Chapter 9 Chemical Quantities in Reactions

9.1 Mole Relationships in Chemical Equations Stoichiometry mol mol factor

C (s) 1 atom of C 1 mol C 1g + + + O2 (g) 1 molecule of O2 1 mol O2 1g = = CO2 (g) = 1 molecule of CO2 1 mol CO2 1 g is incorrect

The stoichiometric coefficients are equal to the moles of reactants and products involved in the reaction. They are not equal to the masses of the reactants and products

4 NH3 (g) + 5 O2 (g)

4 NO (g) + 6 H2O (g)

four molecules NH3 react with five molecules O2 to produce four molecules NO and six molecules H2O or four mols of NH3 react with five mols of O2 to produce four mol of NO and six mol of H2O

Mole - Mole ratio As Conversion Factors

A mole mole factor is a ratio of the moles between any two substances in a balanced chemical equation. A mole mole factor is used to calculate moles of a substance using the moles of another substance.

4Fe (s) + 3O2 (g) 4 mol Fe 3 mol O2

Fe and O2
Fe and Fe2O3 O2 and Fe2O3

2Fe2O3 (s) 2 mol Fe2O3

and 3 mol O2 4 mol Fe
2 mol Fe2O3 4 mol Fe 2 mol Fe2O3 3 mol O2

4 mol Fe 3 mol O2

4 mol Fe and 2 mol Fe2O3 3 mol O2 and 2 mol Fe2O3

Example:
How many moles of Fe2O3 can form from 6.0 mol O2? 4 Fe (s) + 3 O2 (g) 2 Fe2O3 (s) need: moles of Fe2O3.
mole mole factor

Step 1 given: 6.0 mol O2 Step 2 plan: mol O2

mol Fe2O3

Step 3 Write mole mole factor 3 mol O2 = 2 mol Fe2O3

Step 4 Set up the problem using the mol factor.

How many moles of Fe are needed to react with 12.0 mol O2? 4Fe (s) + 3O2 (g) 2 Fe2O3 (s)

9.2 Mass Calculations for Reactions

How many grams of Fe2O3 are produced from 0.400 mol O2? 4Fe (s) + 3O2 (g) 2 Fe2O3 (s) IMPORTANT: Make sure the equation is balanced Step 1 know: 0.400 mol O2 need: grams of Fe2O3 Step 2 plan: mol O2 Step 3
mole mole factor

mol Fe2O3

molar mass

g Fe2O3

3 mol O2 => 2 mol Fe2O3 1 mol Fe2O3 = 159.70 g

Step 4:

Mass of Cp1

Moles of Cp1

Moles of Cp2

Mass of Cp2

9.4 Percent Yield

Theoretical yield The mass of a product calculated using a balanced chemical equation. It is the maximum amount of the product that can be expected from the reaction. Actual yield The amount of product obtained when the reaction actually takes place. Percent yield The ratio of actual yield to theoretical yield. percent yield = actual yield (g) x 100 theoretical yield (g)

Calculating Percent Yield

To calculate the percent yield, you need the actual yield and theoretical yield. Example: You prepared cookie dough to make 5 dozen cookies. A sheet of 12 cookies burned and you have to throw them out. What is the percent yield of edible cookies? Theoretical yield = 60 cookies possible Actual yield = 48 cookies to eat

Percent yield = 48 cookies x 100 = 80% yield 60 cookies

Example: In a chemical reaction, 20.0 g of product was expected based upon the amount of starting material. When the experiment was performed, only 18.0 g were obtained. What is the percent yield?

Percent yield is not 100% due to many experimental errors. Mostly less than 100 %

Example: Without proper ventilation and limited oxygen, the reaction of carbon and oxygen produces carbon monoxide. 2C(g) + O2(g) 2CO(g)

From this reaction, 52.5 g of CO were expected to obtain from 30.0 g of O2. When the experiment was performed, only 40.0 g of CO were obtained. What is the percent yield?

9.5 Energy in Chemical Reactions

Heat of Reaction Is the amount of heat absorbed or released during a chemical reaction at constant pressure. Is equal to the difference in energy between the reactants and the products. Is shown as the symbol H. H = Hproducts Hreactants

Endothermic Reactions In an endothermic reaction, Heat is absorbed. The sign of H is +. The energy of the products is greater than the energy of the reactants. Heat is a reactant. N2 (g) + O2 (g) + 181 kJ or N2 (g) + O2 (g) 2 NO (g) 2 NO (g) H = +181 kJ

(heat is added to the system)

Exothermic Reactions In an exothermic reaction, Heat is released. The sign of H is The energy of the products is less than the energy of the reactants. Heat is a product.

C (s) + 2H2 (g)

or C (s) + 2H2 (g)

CH4 (g) + 75 kJ (does not mean heat is positive)

CH4 (g) H = 75 kJ (heat is given off by the system)

Summary Reaction Endothermic Exothermic Example: Identify each reaction as 1) exothermic or 2) endothermic. A. N2 + 3H2 B. CaCO3 + 556 kJ C. D. 2SO2 + O2 H2O 2NH3 + 92 kJ CaO + CO2 2SO3 + heat H2 + O2 H = 572 kJ Energy Change Heat absorbed Heat released Heat is a Reactant Product Heat of the Reaction (H) +

From Textbook 9.1 and 9.2 Read pages 254 260 Concept Check 9.2 Sample Problem and study check 9.1 and 9.2 9.4 Read pages 267 269 Concept Check 9.6 9.5 Read pages 269 271 Concept Check 9.7 9.4 Read pages 267 269 Concept Check 9.6 9.5 Read pages 269 271 Concept Check 9.7