun during the hot and warm season should be
light colored or of shiny polished metal.
- During cold season the heat of sun is important, therefore absorptive
surfaces will be required in place of shading and reflective surfaces of
the hot seasons


P a g e 7 0
LANDSCAPING:
- Plans, vines and trees for shade can be placed either on the surface of
the building or at some distance away.
- Deciduous trees provide shade in summer allow sun in winter.
Creepers when used as fence can shade the west wall.
- The location of trees should be according to the sun angle and
azimuths so that they provide proper shade and do not interfere with air
movements.
- The vertical baffles, necessary for shading, prove advantageous in
increasing the volume of airflow for large angles of wind interference.

LIGHTNING:


P a g e 7 1
- Good lighting is necessary to enable work to be done efficiently and
comfortably.
- Good lighting is not merely a lot of light but sufficient glare free light
from right direction.
- In a building the higher the window is placed the more efficient is the
resultant lighting.
- Firstly the sky is usually brighter near the zenith than near than the
horizon. On fully overcast days the horizon is about one third as bright
as zenith. Consequently a window, which looks towards the horizon, will
admit at least light for its area.
- Secondly, light coming at glancing is less effective than light coming
perpendicularly.
- Tall windows admit light further into the room than the wide window, but
gives rise to greater glare.

APPLICATION OF CLIMATE IN THE BUILDING:

- As already discussed, there are three major agencies that govern the
climate. They are sun, wind and rains.
- In this building, which is partly air-conditioned and the rest are
supposed to be air-conditioned.
- Later on, sun is the most important element. If it is properly controlled, it
can be held to reduce the cost of air conditioners, other two elements
are rather in significant for air-conditioned buildings.


P a g e 7 2
MATERIALS USED
ALUCOBOND:
- Design elegance, stylish transitions, daring details & interesting surfaces,
harmonious back grounds, surprising effects caused by light and shape
all of these & much more can easily achieved with Alucobond composite
panels.
- It is alight composite material consisting of two aluminum cover sheets
and a core made of plastic.
- This simple, but extremely versatile product concept has been developed
to provide a faade material with a host of advantage for architects.
1. Stable yet flexible
2. Smooth surface
3. Shock resistant
4. Vibration absorbent
5. Used in more than 50000 building world wide
6. Available in thick nesses of 3mm, 4mm and 6mm.
USES:
High-rise, Low rise, Canopies & awnings and Interiors
- For high traffic situations di bond with its structural lacquered surface is
the perfect solution.
- Many developments now suffer from stained concrete, cracked masonry,
failing render &, other time related problems. Inevitably this results in
unattractive appearance & a fall in commercial value.
- An Alucobond over cladding system dramatically improves the visual
effect of on old building and restores the propertys value.
- Alucobond offers outstanding protection from weather, withstands the
effects of industrial pollution, and serves energy.
- It is lightweight, quick to install and easy to maintain. Available in a
range of color and sizes.


P a g e 7 3
ACRYLITE ACRYLIC SHEET:
It is lightweight substitute for glass that has better optical quality and more is
economical. It provides low distortion and doesnt yellow after prolong
exposure to sun light. It also offers four times more impact resistance than
sunlight.
SHEET SIZES: 48 by 96, 51 by 100, 72 by 96, 100 by 100, 100 by 150
AVAILABLE COLORS: White (opaque and transparent), ivory, gray,
bronze, Black, red, orange, brown, amber violet, etc.
GENERAL APPLICATION:
- Retail displays and fixtures glazing
- Signs
- Picture frames
- Skylight
- Windows
ADVANCED GLAZING SYSTEM:
Environmental Issues/Principal
Impacts
- In addition to providing a visual connection to
the outdoors, and acting as a shield against
weather, glazing systems impact on the
heating, cooling and daylight performance of
the building.
- Advanced glazing systems minimise energy
use for cooling and heating in the perimeter
areas of a building while maintaining the
benefits of comfort and connection with the
outdoors.


P a g e 7 4
The benefits of an energy efficient, high performance
glazing system are:
- Lowered cooling demand in the
perimeter areas of the building,
requiring smaller heating,
ventillating and air-conditioning
(HVAC) plant and reduced energy
use for cooling.
- Higher levels of natural light (or
daylight), enhancing visual and
psychological comfort of
occupants. A well lit, comfortable
work environment has been
linked with reduced absenteeism.
- The extra daylight can be utilised
in conjunction with daylight linked
electric lighting control to reduce
energy use for lighting.
- Since electric lighting is a heat
load, this has an implication in
further reducing HVAC cooling
needs.
- Over the life of the plant/building, the reduced energy use will lead to
substantial reductions in greenhouse gas emissions.

Advanced glazing systems:
- Modern glazing systems may consist of two or more panes of glass,
which may be laminated together to form a single pane or sealed into
an insulating double glass unit at the factory.
- The space between the glass panes could be filled with air or a low
conductivity gas, or be evacuated.
- Special spacers filled with desiccant material to prevent condensation
occurring within the glazing unit are used to separate the glass panes.
- High technology sealantmaterials are used for bonding the glass
surfaces andspacer material.
- Each glass pane may have a body tint or surface coatings.The coatings
could be spectrally selective, such as low emittance coatings, which
reflect infra-red energy, but transmit visible light.


P a g e 7 5

ELECTIVE- 1
LANDSCPE


P a g e 7 6
LANDSCAPING
LANDSCAPE DESIGN:
- Man cannot exist without plant life. The diversity amongst plants is an
astonishing factor. Plants range from microscopic algae to gigantic red
wood, 100 meters or more in height.
- Shrubs and trees are predominantly used in any landscaping of garden,
for roadside planting, public parks, institutions, colleges, complexes etc
and without them no garden or landscaping scheme is complete.
- Unlike annuals and plotted plants they need minimum care
- Besides they play a significant role in controlling air and noise pollution in
cities and towns.
- It is smaller than tree in height. Handsome with its dense foliage and
bright colored flowers.
- Shrubs give triple pleasure in any garden with colors, fragrance and
privacy. A well designed hedge with its rich green color and dense foliage
looks like wall.
- Depending on soil climate and care, most shrubs attain a height of 0.5
meter to 4 meter in two to four years.
- Choosing of a shrub depends on several factors such as climate, space
available, sunlight, variety, decorative foliage etc.
- A well designed garden comprises ornamental shrubs and trees, with
profuse blocks of annuals and perennials.
- Bright sunlight, water and plentiful supply of organic manure form the
trio for quick growth, early production of healthy blossoms with
fragrances.

The landscaping can be broadly divided in to two parts:
1. HARD LANDSCAPING
2. SOFT LANDSCAPING


P a g e 7 7
PLANTING:
Planting design must strike a balance between considerations of plant
function, cost, hardiness, safety, and maintenance.
1. Efforts should be made to support the existing visual character and
ecological function of the site within its regional context, through the use of
native plant materials wherever possible.
2. Plant material can be used to create comfortable microclimates, provide
screening, circulation control, wildlife habitat, and mitigate erosive slopes or
contaminated sites.
3. Initial nursery and planting costs must always be balanced against the cost
of long-term maintenance . Plants are typically less expensive to buy and
install than hardscape materials, and can require less maintenance if properly
chosen.
4. Locally grown plant materials that are fully adapted to the region should be
used whenever possible to ensure hardiness.
5. Many plant materials are poisonous, thorny, produce excessive litter, and
are susceptible to broken or drooping branches, have shallow roots, or attract
undesirable insects. Care must be taken in selecting plants which are safe for
users and suitable for a given purpose.
6. Variety is encouraged to promote a diverse plant community that has a
healthy resiliency to attack by insects or disease, especially in urban street
tree applications. No single genus should be represented in an area by more
than ten percent of the overall planting scheme.
7. Trees and shrubs should be protected from lawnmowers and string
trimmers that girdle the trunk. Passing vehicles may break branches and
compact the soil which can also damage plantings.


P a g e 7 8


P a g e 7 9

CONCEPT:
The basic idea of taking landscaping design as an advanced objective is to
develop an integrated system of landscape and built form. This can be
achieved by designing outdoor spaces, courtyards, water bodies, sculptures,
murals etc. this adds the beauty and character to the building and brings it
closer to the users. Landscapes design does not merely mean planting some
trees here and there. This also calls for proper creation of user friendly
spaces, giving them an environment where they would perform their function
well, feel a part of whole complex, feel calm and refreshing when they are in
the complex.
SELECTION CRITERIA:
Selection criteria for the flora:
Functional role to be played by the plant on site, for example, visual barrier,
checking pollution, creating cozy court or plaza
Growth habitat of plants
Form generated by plants
Crown density of the plant
Leaf density of the plant
Height of the plant
Success of any landscaping design depends on the following functions:
Environmental conditions


P a g e 8 0
Growth of vegetation over an extended period of time
Availability of manure
Future intensity of usages

CONTRIBUTION OF LANDSCPING:

Effects of forms, trees, shrubs, creepers, water bodies enrichments can help
in the following ways:
Trees with high canopies and good spread can be used with advantage to
shade the roof and such trees should be located on the south-east, South-
west position for better efficiencies.
Trees with average spread can be used on east and west at a distance
ranging between 20ft to 30ft from the building to cut low rays of the summer
sun in tile late evening and early morning.
Trees with columnar and vertical character are recommended for shelterbelts
and screen both for shade and dust storm protection.
Trees with different forms and dimensions when combined to create various
kinds of spaces would also help in controlling the humidity anti flow of breeze.

Trees with exceptionally low stem clearance would be very useful for west
and east to the low westerly rays in the evening.

SOFT LANDSCAPING:
Eo|t ovoo_otiv iv=o=co tqc ivotootiov o| totooi, tov
to, oqu|o ovo tcco, ovo tqc tooitioviv o| o_qitc_tuo o
tu_tuco, ou_q oo o,c|oo, ti|c o_qco ovo tcioco. A


P a g e 8 1
o eitq qoo ovoo_otiv, tqio too qoo o _oqccvt ooc to it,
eqi_q i| |ooeco, ei okc tqc cvtic to_coo cooic
Tqcc oc oc=co cccvto eqi_q oc uoco to cvqov_c tqc c||
c_t o| ov to_c. Tqc oot itotovt o| tqcoc io =cctotiov e
qi_q |oo ov o|=iouo _qoi_c |o ov ovoo_otiv.
Tqcc oc ov ttco o| tcco, tovto, oqu|o ct_ eqi_q, eqc
v uoco o__ooiv _ov _cotc o coviv|u ocoiv

EVERGREEN TREES FOR GREEN BACKGROUND AND
BUFFERING:

Tqc Ivoiov _oo tcc (iiv|tovio qotcvoio)
Aco_ittiov
A to c=cccv tcc eitq o otoiqt tuvk.
co_qiv 80 |t.
Aootiv |ov_qco ovo ook |oioc.
Hotootco | occo.
Tqc _ok tcc io =c ovocvto ovo io u_q oo o ooo oi
oc tcc.
It io o qoo tovt |ut tqc eooo io oo|t ovo |ittc.


P a g e 8 2
Tqc |oeco oc |oovt ovo _otct tqc ouvo |cvcotq t
qc tcc .

Aoqoko (ooo_o ivoi_o)
Aco_ittiov
A oo c=cccv tcc 2030|t .
Etcooiv |ov_qco ovo o ocvoc _oev.
+coe |oeco tuviv co eitq oc .
Aoco ec iv oot o| tqc oocvo ovo eqcv iv |oec io =c
otto_ti=c.
Eo_co tcc |o Hivouo ovo Buooqioto oikc o|tcv oko t
qc oitc o| tctc

Aoutoo o Aoqok (toovtqcco ovi|oio |cvtq)
Aco_ittiov
A to qovoooc c=cccv tcc.
Etcvoi=c tovtco oo ooooioc tcc iv Ivoio .
Hovtco oo o oqooc tcc.

Eotooio tu o _qiku ( o_qoo oototo )
Aco_ittiov
Av c=cccv tcc .


P a g e 8 3
Hciqt o| 5060|t eitq o ouvo o _ovi_o _oev.
Hoi,ovto o otcooiv |ov_qco.
0o_k|uit tcc( oto_oouo ivtci|oio )
A oc c=cccv tcc o|tcv c_ccoiv 5O60|t.
DECIDIOUS TREES FOR PLANTING IN SOUTHERN
DIRECTION OF BUILDING:
Ko_qvo/o_qio tcc |ouqivio oito)
Aco_ittiov
Hciqt 4
Etcoo 13
Ttc oc_iououo
Motuit 812 o
Ai|c 3040 o
Xiotc =oico
Yoc ooo |o ovoo_otiv
Aotoo (_oooio |iotuo)
Hciqt 916
Etcoo 12 16
Ttc oc_iououo
Motuit 5 8 o
Ai|c 50 60 o
Yoc |oeciv ovocvto tcc


P a g e 8 4
Auvo/uuccv o| |oeco (Aocotocio otc_iooo)
Hciqt 6 11
otcoo 5 9
Ttc oc_iououo
Motuit 4 6 o
Ai|c 40 45 o
Xiotc: qot ovo eo oiot |ut otuvtco iv o
Eoi: i_q oiot ecooivco oo
SMALL TREES:
Hoooo tcc
Aco_ittiov
Eo oc_iououo tcc
|coo eqitc oecct ociv |oeco eitq coeioq tiv
|ooo Iv Mo_q ovo Ati
0cuooc tqov (Hokivoovio o_ucoto)
Aco_ittiov
Aoc o|ouo |uoq o oo tcc
Hciqt 1050|t
uoo o ouito|c qcoc
TREES FOR AVENUES :
Ei=c ook (Io=icoo|ooto)


P a g e 8 5
Hciqt 15 22
otcoo 6 9
Ttc c=c ccv
Motuit 8 10 o
Ai|c 20 30 o
Xiotc =oico
Eoi ov ooi ttc
Yoc eivo |cok oqco tcc
Iuoqo(Acovi cio)
Aco_ittiov
uoi oc oc_iououo tcc
Hciqt ut to 60 |t
|coo co |oeco iv ouc ocooov iv tqc ovtq o| Mo_q
ovo Ati
Huviv o |c uoi_iouo oovc i| ooo couto oc cuui
co

0o_oovoo (o_oovoo iooo |oio)
Aco_ittiov
Tcc eitq |cv ikc |oioc
Hciqt 405O |t


P a g e 8 6
Etovoo ut 0uoi_iouo tuviv
Eqouo |c kctt iv ooo |o |o okiv ooo o=cvuco

uoooik tcc
Aco_ittiov
Ac_iououo tcc
Tcc eitq o tqov |ok
Hciqt ut to 50|t o oc |ooo Iv O_to|c ovo No=c|c
DESCRIPTION OF SHRUBS:
A_otqo (Eutqo|o_coc)
A_otqo oc _oo|u |oioc oqu|o uoco |o ov tutooc
o. oot o| tqc otc_ico ovo =citico qo=c _oo|u oqu||c T
qcoc oo |cot iv |u ouv, eqic iv totio oqooc oetq io o||c_
tco ovo _oo |c_oco coo otto_ti=c
Xcooocvoov o_ooitqov
It io =c |cc |oeciv oeo| oqu| 1 qiq ovo toou_co oo
o o| eqitc |oeco iv oc=co |uoqco ouiv ouc ovo oivo
Auovto tuco (c|cvo_coc )
Mu_q to |ov_qco, oqu| eitq ouiio otivco, o|out 2.53
qiq

+coe ocovoc (Tqc=ctio tcu=iovo )


P a g e 8 7

uoot Hotc_tiov Eci qoo iv tqocvi, o__ooiovo o
ooco ooc co=co o|tc o _oo viqt
Euv Etoouc |u ouv
Oiiv Mci_o, toti_o Aci_o
Ioetq qo|ito. Eo tcc to 8 |t. qiq
eotciv Nccoo ec coto|ioqco cuo occt eotci
v
Hotootiov. Eccoo _uttiv
uoeco coe ooot tqouqout tqc co,
|cot iv oiv ocooov.

AEMON |ottc |uoq (Xoiotcov _itivuo)
Ioetq |oi otio oetq to 10 to 15 |cct toc

uo oooc, vooe ouvo
Aco=co vooe 3 iv_q coiu ccv, vce oetq io |
ov,c
uoeco otikco oc |iqt co 4 6 iv_q ov, oti
v to |o
uuito o Eccoo |oev _otouco tcoiot |o oc=co
coo.


P a g e 8 8
Etoouc |u ouv to tot oqooc
Ootc ikco to |c oot |ut _ov eitqotovo oouq
t
Eoi ooo ooivoc, okoivc ooi oko

HARD LANDSCAPING:
Tqc qoo ovoo_otc (tovto ovo oevo oc oo|t ovoo_otc) io
o kc tot o|
tqc otu_tuc o| o oocv.
Hoo ovoo_otc io uouo tqc oot ctcvoi=c tot o| o ovoo
_otiv o_qcc ovo ito oiv to |c tqcc |o o ov tic. Eo ito i
totovt to ct tqc _qoi_c o| otcioo ovo ocoiv iqt. Io |o t
qc |cot otcioo ou _ov o||oo. Ei,c ottco. Oc vcco oc ot
o_c outoioc |o oittiv, oiv, cotiv ovo cvtctoiviv tqov ivoo
oo. Ai=co, totqo ovo totioo vcco |i |ouvootiovo. I| vot tqc
to=iv otcio io ikc to |c_oc uvc=cv ovo o oo|ct qo,o
o.
BOND PATTERNS
Ho=co _ov |c oio iv o =oict o| |ooto to toou_c eioc o
i||civ c||c_to. Puvviv |ovo: A otov ivco ovo oic_tiovo
tottcv, tqio io ouito|c |o uoc iv citqc |ci|c o iio _ov


P a g e 8 9
otu_tiovo. Icvtc _u=co _ov |c o__ooootco | _oc|u _ut
tiv o| |otto ovo totciv o| tqc oivto.

Etovooo Ho=co oio iv 45
o
Hciv|ovc |ovo

Etovooo Ho=co oio iv Puvviv Bovo

Etovooo Ho=co Aoio iv Bookct eco=c |ovo

Ei to=c oio iv 90
o
Hciv|ovc |ovo

PAVING FOR DRIVEWAY:
A |o_k to=iv |o oi=ceoo oqouo |c oio iv o |u ivtco
_kco tottcv. Tqc oot totuo ou_q tottcvo oc 45 o 90 Hciv
|ovc tottcvo.


P a g e 9 0
Xqc=ovo uvviv cvtq o| oi=c
(Aovituoivo)
&
Xqc=ovo uvviv o_ooo oi=c
(Tovo=coc)
Otqc Hciv|ovc Hottcvo

TYPES OF BLOCKS AND BRICKS:
Tqcc teo |ooi_ ttco o| |o_k to=iv;
Tqc ouoco _ov_ctc |o_k, ovo
Tqc kiv|ico _o |i_k,
CONCRETE BLOCKS
Aovot tqc _ov_ctc |o_ko tqcc io ov cvoouo =oict o| o
qotco, oi,co, _ooo, ovo tctuco voe o=oio|c, eitq o tqc
oo _ov_ctc to=iv ovu|o_tuco toou_iv tqci oev =co
iovo o| tqc otovooo c_tovuo |o_k, o tctuco |o_ko.
Moot c_tovuo |o_ko oc ouoco to o otc_i|i_ oi,c, 100
200 50100, eitq co_t 50 |o_ko tc ouuoc ctc
Tti_o _ov_ctc |o_k

CLAY BRICKS:
Teo kc |cotuco o| _o to=co tqot oqouo |c cvtiovco ot t
qio toivt oc tqot


P a g e 9 1
Tqc _ooo oc _otctc votuo ovo ei vot |ooc, ovo
tqot
Tqc to=co tqcoc=co oc vot oo oicvoiovo o__uot
c oo _ov_ctc to=co,ovo oo tqc oc ti_kic to o, eqi
_q o|tcv iv=o=co ov cto o|ou _oot |o Xovto_too.

SHA
PES AND SIZES
Tqc =oot ooit o| _o to=co oc c_tovuo iv tov. Tqc oi
cvoiovo ovo tototiovo o| tqc c_tovco oc =oico, |ut tqcc oc
4 oiotiv_t _oooco o| _o to=co:
Xo||co uouo ouuoc ovo 100100 o coo iv tov
Bi_ko c_tovuo, oot o|tcv 2:1 o 3:1 iv tov
O=coi,c c_tovuo, |ut vot 2:1 o 3:1, o|tcv coo tqov 2:1.
Mo |c kvoev oo Hocvto, Bov Ho=co, o otqc o_o tc
o o| o||c_tiov.

Etc_ioo vovc_tovuo, ou_q oo Bioqoto Hoto, Hoocoo
o, ct_.


P a g e 9 2

COLOURS:
Tqc |ivo _oou o| _o to=co io octcivco | tqc _o uoco iv t
qc ovu|o_tuc ovo tqc |iiv to_coo. Ao votuoo__uiv _
oo oc oo =oio|c, oo tqc ovc o| _oouo o=oio|c oo to=co
io ctcvoi=c, |ut tqc _ov |c utco toctqc ivto 4 oiv outo:
- Pcoo
- Boevo
- Buco
- Bu||o

Etc_io uittivo

Tqc _oou o| _o |i_ko io _otctc votuo, vot o _qci_o o
c, ovo oo tqcoc |i_ko oc vot ou|c_t to |ooiv oo tqc _ov_ctc t
tco oc. Tqio uoc o| votuo _oou ooo covo tqot tqc ovc o| _


P a g e 9 3
ooo o=oio|c io ooot iitcoo; coo, |oevo, |u||,c, |uc
o ovo o ooo o| uti_oou |cvoo.
TEXTURE:
Tqcc oc |i=c _oov tctuco to _o to=co oootq, oovoou
oco, tottcvco ovo oo|o_c oc o_qivc ooc, tuo tqc qovoooc t
ctuc.

3A ice o| tti_o oi=ceo _ovotu_tiov

AETAIA Ou HAINI
DECORATIVE PAVERS:


P a g e 9 4
It iv_uoco tqc ivti_otc ovo vovotovooo oqotco, tqooc |o_ko tq
ot ii_ otovc octto, ovo tqc tottcvco ovo tctuco to=co,

ELECTIVE- 2
INTERIORS


P a g e 9 5
INTERIOR DESIGN
BASIC ELEMENTS OF INTERIOR DESIGN ARE:
Color
Form
Texture
These three elements must be considered in
designing. Form is defined as the shape of
furniture and the structure of its frameTexture is also highly relative term it
refers to how the surface of an object is perceived relative to the object
aroundit.
Unity or harmony has been achieved when viewers senses that all the
individual element of an interior complement each other and have been
chosen with one over arching theme in mind.
Rhythm in general is the pattern repetition of a motif especially in an interior
project. One or more of the basic elements of interior will comprise the motif.
AN INTERIOR SPACE MUST CONSIST OF THE
FOLLOWING:
- Large column free spaces are required for
exhibiting collections.
- Interior wall surface should be subdued
and have low reflectivity.
- Sufficiently large opening circulation
spaces are required.
- Besides these the materials of flooring, walls, ceiling etc must be chosen
consciously keeping in mind the above points so as to avoid the glare and
multiple reflection


P a g e 9 6
WALL FINISHES:
- The wall finishes should be chosen keeping in mind that they should not
produce glare.
- For this they should be coated with textured Acrylic polymer paint over
two coats of putty applied over the finished surface of the wall.
FLOORING:
- The flooring should be provided keeping in mind the load carried by
them.
- They should also not produce glare and finally they should be of such a
color which creates the desired environment.
- For this we can use a particular type of flooring or a combination of
flooring tiles.
- We can use various granites, marbles, such that they do not distract
attention and should not be in contrast with the exhibits.
FALSE CEILING:
- False Ceiling should be designed keeping in mind the pattern of
lightings to be provided.
- They should also not reflect the light to check glare.
- They should be straight and not curved so as to check the echoing of
the sound.
- They are made up of wooden or iron frames which are suspended from
the slab by the iron wires or rods over which ply boards or gypsum
boards could be fitted.
- If wooden frames are used then the ply boards are nailed over these
frames, and over these ply boards are pasted the mica sheets of
desired color and texture.


P a g e 9 7
LIGHTING:
The lighting used in buuildings is of three types
1. Artificial 2. Natural
3. Combination of artificial and natural.
Generally SPOTLIGHTS are used to high light
the objects though we can use fluorescent tube
lights, concealed lights as desired.
STAGE LIGHTING: Modern stage lighting is
a flexible tool in the production of :Theatre,
dance, opera and other performance arts.
Several different types of stage lighting
instruments are used in the pursuit of the
various principles or goals of lighting.
FUNCTIONS OF LIGHTING:
Stage lighting has several functions, although to allow for artistic effect, no
hard and fast rules can ever be applied. The functions of lighting include:
- Illumination: Any lighting design will be ineffective if the viewers
cannot see the characters; unless this is the explicit intent.
- Revelation of form: Altering the perception of shapes onstage,
particularly three-dimensional stage elements.
- Focus: Directing the audience's attention to an area of the stage or
distracting them from another.
- Mood: Setting the tone of a scene. Harsh red light has a totally different
effect than soft lavender light.
- Location and time of day: Establishing or altering position in time and
space. Blues can suggest night time while orange and red can suggest
a sunrise or sunset.
- Projection/stage elements: Lighting may be used to project scenery
or to act as scenery onstage.
- Plot: A lighting event may trigger or advance the action onstage.


P a g e 9 8
QUALITIES OF LIGHTING:
INTENSITY
- Measured in lux, lumens and foot-candles.
- For any given luminaire this depends upon the power of the lamp, the
design of the instrument ,the presence or absence of colour gels or
gobos, distance from the area to be lit and the beam or field angle of
the fixture

- Color
- Temperature is measured in Kelvin, and gel colours are organized
by several different systems maintained by the color manufacturing
companies.
- LED fixtures create colour through additive colour mixing with red,
green, and blue LEDs at different intensities. This type of colour
mixing is also used frequently with borderlights and cyclorama lights
to create different colours on stage and on the cyclorama.
- PATTERN
Pattern refers to the shape, quality and evenness of a lamp's output.
The pattern of light an instrument makes is largely determined by three
factors. The first are the specifics of the lamp, reflector and lens
assembly. Secondly, the specifics of how the lamp is focused affect its
pattern
FOCUS, POSITION AND HANGING
- Focus is a term usually used to
describe where an instrument is
pointed. The final focus should place
the "hot spot" of the beam at the
actor's head level when standing at
the center of the instrument's assigned
"focus area" on the stage.
- Position refers to the location of an instrument in the theater's fly
system or on permanent pipes in front-of-house locations.
- Hanging is the act of placing the instrument in its assigned position.


P a g e 9 9
SIGNAGE SYSTEM DESIGN CRITERIA:
EXTERIOR SIGNS
Exterior sign system components are normally viewed from vehicles or by
pedestrians who have parked their vehicles and are walking toward their
destination.
INTERIOR SIGNS
Interior sign system components should assist visitors to travel from the
building entrances throughout the complex until they reach their desired
destination.


P a g e 1 0 0

DRAWINGS


P a g e 1 0 1

- ERNEST NEUFERT, ARCHITECTS DATA
- Time Saver Standards for Building Types, Joseph De
Chiara & John Hancock Callender
- INDIAN STANDARD INSTITUTE: National Building Code
- Journal of Indian Architect: A + D
- Internet Explorer

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Literature Study Final

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