Apresentação de Jean Guinet No 3º Congresso de Inovação

F -X C h a n ge F -X C h a n ge
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c u -tr a c k c u -tr a c k
PROMOTING STRONGER, CLEANER AND FAIRER

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
THE OECD INNOVATION STRATEGY
Jean Guinet
Head, Country Review Unit
OECD Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry
3rd Brazilian Innovation Congress, São Paulo, 19 August 2009

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OUTLINE
• Preamble: a few words about the OECD
• The Innovation imperative
• Changing drivers of innovation
• Implications for public policies
• Concluding remarks: Innovation in the Crisis

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c u -tr a c k
OECD – an unique inter-governmental organisation c u -tr a c k
with limited membership but global reach
• 30 members, including all leading market economies from Europe,

America and Asia, but …
• No longer a rich-men’s club
Successive enlargement rounds have increased the weight of
catching-up economies among membership (e.g. Turkey, Mexico,
Korea), including current accession process (e.g. Chile, Russia)
“Enhanced engagement strategy” with Brazil, China, India, Indonesia
and South Africa
Strategic partnerships with major regions (MENA, ASEAN)
Formal relationships with 70 non-member countries
Increased co-operation with other international organisations (e.g.
World Bank, UNESCO, UNCTAD, Inter-American Development Bank)
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OECD - a knowledge pool and hub w

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.d o .c .d o .c
for policy dialogue and analysis

• It helps governments to design and implement efficient policies, by
providing:
A platform for the identification and learning of best policy practices
Fact based analysis and international benchmarking indicators
Country-specific evaluation of public policies
Support for better policies through peer reviews, recommendations,
guidelines and other soft regulations
• It has a multidisciplinary approach across wide ranging policy domains

(macro-economy, S&T, education, environment, tax, investment,
development aid, energy, regional development, etc.)
• It serves governments but engages all other main stakeholders,

business, civil society, and NGOs
BIAC, in which CNI is member, is the main interface with business
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The Innovation Imperative

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• Our growth path before the crisis was not sustainable,

economically, environmentally, socially and therefore politically:
Stronger productivity growth is needed to enhance efficiency and

secure good prospects for long term socio-economic development
worldwide
Pressing need to address global problems, e.g. climate change, food

security, health, energy
Resist the trend towards increasing inequalities in the social

distribution of the costs/benefits of economic development
• The OECD Innovation Strategy: a collective policy response
Ministerial Mandate from May 2007: Boosting innovation must be a

key objective of government policies to promote sustainable growth;
But how best to do it?
Final report for the OECD Ministerial in 2010

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Innovation conditions increasingly the

growth potential of leading economies
Multi-Factor
Productivity
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• Worldwide, differences in GDP per capita reflect mainly gaps in

productivity and, to a lesser extent, in human capital
• Potential for catching-up through a higher rate of accumulation of

physical capital or a faster growth of employment is much smaller
Decomposition of cross-country differences in GDP per capita into their determinants, 2005
(United States = 100)
GDP PPP per capita TFP Human capital Physical capital Employment
United States 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Canada 83.5 72.0 103.3 105.8 106.0
Japan 72.6 52.6 100.4 130.7 105.1
China 9.8 13.6 57.3 105.2 119.5
India 5.2 12.7 47.7 98.3 87.1
Brazil 20.5 29.3 70.1 103.1 96.8
Russian Federation 28.6 31.5 84.9 97.4 99.3
EU27 + EFTA 64.7 67.8 91.2 114.1 91.3

Total World 22.8 27.9 64.2 104.2 95.8
Source: OECD.
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• A slowdown of
productivity
growth occurred
in most OECD
countries several
years ago
• It has been more

pronounced in
countries which
had the highest
productivity
growth prior to
2004
• This was due in part to a marked slowdown of capital deepening and

the diffusion of ICT equipment
• The possible maturation of technological trajectories which had been

very dynamic so far should be a concern
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The innovation agenda of high- and middle-income

countries is converging
• An ever growing number of highly developed countries adopt more

articulated and ambitious innovation strategies
• Economic development policy in countries as diverse as China, Chile,

Korea or South Africa reflects a change in the understanding of the
role of and interplay between the creation and diffusion of technology
• The idea that countries need to “exhaust” their potential for catching up
before entering “own” innovation and R&D activities is unhelpful
• This creates frictions of convergence: IPRs, competition for talents,

“forced technology transfer”, standards, etc.
The scope for international learning of best policy practices increases, as does
the need for enhanced international cooperation in dealing with frictions and in
producing the international public goods that are necessary to respond to
global challenges
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But marginalisation of low-income countries and
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low-skills in high-income countries is a risk
• Increasing returns on investment in knowledge may lead to

geographical concentration of innovative activities
• Youngest populations are often located in areas with lower

education and training capacities. Demand of low skills falls while
global supply increases
• Growth strategy of rich countries / individuals contrasts with survival

strategy of poor countries / individuals
• This creates conflicts of divergence within and among countries:

immigration pressures, social unrest, insecurity, environmental
damages (e.g. deforestation), counterfeiting and piracy, etc.
Issues such as « innovation and development », « social impacts of

innovation », or « socially-inclusive innovation policy » should receive more
attention
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The OECD Innovation Strategy starting point:
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Changing drivers of innovation calls for new innovation policies
The respective roles

and modes of interaction
• Expanding knowledge and of the main actors
new business models in innovation systems
• Demand pull: The Lead to

imperative of sustainability;
new social needs changes in
• Globalisation of innovation • Public governance

markets and inputs • Policy mixes &
instruments
Policy responses need to be

Positive Sum Game effective in achieving national goals,
at the global level but also internationally compatible
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Changing drivers of innovation

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More actors to engage in changing innovation processes

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New global players have emerged

.d o .d o
• China is now the third

largest investor in R&D
globally (about the size
of Germany)
• China’s growth of R&D

spending has been on
average 18% a year
since 1995
• China’s GDP R&D

intensity is growing
rapidly (now close to
1.5%)
• China now produces

almost as many
publications on
nanotechnology as the
United States
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Greater participation, by a wider range of actors,

.d o .d o
is enabled by new innovation platforms

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Internet empowers innovative people
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within innovative organisations

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Innovation is therefore increasingly cross-borders
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(institutions, countries, disciplines) and demand pulled

Outside-in Open Innovation Inside-out Open Innovation
Customers
Universities and Spin Out

Research
The Open Innovation Institutions
Business Model
Start-ups,
Consultants,
Engineering Firms
Out-Licensing
Suppliers Partner
Competitors (Co-opetition)
Share of patents with

foreign co-inventors (%)
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Innovation is also broader in scope
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• Technology is only one approach to innovation and value creation

• “Soft”, non-R&D based innovation is gaining in importance, especially
in the fast growing service sector
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Implications for public policies

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Guiding principles: what an innovation strategy …
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Should not be Should be
• An ill-defined “silver bullet” for solving • A mobilising vision and the ambition to
all problems, or a simple ‘catchword’ achieve it through the effective
in rhetorical politics coordination of many policies
• The cover for “beggar thy neighbour”, • An effort to consolidate existing or
outdated industrial policies, inspired build new comparative advantages in
by “techno-nationalism” an open environment
• An indiscriminate rush towards any • An effort to channel creativity towards

form of “novelty” socially useful purposes
• A “free lunch” (free riding on world • An investment strategy, by both the

knowledge) public and private sector
• A nano-bio-ICT “High-Tech myopia” • An inclusive approach, promoting

value-creating change throughout the
economy and society
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Policy principles, not a one-size-fits-all strategy
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• Completed and published:

Luxembourg,
• OECD Country Switzerland, New
Reviews are a Zealand, South Africa,
complementary, Chile, China, Norway,
Hungary, Korea
“customizing” tool
• To be published soon:
Mexico, Greece
• Under launch:
Russia, ASEAN, Turkey
• International compatibility requires:

International openess; Adherence to a common core of rules regarding
framework conditions for innovation and public intervention
Mutual recognition of legitimate differences in policy approaches & instruments
Joint investments in the provision of international public goods
Prioritisation in accordance to underlying comparative advantages
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The scope and strategic tasks of innovation policy
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Framework conditions for innovation

(Functioning of markets, corporate governance,
Engage IPRs, education, infrastructures, etc.)
appropriately Secure the
appropriate
educated & GOVERNANCE levels of
trained people, S&T and innovation policy
as workers, complementary
citizens, public and
Policies to
Policies to Policies to
consumers & POLICY
enhance MIX
support strengthen
private
entrepreneurs investment innovation linkages within investments
in science competencies innovation
& R&D of firms systems
Ensure a
Provide Promote
proper valuation
supportive Enhance the innovation in
of knowledge
communication contribution government,
and its circulation
and other of public including as
through
infrastructures research lead user
networks and
markets
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Public governance of the innovation system w

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• Vision, leadership and coordination

• Develop a mobilizing vision through a participatory process engaging all
main public and private decision makers
• Provide a stable platform (e.g. an innovation council), anchored at the
highest level of government, for coordinating actions to achieve the vision
• Secure resources to implement relevant public policies with a medium and
long term perspective
• Legitimacy, efficiency and adaptability
• Ensure the participation of all stakeholders in policy design, beyond the S&T
community, including SMEs and foreign firms, ministries with responsibilities
for key framework conditions, representatives from vocational training.
• Coordinate relevant policies among different levels of government, including
the international level
• Implement best practice public management tools in steering and funding
public organizations, e.g. public-private partnerships, performance contracts
• Mobilise strategic intelligence in support of policy making, e.g. through
evaluation and foresight
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Public governance of the innovation system w

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.d o .c .d o .c
• Vision, leadership and coordination

• Develop a mobilizing vision through a participatory process engaging all
main public and private decision makers
• Provide a stable platform (e.g. an innovation council), anchored at the
highest level of government, for coordinating actions to achieve the vision
• Secure resources to implement relevant public policies with a medium and
long term perspective
• Legitimacy, efficiency and adaptability
• Ensure the participation of all stakeholders in policy design, beyond the S&T
community, including SMEs and foreign firms, ministries with responsibilities
for key framework conditions, representatives from vocational training.
• Coordinate relevant policies among different levels of government, including
the international level
• Implement best practice public management tools in steering and funding
public organizations, e.g. public-private partnerships, performance contracts
• Mobilise strategic intelligence in support of policy making, e.g. through
evaluation and foresight
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A balanced STI policy mix w

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Science, technology and innovation policy
Demand-side measures
e.g. Procurement policies
Policies to Policies to Policies to

e.g. Promotion support enhance strengthen
of entrepreneurship investment innovation linkages within e.g. Public-private
& innovation in S&T & competencies innovation partnerships
in SMEs innovation of firms systems
e.g. R&D tax incentives

Grants
Supply-side measures
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Concluding remarks: Innovation in the crisis

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Experience demonstrates that private investment in innovation is pro-cyclical
The impact is likely to be biased against firms which are more dependent on
external financing (e.g. SMES and start-ups) and against product innovation, as
opposed to cost-cutting improvements
Risk of negative feedbacks on public research (“mutual de-leveraging”)
Reduced propensity to invest in ICTs and human capital and lower incentives to
innovate for a greener economy
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Innovation policy in economic downturn
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Incentives and funding Demand and user orientation

• Firms’ innovation time-span shortens and • Competition increases as demand slows
risk-averseness increases • Downturn creates new needs, e.g. as firms
• Longer-term and higher-risk R&D projects modify business models, supply networks
delayed or stopped and outsource, etc.
• Firms’ capabilities to co-fund research in • Customer-focused and user-driven
universities and institutes diminishes innovation gains even more importance
• Private venture market for growth funding • Speed and cost-effectiveness emphasised
“frozen” in firms’ innovation activities
Public support critical in maintaining Fast and agile innovation models
innovation activity needed
Broad-based innovation Spring-board for new growth

• Innovation = Knowledge-based competitive • Firms’ long-term R&D must be maintained
advantage also in downturn
• Using and combining both technological and • Firms’ co-operation with PROs must be
non-tech know-how as source of innovation supported
• Service, business models, work-life • Developing and renewing innovative
innovation, “every-day innovations” clusters should remain a priority
• Training for putting innovations in use Maintaining longer-term R&D is crucial
Continuous innovation supports “cost- to support “creative destruction and
chase” and increases productivity renewal” and build stronger basis for
future growth
Source: Adapted from Peltonen (TEKES).

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Thank you for your kind attention

Obrigado pela vossa atenção
Contact:
jean.guinet@oecd.org
Web Resource:
www.oecd.org/sti/innovation

Apresentação de Jean Guinet No 3º Congresso de Inovação

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Apresentação de Jean Guinet No 3º Congresso de Inovação

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F -X C h a n ge F -X C h a n ge

PROMOTING STRONGER, CLEANER AND FAIRER

THE OECD INNOVATION STRATEGY

3rd Brazilian Innovation Congress, São Paulo, 19 August 2009

• Preamble: a few words about the OECD

• The Innovation imperative

• Changing drivers of innovation

• Implications for public policies

• Concluding remarks: Innovation in the Crisis

OECD – an unique inter-governmental organisation c u -tr a c k

with limited membership but global reach

• 30 members, including all leading market economies from Europe,

OECD - a knowledge pool and hub w

for policy dialogue and analysis

• It has a multidisciplinary approach across wide ranging policy domains

• It serves governments but engages all other main stakeholders,

The Innovation Imperative

• Our growth path before the crisis was not sustainable,

Stronger productivity growth is needed to enhance efficiency and

Pressing need to address global problems, e.g. climate change, food

Resist the trend towards increasing inequalities in the social

• The OECD Innovation Strategy: a collective policy response

Ministerial Mandate from May 2007: Boosting innovation must be a

Final report for the OECD Ministerial in 2010

Innovation conditions increasingly the

• Worldwide, differences in GDP per capita reflect mainly gaps in

• Potential for catching-up through a higher rate of accumulation of

United States 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

EU27 + EFTA 64.7 67.8 91.2 114.1 91.3

• It has been more

• This was due in part to a marked slowdown of capital deepening and

• The possible maturation of technological trajectories which had been

The innovation agenda of high- and middle-income

• An ever growing number of highly developed countries adopt more

• Economic development policy in countries as diverse as China, Chile,

• This creates frictions of convergence: IPRs, competition for talents,

low-skills in high-income countries is a risk

• Increasing returns on investment in knowledge may lead to

• Youngest populations are often located in areas with lower

• Growth strategy of rich countries / individuals contrasts with survival

• This creates conflicts of divergence within and among countries:

Issues such as « innovation and development », « social impacts of

Changing drivers of innovation calls for new innovation policies

The respective roles

• Demand pull: The Lead to

• Globalisation of innovation • Public governance

Policy responses need to be

Changing drivers of innovation

More actors to engage in changing innovation processes

New global players have emerged

• China is now the third

• China’s growth of R&D

• China’s GDP R&D

• China now produces

Greater participation, by a wider range of actors,

is enabled by new innovation platforms

within innovative organisations

(institutions, countries, disciplines) and demand pulled

Universities and Spin Out

Share of patents with

• Technology is only one approach to innovation and value creation

Implications for public policies

Should not be Should be