Smart solutions for GIS

Franois Gallon GIS PL Technical Dir. (France)

GRID

Central Board of Irrigation and Power

Delhi, India 21 April, 2011

Smart grid
Dramatic changes of the Power Sector From a one-way centralized structure Generation -> Consumption..
Power flow

12kV

380kV

380kV

Power plant

Transmission Transmission Network Network

220/110kV

110kV

25kV

Heavy Industry

Rail Traffic Rail Traffic

Residential Areas

380/220kV

20kV

20kV

Department Stores, Offices, Light Industry

400/230V

Residential -

Farmhouses Farmhouses

Smart grid
to a multi-directional flow of energy and information
Industrial Plants CHP

Central power plant Fuel Cells Micro-turbines Department Stores Residential Virtual Power Plant Storage
Wind Farms

Power flows

The Smart Grid transforms the current Grid to one that functions more cooperatively, responsively and organically

Smart grid
Drivers Grid security: prevention of major failures inception Capacity

Stability
Reliability Life extension of the existing assets

Quality of Service: control of temporary/transient phenomena

o Supported by the application of the IEC61850 : Implementation of a real-time systems of communication within the substation Integration of all measure & protection, control, and monitoring functions within the substation The GIS Substation is one of the major components of the value chain of a Smart Grid

Condition monitoring
Scope of the Condition Monitoring
A Condition Monitoring system enables Assessment of the actual operative conditions of equipment Maintenance scheduling, Earlier identification of potential failure inception

Support decision of activities (maintenance, operation, engineering and, eventually for asset management)
Type of Condition Monitoring Off-line monitoring (-> time-based inspections) On-line monitoring (continuous) Expert monitoring (data crunching & analysis, support to diagnostic)

Scaleable monitoring solution for various needs

Expert Level RPH Manager PD Manager BW Manager Substation Level GIS Watch Bay Level BWatch3 Gas density and CB PDWatch Partial discharge RPH controller controlled switching

Expertise

EXPERT LEVEL

MANAGE Expert SW

SUBSTATION LEVEL
Operation

SUPERVISE Local Remote

BAY LEVEL

Maintenance

SF6

PD
TRAINING

CB

CONTROL Tool Product System

Agenda

SF6 monitoring

Circuit-breaker condition monitoring

Partial Discharge monitoring

Evolution of the monitoring in GIS

Usually the monitoring in GIS consisted in :
Conventional SF6 gas control using density switches Gas alarms only carried over the LVCC mimic
P T
3 alarms On/Off : L1, L2, L3
Relaying Logical data gathering

Density switch

L1 L2 L3

Alarms and interlocks

Pressure measurement compensated by temperature (equivalent P at 20C)

Conventional gas control

N cables x6 wires

LVCC

Main drawbacks :

No indication in case of any sensor problem SF6 leakage in the atmosphere without indication before stage 1

Evolution of the monitoring in GIS

In the 2000s, the GIS monitoring integrated the last technologies Digital sensors and PLC
Monitoring software - Thresholds management - Anticipated alarms - Leakage calculation - Sensor's monitoring - Alarms gathering - Density & liquefaction calculation

Pressure & temperature sensor

Pressure measurement Temperature measurement Sensor's monitoring 1 cable x 4 wires

Acquisition & Process Unit CPU

Alarms & interlocks

LVCC

Ex.: Bwatch3 Gas monitoring

GIS monitoring system: BWatch3

BWatch3 is an on-line fully digital GIS monitoring sytem Main functions are
Dielectric gas density monitoring Gas leakage detection Enclosure internal fault localisation

Circuit-breaker condition monitoring

Self-diagnosis of the complete system

SF6 characteristics

T155-CB Filling pressure 8.5 bar abs @ 20C Density 56.95 g/l Liquefaction -25C

Monitoring bus layout

Acquisition & Process unit

A sensor for each compartment

Sensor bus

GIS Monitoring Advanced Communication

GIS AREA
CMU e-terracontrol

Ethernet TCP/IP

Monitoring gateway

Level 2 alarms

Station control equipment

Monitoring LAN

IEC 61850-8-1

Low Voltage Control Cubicle Acquisition & Process Unit

Fiber optics LAN RS485 link
Bay computer

RS232 link

RS485 Modbus 115 Kbd 4-20 mA

CT
To next GIS bays

CB

HV equipments

SF6 monitoring : real-time data

SF6 monitoring : density trends

Some pictures
Designed to operate under the most adverse env. conditions

Agenda

SF6 monitoring

Circuit-breaker condition monitoring

Partial Discharge monitoring

Circuit-breaker monitoring layout

GLOSSARY AI4 BK CMU CoilWatch CT DI16 GM IWatch LCC : 4 Analog Inputs : Remote Bus Module : Central Monitoring Unit : Operation Order Detection Module : Current Transformer : 16 Digital Inputs : Gas Monitoring : Current measurement module : Local Control Cabinet

Circuit-breaker pole

CT

CMU

Circuit Breaker Drive Cabinet

Operating Coils
Closing Tripping
Y1 Y2Y3

Auxiliary Contacts
CSa CSb

Travel Sensor

Ethernet TCP/IP

LCC

CoilWatch

Interface Relays

IWatch

BWatch3

Monitoring Gateway

BK CPU

GM

DI16 AI4 AI4

Optic Fiber LAN To next bay

Circuit-breaker monitoring HMI

CB operation archives Electrical wear

CB travel curves

Online BWatch3 monitoring benefits

Asset management tool

Equipment continuous condition monitoring Maintenance strategy (time based to preventive)

Lifetime coordination lifetime extension SOE (sequence of events) features Archive of the events recorded during GIS equipment lifetime Advanced communication feature to SCADA

SF6 management tool

Enable optimization of spare gas quantities

Agenda

SF6 monitoring

Circuit-breaker condition monitoring

Partial Discharge monitoring

Context

GIS are proven to be very reliable but high costs are involved in case of failure

The majority of incidents encountered on GIS is of dielectric origin. The incipient defects are a source of PD activity before a flashover occurred in the compartment :
For voltage class > 300 kV, more than 50% of failures is breakdown of insulation (1) Of these failures, 90% occurred during normal AC service conditions

(1) CIGRE

Brochure 150

Partial discharge issue

These dielectric defects may lead to a flashover

U~ U~ U~ U~

E 0

E0

E0

E0

Dissociated gas Disintegrated particle

Partial discharges sources must be detected at an early stage:

Preventive dielectric diagnostic possible Mitigation of the risk of flash-over occurrence Reduce expenditure of maintenance and refurbishment

Nota : flashovers occurring during commissioning are not abnormal events

Partial Discharge Monitoring Principle of UHF method

Principle of PD detection using the UHF method :

Partial discharges generate electromagnetic waves in the UHF range (200 MHz - 1500 MHz) guided along GIS enclosures
The signal is tapped through antennas located within the GIS enclosure
Defaul t

Predictive maintenance under live operation of the GIS is possible

Partial Discharge Detection : Alstom PDWatch

Acquisition Unit: UHF100 module 6 PD Couplers Frequency scan (3001200MHz) Synchronisation by VT (inductive) or coupler (capacitive) Phase resolved analysis Ethernet 100 MHz Integration inside LVCC or stand-alone box (GIB / GIL)

Partial Discharge Monitoring - Introduction

Usual UHF method: alarm triggered by a threshold on analog UHF signal (Phase resolved analysis)
Normal conditions Defect conditions

PD threshold level

OK

Defect or external disturbance ?

Risk of spurious alarms

UHF General Environment

External environment around a GIS
Corona effect
External UHF signals : Light, radar, bushing, transformer, motor

Examples

Light noise

Corona noise
GIS UHF signals

Cell phone noise

Exemple of partial discharge coupled to external noise

PDwatch Online monitoring algorithm

Innovative approach: spectrum analysis (frequency scan) with band exclusion preprocessing External noise gating through ambiant sensor
Normal conditions
-60
-60

Specific masks applied for rejecting external disturbances

Defect conditions
-70

-70

-80

-80

-90

-90

-100 300 500 700 900 1100

-100 300 500 700 900 1100

Typical layout on a GIS bay

Voltage transformers UHF couplers UHF modules

Toward other modules Bay cubicles

Central Unit Internet HMI PC UHF links Synchronisation links Ethernet links Ethernet switches MODEM

Remote PC

Expert supprt group in GIS PL

PDWatch Online monitoring - Human Machine Interface

The software of the PDwatch includes

A single line diagram of the substation with the position of sensors

Practical : PD couplers are shown on mimic diagram together with gas compartments

Partial discharge analysis methodology

2 - PD EXPERTISE

1 - PD ACQUISITION

Partial discharge signal classification

Expertise: classification in 5 main types

Protrusion electrode
Floating electrode

LV protrusion (enclosure) HV protrusion (conductor)

Defective insulator Free moving particle Noise signal

Protrusion electrode Typical pattern

PROTRUSION ELECTRODE (HV TYPE)

PROTRUSION ELECTRODE (LV TYPE)

Insulator defect Typical pattern

SPACER VOID

INSULATING ROD DELAMINATION

Free moving particle Typical pattern

BOUNCING PARTICLE

Conclusion

The system can be applied on either new GIS or retrofit project

PDWatch is the first system in the market capable to discriminate through innovative techniques between real partial discharges & external noises
User-friendly interfaces enable maintenance staff to Training sessions and manufacturer accreditations available for superior expertise
Assess severity of the partial discharge activity & provide relevant guidance for operation

Line switching considerations

Network constraints

For very high voltage networks, (above 362kV), insulation levels are determined by switching overvoltages generated during closing and more critically reclosing of overhead lines Minimizing these overvoltages has a direct impact on network security & availability

Line switching considerations

HV switching corresponds to a sudden change of systems conditions, giving rise to different kinds of transient phenomena
Travelling waves (reflections on long transmission lines) Significant overvoltages (up to 4 p.u.) Strong inrush currents

Sending end

Transmission line

Remote end (Receiving end)

System

Shunt-reactor compensated transmission line

Post-fault clearing sequence example

Typical waveforms of voltage across Circuit-breaker (healthy phase)

High degree of compensation
2

Low degree of compensation

Voltage [p.u.]

Voltage [p.u.]

-1

-1

-2 0
-2

50

100

Reclosing sequence with maximum overvoltage produced when CB closed at beat maximum across circuit-breaker
Time [ms]

100

200

300

400

150 Time [ms]

200

250

Controlled switching principle

Source side voltage Line side voltage

Closing input (random)

Target for closing

Sliding window for data analysis

Re-built window

Voltage across circuit-breaker

tCB

tdRPH

Predicted

tCB Circuit-breaker operating time tdRPH Time delay introduced by point on wave controller

tdRPH

tCB

Real time

Closing output

Switching overvoltages mitigation means

Existing techniques to mitigate effects of SOV

Staggered closing of the poles

Pre-insertion resistors Modern metal-oxide surge arresters Point on the wave controller
At line terminals, at some intermediate points

And/or combination of above means

For closing/auto re-closing of compensated long OHL (RPH3)

Line switching systems overvoltage profile

Statistical voltage profile along a long transmission circuit

(1) CIGRE

WG C4.306

Field experience with BC Hydro HV system

Example: 285km 500kV/60Hz shunt-reactor compensatd line

Circuit-breaker refurbishment project

Field test results : high degree of compensation

Single pole tripping and fast reclosing sequence

Reclosing
ULa-Usa 3 Open_A Close_ABC Target_A Cout_A Restart_IA Ia 6

Tc Td

Tcb

Differential voltage (p.u.)

-1

-2

-3

-4

-1

-5

-2

-6 -3 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.29 1.30 1.31 1.32 1.33 1.34 1.35 1.36 1.37 1.38 1.39 1.40 Time (sec)

CB current (secondary value A)

Field test results : low degree of compensation

Single pole tripping and fast reclosing sequence

Reclosing
ULa-Usa Open_A Close_ABC Target_A Cout_A Restart_IA Ia

Tc Td

2
Differential voltage (p.u.)

Tcb

-1

2
CB current (secondary value A)

-2

-3

-4

-1

-5

-2

-6 -3 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.29 1.30 1.31 1.32 1.33 1.34 1.35 1.36 1.37 1.38 1.39 1.40 Time (sec)

Conclusion

Advanced solution for optimum switching operations & overvoltages reduction

Power system security

Flexibility to any network condition whatever the actual level of compensation Training sessions and manufacturer accreditations available for superior expertise