FCA (SA) Part I Past Papers 1

FCA(SA) Part I
THE COLLEGES OF MEDICINE OF SOUTH AFRICA

Incorporated Association not for gain
Reg No 1955/000003/08
Part I Examination for the Fellowship of the

College of Anaesthetists of South Africa
23 March 2010
Paper I
Physiology - Long Questions
(3 hours)
All questions are to be answered. Each question to be answered in a separate book (or books if more than one is
required for the one answer)
Al die vrae moet beantwoord word. Elke vraag moet in n aparte boek (of boeke indien meer as een nodig is vir n
vraag) geskryf word
a)
While on a holiday expedition climbing Mount Kilimanjaro, a colleague in your

group collapses. As the only doctor in the party, you rush over to attend to him.
Define
i)
Hypoxia.
(2)
ii)
Hypoxaemia.
(2)
b)
Provide a classification of hypoxia with brief notes describing the physiologic
impact of each.
(12)
c)
List 5 causes of hypoxaemia.
(5)
d)
What is the equation to calculate the oxygen content of blood?
(2)
e)
Draw a normal oxygen-Haemoglobin dissociation curve clearly labelling all
physiologically important points on the illustration.
(5)
f)
Explain, using the alveolar gas equation explain why this climber may have
collapsed at this altitude.
(7)
g)
List the endocrine changes that occur from both acute and chronic exposure to
high altitudes .
(5)
Following your assessment of the climber, you administer supplemental oxygen to him
and then discover that he is hypothermic.
h)
Define Hypothermia .
(2)
i)
List the physiological mechanisms that humans possess to prevent hypothermia.
(8)
(50)
a)
b)
c)
d)
Tydens n vakansie ekspidisie na die berg Kilimanjaro kollabeer n kollega in jou

groep. As die enigste dokter in die groep snel u die persoon te hulp.
Definieer
i)
Hipoksie.
(2)
ii)
Hipoksemie.
(2)
Verskaf n klassifikasie van hipoksie en skryf kort notas om die fisiologiese impak
van elk te verduidelik.
(12)
Lys 5 oorsake van hipoksemie.
(5)
Wat is die vergelyking om die suurstof inhoud van bloed te bereken?
(2)
e)
Teken n normale suurstof-Hemoglobien dissosiasie kurwe en benoem al die

fisiologies belangrike punte op u grafiek.
(5)
f)
Verduidelik met gebruik van die alveolere gas vergelyking hoekom hierdie
bergklimmer by n hoe hoogte gekollabeer het.
(7)
g)
Lys die endokriene veranderinge wat voorkom van beide akute en chroniese
blootstelling aan hoe hoogtes.
(5)
Nadat u die bergklimmer ondersoek het , gee u hom suurstof en u vind dat hy ook
hipotermies is
h)
Definieer Hipotermie.
(2)
i)
Lys die fisiologiese meganismes wat die mens het om hipotermie te voorkom. (8)
[50]
2
a)
b)
c)
d)
a)
b)
c)
With regards to the feeded (absorptive) state and fasted (post-absorptive) state
i)
Tabulate the differences in the management of the following
substrates: glucose, fats and proteins.
(8)
iii)
Tabulate the most important hormonal changes during fasting and the
effect of each hormonal change on blood glucose.
(6)
Ketogenesis
i)
Where does it occur?
(1)
ii)
Describe ketogenesis schematically and show the ketone bodies).
(4)
In regard of the red blood
i)
There are certain normal cell organelles absent. Tabulate the absent
organelles and the consequences thereof.
(6)
ii)
Name the energy source and type of metabolism.
(2)
iii)
Tabulate the products of carbohydrate metabolism and list one function of
each product.
(8)
In regards of gluconeogenesis
i)
Name the 3 irreversible steps in the metabolism of piruvate to glucose.
Also name the enzyme/steps responsible for the metabolism of pyrovate
to glucose.
(6)
ii)
Name the 3 sources of gluconeogenesis.
(3)
iii)
Discuss shortly the control of gluconeogenesis .
(6)
(50)
Met verwysing na die gevoede (absorbsie) staat teenoor die vastende (postabsorbsie) staat
i)
Tabuleer die verskille in die hantering van die volgende substrate
glukose, vettte en proten.
(8)
ii)
Tabuleer die mees belangrikste hormonale veranderinge gedurende vas
en dui aan die effek van elke hormonale verandering op bloed glukose. (6)
Ketogenese
i)
Waar vind dit plaas?
(1)
ii)
Beskryf ketogenese skematies en dui die ketoon liggame aan.
(4)
In verband met die rooibloedsel.
i)
Daar is sekere normale sel organelle afwesig.. Tabuleer die afwesige
organelle en die gevolge daarvan.
(6)
ii)
iii)
d)
Noem die energie bron en tipe metabolism.

(2)
Tabuleer die produkte van koolhidraat metabolisme en lys een funksie van
elke produk.
(8)
In verband met glukoneogenese
i)
ii)
iii)
Noem die 3 onomkeerbare stappe in die metabolisme van piruvaat na

glukose.
Noem ook die name van die ensieme verantwoordelik in die stappe in die
metabolisme vanaf pirovaat na glucose.
(6)
Noem 3 bronne van glukoneogenese.
(3)
Bespreek kortliks die beheer van glukoneogenese.
(6)
(50)
After surgical incision a patient starts bleeding. Discuss normal hemostasis under the
following headings
a)
Describe the final common pathway in the clotting cascade.
(10)
b)
List the substances produced in the vascular endothelium which
i)
Initiates and aids haemostasis.
(13)
ii)
Prevents clot formation and coagulation.
(7)
c)
Discuss platelets under the following headings
i)
Physical and morphological characteristics.
(10)
ii)
Procoagulant substances.
(5)
iii)
Formation of the platelet plug.
(5)
(50)
Na chirurgiese velinsnyding begin n pasint bloei. Bespreek normale hemostase onder

die volgende opskrifte
a)
Beskryf die finale gemeenskaplike baan in die stollings kaskade.
(10)
b)
Lys die substanse geproduseer in die vaskulere endoteel wat
i)
Hemostase inisieer en aanhelp.
(13)
ii)
Koaugulasie en stolsel formasie verhoed.
(7)
c)
Bespreek plaatjies onder die volgende opskrifte
i)
Fisiese en morfologiese eienskappe.
(10)
ii)
Prokoagulant substance.
(5)
iii)
Formasie van die plaatjie prop.
(5)
[50]
Discuss the physiology of ageing in a healthy individual, with respect to the following
systems: Include both structural and functional alterations. Mention the implications of
these if you were to anaesthetise a geriatric patient
a)
Autonomic nervous system.
(10)
b)
The heart and vascular system.
(15)
c)
Pulmonary system.
(15)
d)
Hepatobiliary system.
(5)
e)
Renal system.
(5)
(50)
Bespreek die fisiologie van veroudering in die gesonde individu met respek tot die
volgende sisteme. Noem beide strukturele en funksionele veranderinge. Noem in elke
sisteem die implikasies van hierdie veranderinge as u n geriatriese pasint narkose gee
a)
Outonomiese senuwee stelsel.
(10)
b)
Hart en vaskulere sisteem.
(15)
c)
Pulmonale sisteem.
(15)
d)
Hepatobiliere sisteem.
(5)
e)
Renale sisteem.
(5)
[50]
The Colleges of Medicine of South Africa

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Nonprofit Organisation (Reg No 009-874 NPO)
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Website: http://www.collegemedsa.ac.za
FCA(SA) PART I
Physiology
PAPER II(a)
Question 1 - 5
23 March 2010
14:00 16:00
Marks: 50
Examination Number:
1
2
3
Answer the questions on this questionnaire.

This questionnaire must be handed in to the invigilator.
The candidates examination number must appear on the questionnaire.
Question1 / Vraag 1
Explain, using supporting equations, how total peripheral resistance influences cardiac
output.
Verduidelik met formules, hoe totale perifere vaskulere weerstand kardiale omset sal
beinvloed.
...(10)
Question 2 / Vraag 2
a)
List the principle functions of the liver.

Lys die belangrikste funksies van die lewer.
...(5)
b)
List 5 proteins that are produced by the liver.

Lys 5 proteene wat deur die lewer geproduseer word.
...(5)
a)
Discuss the factors which control renal blood flow.

Bespreek die faktore wat renale bloedvloei beheer.
...(7)
b)
In the following 3 functional parts of the kidneys , state which one has the most and
which one the least blood supply per minute.
In die 3 funksionele dele van die nier , noem watter deel het die meeste en watter deel
het die minste bloedvloei per minuut
i)
Cortex / kortex.(1)
ii)
Outer medulla / Buitenste medulla......(1)
iii)
Inner medulla / Binneste medulla......(10)
a)
Illustrate, on a single graph, the relationship between cerebral blood flow and
Illustreer op een grafiek die verwantskap tussen serebrale bloedvloei en
i)
PaO...(2)
ii)
PaCO.....(2)
Briefly discuss the cerebral blood supply.

Bespreek serebrale bloedvloei kortliks.
.....(6)
List any 5 hormones produced by the anterior pituitary gland and explain what the physiologic
role and action of each is
Lys enige 5 hormone geproduseer deur die anterior hipofise en verduidelik wat die fisiologiese
rol en aksie van elkeen is.
....(10)


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FCA(SA) PART I
Physiology
PAPER II(b)
Question 6 - 10
23 March 2010
14:00 16:00
Marks: 50
Examination Number:
1
2
3

a)
Classify the 4 hypersensitivity reactions and briefly describe the immunological

mechanism of each hypersensitivity reaction.
Klassifiseer die 4 hipersensitiwiteits reaksies en beskryf kortliks die immunologiese
meganisme van elke hipersensitiwiteits reaksie.
...(8)
b)
Give one clinical example of each type of hypersensitivity reaction.

Gee een kliniese voorbeeld van elke tipe hipersensitiwiteits reaksie.
...(2)
List the main buffer systems of the body and indicate where each predominantly functions.
Lys die belangrikste buffersisteme in die liggaam en dui aan waar elkeen hoofsaaklik
funksioneer.
....(10)
Describe the intra uterine cardiovascular system of the fetus just before birth and highlight the
important differences when compared to the adult circulation.
Beskryf die intra uteriene kardiovaskulere sisteem van die fetus soos gesien net voor geboorte
en lig die belangrike verskille met die volwasse sirkulasie uit.
...(10)
a)
Discuss in short the transport of CO in the blood.

Bespreek kortliks die transport van CO in die bloed.
............................(8)
b)
demonstrate the Haldane effect on a graph.

Demonstreer die Haldane effek op die grafiek.
...........................................................................................................(2)
a)
Write Starlings equation describing the forces of capillary filtration.

Skryf Starling se vergelyking neer om die kragte van kapillere filtrasie te illustreer.
..
...(1)
b)
Describe what each constant and variable in the equation represents.

Beskryf wat elke konstante en veranderlike in die vergelyking beteken.
......(7)
c)
What does a reflection coefficient of 1 imply?

Wat impliseer n refleksie koeffisient van 1?
...(2)


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General:
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FCA(SA) PART I
Physiology
PAPER II(c)
Question 11 - 15
23 March 2010
14:00 16:00
Marks: 50
Examination Number:
1
2
3

Time (seconds)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
The diagram depicts the ECG in

relation to time. The phases of the
cardiac cycle are identified by the
numbers at the bottom as follows:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
atrial systole
isovolumic ventricular contraction
ventricular ejection
isovolumic ventricular relaxation
ventricular filling.
Using the scale provided, plot the

changes in left atrial pressure in the
diagram.
(2)
Pressure
(mmHg)
Label each component of the atrial

wave, and explain the cause of each in
terms of intracardiac events in the
space below.
(6)
1 2
Tyd (sekondes)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Provide realistic values on the axis. (2)
Die diagram wys die EKG in

verwantskap met tyd. Die fases van
die kardiale siklus word geidentifiseer
met die nommers aan die onderkant
van die diagram as volg:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Druk
(mmHg)
atriale sistolie
isovolemiese ventrikulere
kontraksie
ventrikulere ejeksie
isovolemiese ventrikulere
ontspanning
ventrikulere vulling.
Gebruik die diagram wat verskaf is om

die veranderinge in die linker atriale
drukke aan te dui.
(2)
1 2
Benoem elke komponent van die

atriale kurwe en verduidelik die
oorsaak van elk in terme van
intrakardiale
gebeure
in
die
onderstaande spasie.
(6)
Verskaf realistiese waardes op die

aksis.
(2)
....(10)
A jaundiced patient was admitted to hospital the data below represents 4 possible sets of
blood results (A B C D) obtained from the patient
Normal
Albumin g/l
K mmol/l
IgG g/l
LDH u/l
ALP u/l
NH4+ umol/l
INR
Urine
urobilinogen
umol/day
8 -18
90 200
30 100
< 50
26
A
42
5.6
15
400
60
34
1.1
25
B
37
4
28
400
60
40
1.1
3
C
42
4
15
150
420
40
2.5
0.5
D
25
3
24
240
130
280
1.8
25
Giving a physiological explanation which data set best fits a patient who has
n Geelsugtige pasint word opgeneem in die hospital. Die data hieronder verteenwoordig 4
moontlike stelle bloedresultate (A B C D) verkry vanaf hierdie pasint.
Normaal
Albumien g/l
K mmol/l
IgG g/l
LDH u/l
ALP u/l
NH4+ umol/l
INR
Uriene
urobilinogeen
umol/dag
8 -18
90 200
30 100
< 50
26
A
42
5.6
15
400
60
34
1.1
25
B
37
4
28
400
60
40
1.1
3
C
42
4
15
150
420
40
2.5
0.5
D
25
3
24
240
130
280
1.8
25
Gee met fisiologiese verduideliking watter data stel(A,B,C of D) die beste pas in n pasint met
a)
Haemolysis / Hemolise.
...(3)
b)
Liver failure / Lewer versaking.
...(4)
c)
Bile duct obstruction / Galweg obstruksie.
(3)
The anion gap of a patient is reported to be 20 pre-operatively.
Die anioon gaping van n pasient word gerapporteer as 20 pre-operatief.
a)
How can the anion gap be calculated?

Hoe word die anioongaping bereken?
...(1)
b)
What does it represent?

Wat verteenwoordig dit?
...(3)
c)
List three causes of an increased anion gap metabolic acidosis and three causes of a
normal anion gap metabolic acidosis.
Lys 3 oorsake van verhoogde anioongaping metaboliese asidose en 3 oorsake van
normale anion gaping metaboliese asidose.
...
...(6)
(10)
Red blood cells only have a limited lifespan. Explain schematically the breakdown of
haemoglobin in the red blood cell.
Rooi bloed selle het n beperkte leeftydperk. Verduidelik skematies die afbraak van
hemoglobien.
....(10)
Label the phases of the ventricular myocyte action potential, and state which ion channels are
involved in each phase.
Indicate the absolute and relative refractory periods.
Benoem die fases van die ventrikulere miosiet aksie potensiaal , en dui aan watter ioon kanale
is betrokke in elke fase .
Dui die absolute en relatiewe refraktere periodes aan.
....(10)


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FCA(SA) PART I
Physiology
PAPER II(d)
Question 16 - 20
23 March 2010
14:00 16:00
Marks: 50
Examination Number:
1
2
3

a)
A normal person undergoing a test known as maximal breathing capacity in a room at

760 mmHg (101.3 kPa) , breathing room air may, through a maximal inspiratory effort,
increase the partial pressure of alveolar oxygen to a value no greater than.
n Normale persoon ondergaan n toets bekend as maksimale asemhalings kapasiteit in
n kamer by 760 mmHg (101.3 kPa) met kamerlug. Die persoon kan deur maksimale
inspiratoriese pogings die parsiele druk van alveolere suurstof verhoog na n waarde
van nie meer as.
......(2)
b)
If an individuals dead space ventilation is 1.9 liters/min, alveolar ventilation is 5.6

liters/min, and breathing frequency is 15 breaths/ min, what is his tidal volume?
As n persoon n dooie spasie ventilasie van 1.9 liters/min, alveolere ventilasie is 5.6
liters/min, en asemhalings tempo is 15 / min, wat is die persoon se getyvolume?
......(2)
c)
What is the likely immediate effect on arterial pH and paCO2 if a subject doubles his
breathing frequency and reduces his tidal volume to 1/2 normal? Explain.
Wat is die moontlike onmiddellike effek op arteriele pH en paCO2 as n persoon sy
asemhalings tempo verdubbel en sy getyvolume die helfte van normaal hou?
Verduidelik.
......(2)
d)
A patient is brought to the casualty department suffering from an overdose of

a barbiturate. He exhibits hypoventilation caused by respiratory centre depression. He is
given 100% oxygen to breathe and minute ventilation decreases markedly, but his
mixed venous PO2 rises to 128 mmHg (17 kPa).
n Pasint word na noodgevalle gebring wat n oordosis barbiturate gedrink het. Hy
hipoventileer as gevolg van respiratoriese sentrum onderdrukking. Hy word 100%
suurstof gegee om in te asem en sy minuut ventilasie daal merkbaar , maar sy gemeng
veneuse PO2 styg tot 128 mmHg (17 kPa).
i)
Explain the response to oxygen therapy.

Verduidelik die respons op die suurstof terapie.
......(2)
ii)
What is the correct treatment?

Wat is die korrekte behandeling?
......(2)
Complete the following table, which describes the normal physiological changes in pregnancy,
with the words increased, decreased or no change with respect to the non-pregnant state.
Voltooi die onderstaande table wat die normale fisiologiese veranderinge in swangersakap
beskryf , met verhoog, verlaag of geen verandering met respek tot die nie swanger status.
MATERNAL VARIABLE
Total lung capacity
Functional residual capacity
Residual volume
Vital capacity
Closing volume
Minute ventilation
Tidal volume
Respiratory rate
Dead space
Arterial pCO2
Arterial pH
Arterial pO2
AVERAGE CHANGE IN PREGNANCY
MOEDERLIKE VERANDERLIKE
GEMIDDELDE VERANDERING IN
SWANGERSKAP
Totale Long Kapasiteit

Funksionele Residuele Kapasiteit
Residuele volume
Vitale kapasiteit
Sluitingsvolume
Minuutventilasie
Getyvolume
Respiratoriese tempo
Dooie Spasie
Arteriele pCO2
Arteriele pH
Arteriele pO2
(6)
a)
Explain the double Bohr effect which occurs in the placenta.

Verduidelik die dubbel Bohr effek wat in die plasenta voorkom.
..............(4)
a)
Complete the following table, using the words increased and decreased, as
appropriate
Voltooi die onderstaande table. Gebruik die woorde verhoog en verlaag soos
toepaslik
Renal Plasma
Flow
Glomerular Filtration
Rate
Filtration fraction
Renale Plasma
Vloei
Glomerulere Filtrasie
Tempo
Filtrasie Fraksie
Efferent arteriolar
constriction
Afferent arteriolar
dilatation
Efferente
arteriolere
vasokonstriksie
Afferente
arteriolere
vasodilatation
(3)
b)
The following values are measured for the potassium ion in a normal subject
Die volgende waardes word gemeet in die normale persoon
Plasma K+
5 meq/liter
Urine K+
50 meq/liter
Renal creatinine clearance 80 ml/min
Urine formation rate
1.5 ml/minute
What is the patient's potassium clearance, and what does this answer imply about renal
potassium handling?
Plasma K+
5 meq/liter
Uriene K+
50 meq/liter
Renael kreatinien opruiming 80 ml/min
Urien formasie tempo
1.5 ml/minute
Wat is die pasint se Kalium opruiming en wat impliseer hierdie antwoord oor die nier se
Kalium hantering?
......(2)
c)
Briefly describe the endocrine functions of the kidney.

Beskryf kortliks die endokriene funksie van die niere.
(5)
a)
What is the difference in definition between osmolarity and osmolality?

Definieer die verskil tussen osmolariteit en and osmolaliteit?
...(2)
b) Give the definition of an osmolar gap and name one substance which might cause
such a gap.
Gee die definisie van osmolare gaping en noem een substans wat so n gaping mag
veroorsaak.
......(2)
c) Explain what is meant by tonicity and give a formula for its calculation.
Verduidelik wat word bedoel met tonisiteit en gee n formule om dit te bereken.
......(2)
d) A woman runs the Two Oceans Marathon on a 35C day. It is determined that she loses
3 liters of sweat, which is hypotonic. During the marathon, she drinks 3 liters of H2O.
For each parameter listed below, indicate whether it is increased, decreased, or
unchanged in the new steady state, and why.
n Vrou hardloop die Twee Oseane Marathon op n 35 grade Celsius dag.Dit word
bereken dat sy 3 liter sweet wat hipotonies is. Sy drink 3 liter H2O gedurende die
marathon.Voltooi die volgende tabel in die nuwe besadigde staat ( steady state)
Increased, decreased, or
unchanged / Verhoog, Verlaag
of onveranderd
Why / Hoekom
Plasma osmolarity /
Plasma osmolariteit
ECF volume /
Ekstra Sellulere Vog
Volume
Haematocrit /
Hematokrit
Total body water /
Totale Liggaams
Water
(4)
a)
What are the values given for normal intraocular pressure?

Wat is die normale waarde van intra okulere druk?
..(1)
b) List factors that may influence intraocular pressure.

Lys die faktore wat intra okulere druk mag beinvloed.
......(3)
c) Write short notes on the oculocardiac reflex.
Skryf kort notas oor die okulokardiese refleks
......(6)
FCA(SA) Part I

Reg No 1955/000003/08

24 March 2010
Paper III
Pharmacology Long Questions
(3 hours)
vraag) geskryf word
Discuss the pharmacology of the local anaesthetics under the following headings
a) Classification.
(10)
b) Mechanism of action.
(10)
c) Cardiotoxicity.
(10)
d) Physico-chemical determinants of
i) Potency.
(2)
ii) Duration of action.
(2)
iii) Onset of action.
(2)
e) Metabolism.
(4)
f) Neurological complications.
(10)
[50]
Bespreek die farmakologie van die lokale verdowingsmiddels

a) Klassifikasie.
b) Meganisme van werking.
c) Kardiotoksisiteit.
d) Fisies-chemiese bepalers van
i) Aktiwiteit.
ii) Duurte van werking.
iii) Aanvang van werking.
e) Metabolisme.
f) Neurologiese komplikasies.
(10)
(10)
(10)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(4)
(10)
[50]
a) A patient known to have heart failure and chronic permanent atrial fibrillation
Presents with a ventricular rate of 170/minute and symptoms of shortness of
breath and light headedness.
Identify the pharmacologic alternatives (from various classes) to block the AV node
and discuss the respective drugs with regard to
i) The mechanism of action and resultant effects.
ii) Important side effects and contra-indications.
(30)
PTO/ Page 2 Question 2 b)...
-2b) Discuss the mechanism of action of dopamine and explain the effects of the drug as
seen with increasing dose of administration with specific reference to the
haemodynamic and renal effects.
(20)
[50]
2
a) n Pasint bekend met hartversaking en chroniese permanente atriale fibrillasie

presenteer met n ventrikulre spoed van 170/minuut en simptome van
kortasemheid en lighoofdigheid.
Identifiseer die farmakologiese alternatiewe (uit verskillende klasse) om die AV node
te blokkeer en bespreek die onderskeie middels ten opsigte van
i) Die meganisme van werking en gevolglike effekte.
ii) Belangrike newe effekte en kontraindikasies.
(30)
b) Bespreek die meganisme van werking van dopamien en verduidelik die effekte van
die middel soos gesien met toenemende inkremente van toediening met spesifieke
verwysing na die hemodinamiese en renale effekte.
(20)
[50]
Dexmedetomidine is a unique drug which is widely used for anaesthesia and

procedural sedation in adults and children. Its use can however have dangerous
consequences.
Discuss this statement taking into account the indications for its use, its physicochemical properties, and pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile.
[50]
Deksmedetomidien is n unieke middel wat wyd in narkose vir sedasie in kinders en

volwassenes gebruik word. Die gebruik daarvan mag egter gevaarlike gevolge
inhou.
Bespreek hierdie stelling, inaggenome die indikasies vir gebruik, die fisies-chemiese
eienskappe, asook die farmakokinetiese en dinamiese profiel.
[50].
a) Discuss the mechanisms by which suxamethonium causes the following side

effects
i)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Hyperkalemia.
ii) Prolonged apnoea.

iii) Malignant hyperthermia.
iv) Bradycardia.
iv) Fasiculations.
v) Anaphylaxis.
vi) Increased intraocular pressure.
(25)
Define
i) The concept of the ED95 (effective dose 95) for any muscle relaxant.
ii) The relevance of the ED95.
iii) The intubation dose of a muscle relaxant in relation to the ED95.
iv) How the potency of a muscle relaxant influences the ED95.
(10)
What is laudanosine, and why is it important for the anaesthetist?
(4)
What is sugammadex, what is its mechanism of action, and how is it metabolised
and eliminated?
(6)
What is gantacurium, and what is significant about the metabolism of the drug? (5)
[50]
PTO/ Page 3 Question 4 a)
-34
a) Bespreek die meganismes waarvolgens suksametonium die volgende neweeffekte veroosaak

i) Hiperkalemie.
ii) Verlengde apnee.
iii) Maligne hipertermie.
iv) Bradikardie.
v) Fassikulasies.
vi) Anafilakse.
vii) Verhoogde inrta-okulre druk.
(25)
b) Definieer
i) Die begrip ED95 ( effektiewe dosis 95) van n spierverslapper.
ii) Die relevansie van ED95
iii) Intubasie dosering van n spierverslapper volgens die ED95.
iv) Hoe die potensie van n spierverslapper die ED95 binvloed.
(10)
c) Wat is laudanosien en hoekom is dit belangrik vir die narkotiseur?
(4)
d) Wat is sugammadex, wat die werkingswyse daarvan, en hoe word dit
gemetaboliseer en ge-elimineer?
(6)
e) Wat is gantakurium, en wat is besonders in die metabolisme van die middel? (5)
[50]


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FCA(SA) PART I
Pharmacology
PAPER IV(a)
Question 1 - 5
24 March 2010
14:00 16:00
Marks: 50
Examination Number:
1
2
3

List the opioid receptor types and the anatomical location of each.
What are the intracellular results of opioids binding to these receptors?
Lys die opioied reseptor tipes, asook die anatomiese area waar elk voorkom.
Wat is die intrasellulre gevolge van opioiede wat op hierdie reseptore bind?
(5)
(5)
[10]
Briefly outline the mechanism of action of

Bespreek kortliks die meganisme van werking van
a)
Methyl-dopa / Metieldopa.
.....(4)
b)
Reserpine / Reserpien.
.(3)
c)
Guanethedine / Guanetidien
.(3)
Briefly outline the pharmacology of spironolactone by referring to

Bespreek kortliks die farmakologie van spironolaktoon deur te verwys na
d)
Mechanism of action / Meganisme van werking.
(3)
b)
Uses / Gebruike.
.(3)
c)
Side-effects / Newe-effekte.
(4)
a)
What is dantrolene?
Wat is dantroleen?
..
..
..
.......................................................................................(2)
b)
What are the indications for its use?

Wat is die indikasies vir die gebruik daarvan?
..
..
..
.......................................................................................(2)
c)
What is the dose of dantrolene?

Wat is die dosis van dantroleen?
..
.....(1)
d)
What are the side effects of dantrolene?

Lys die newe-effekte van dantroleen?
..
..
..
.......................................................................................(3)
e)
How is dantrolene formulated in the vials it is supplied in?

Hoe word dantroleen geformuleer in die ampules waarin dit verskaf word?
..
..
..
.......................................................................................(2)
[10]
Briefly outline the side-effects and contra-indications of nitroglycerine use.

Bespreek kortliks die newe-effekte en kontra-indikasies van nitrogliserien gebruik.
...(10)


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FCA(SA) PART I
Pharmacology
PAPER IV(b)
Question 6 - 10
24 March 2010
14:00 16:00
Marks: 50
Examination Number:
1
2
3

Identify the prominent pharmacokinetic differences between the following pairs of

drugs. For each pair indicate what the resultant clinical implications of the identified
difference are.
Identifiseer die prominente farmakokinetiese verskille tussen die volgende twee
middels. Gee ook die gevolglike kliniese implikasie van die verskil.
a) Diazepam and lorazepam / Diasepam en lorasepam.
..
..
..
.......................................................................................................(2)
b)
Propranolol and atenolol / Propranolol en atenolol.

..
..
..
......................................................................................................(2)
c)
Glyceryl trinitrate and isosorbide mononitrate / Gliseriel trinitraat en isosorbied

mononitraat.
..
..
..
......................................................................................................(2)
d)
Atropine and glycopyrrolate / Atropien en glikopirrolaat.

..
..
..
......................................................................................................(2)
e)
Amlodipine and nifedipine / Amlodipien en nifedipien.

..
..
..
......................................................................................................(2)
[10]
Indicate one important effect of each of the following antihypertensive drugs on the
administration of general anaesthetic. Also indicate the appropriate precaution(s) that
should be taken.
Toon een belangrike effek aan wat elk van die volgende antihipertensiewe middels
op die toediening van algemene narkose het. Noem ook die toepaslike voorkomende
maatre(s)l wat geneem moet word.
a) Hydrochlorothiazide / Hidrochlorotiasied.
..
..
..
......................................................................................................(2)
b) Enalapril / Enalapril.
..
..
..
........................................................................................................(2)
c) Atenolol / Atenolol.
..
..
..
........................................................................................................(2)
d) Verapamil / Verapamil.
..
..
..
........................................................................................................(2)
e) Clonidine / Klonidien.
..
..
..
........................................................................................................(2)
What antiemetics would you feel are indicated and contra-indicated in the following
clinical situations?
Watter anti-emetika voel u is geindikeerd en gekontraindikeerd vir die volgende
kliniese situasies?
a) A patient with Parkinsons disease / n Pasint met Parkinonisme.
..
..
..
........................................................................................................(2)
b) Children / Kinders.
..
..
..
........................................................................................................(2)
c) Pregnant patients / Swanger pasinte.
..
..
..
........................................................................................................(2)
d) Patient with benign prostate hypertrophy / Pasint met benign prostaat hipertrofie.
..
..
..
........................................................................................................(2)
e) Patient with Menieres disease / Pasint met Meniere se siekte
..
..
..
........................................................................................................(2)
[10]
List five drugs with clinically significant interactions with non-steroidal inflammatory
drugs and describe the mechanism of each interaction.
Noem vyf middels met klinies belangrike interaksies met nie-steroied
inflammatoriese middels en beskryf die meganisme van elke interaksie.
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
..
.....
.....
.....
.....
...................................[10]
10
List five different drugs that may prolong the action of succinylcholine and describe
the mechanism of the interaction in each case.
Noem vyf middels wat die effekte van suksinielcholien kan verleng en beskryf die
meganisme van die interaksie in elke geval.
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
..
.....
.....
.....
...................................[10]


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General:
Academic Registrar:
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FCA(SA) PART I
Pharmacology
PAPER IV(c)
Question 11 - 15
24 March 2010
14:00 16:00
Marks: 50
Examination Number:
1
2
3

11
List 5 drugs metabolised by plasma cholinesterase.

Indicate into which class of drugs each may be classified.
Lys vyf middels wat deur plasmacholien esterase afgebreek word.
Toon aan waar elk van die middels geklassifiseer mag word.
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
..
.....
.....
.....
.....
...................................[10]
12
Define the following / Definieer die volgende

a) Clearance / Opruiming.
..
..
..
....................(2)
b) Context sensitive half life / Konteks sensitiewe halfleeftyd.
..
..
..
..
....................(3)
c) Volume of distribution / Volume van distribusie.
..
..
..
....................(2)
d) Elimination half-life / Eliminasie halfleeftyd.

..
..
..
..
....................(3)
13
Syntocinon (oxytocin) is routinely used during anaesthesia for Caesarian section.

Syntocinon (oksitosien) word roetineweg gebruik tydens narkose vir keisersnee.
a) How is this drug formulated?
Hoe word hierdie middel geformulering?
..
..
..
....................(2)
b) What are its mechanisms of action?
Wat is die meganisme van werking?
..
..
..
....................(2)
c) What are the indications for the administration of this drug?
Wat is die indikasies vir toediening van die middels?
..
..
..
....................(2)
d) What is the dose?
Wat is die dosering?
..
..
..
....................(2)
e) What side effects may occur?

Watter newe-effekte kan verwag word?
..
..
..
....................(2)
[10]
14
With respect to the Cephalosporins / Met betrekking tot die Kefalosporiene

a) Describe their mechanism of action / Beskryf die meganisme van werking.
..
..
..
....................(2)
b) Classify them, giving one example of a drug in each category.
Klassifiseer elk van die middels en gee een voorbeeld uit elke kategorie.
..
..
..
..
..
....................(4)
c) List one indication for each category / Lys een indikasie vir elk.
..
..
..
..
..
....................(4)
15
List pharmacologic agents that may be used to increase the heart rate indicating for
each the pharmacologic mechanism of action.
Lys farmakologiese middels wat gebruik kan word om die harttempo te verhoog en gee
vir elk die farmakologiese meganisme van werking.
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
..
.....
.....
.....
.....
...................................[10]


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General:
Academic Registrar:
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FCA(SA) PART I
Pharmacology
PAPER IV(d)
Question 16 - 20
24 March 2010
14:00 16:00
Marks: 50
Examination Number:
1
2
3

16
Classify the colloid plasma volume expanders.

(4)
List the side effects of each group.
(6)
Klassifiseer die koloied plasmaveruimers.
Lys die newe-effekte van elk van die groepe.
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
..
.....
.....
.....
.....
...................................[10]
17
What is protamine sulphate?

Wat is protamiensulfaat?
.............
.............
.............
..........................(2)
List the side effects can you expect when using this drug.
Lys die newe-effekte van die middel.
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
..........................(4)
What is the mechanism by which each of these side effects are caused?
Wat is die meganisme van elk van die newe-effekte ?
.............
.............
.............
.............
..........................(4)
18
Refractory shock in severe sepsis are often not responsiveness to inotropes normally
used. Vasopressin and Methylene blue may be of use in this situation.
Refraktre skok tydens erge sepsis reageer dikwels nie tot inotrpoe terapie wat
normaalweg gebruik word nie. Vasopressien en metileen blou mag van nut wees in
hierdie situasie
a) What is the mechanism of action of methylene blue?
What is die meganisme van werking van metileen blou?
......
......
......
...........................(2)
b) How can it potentially reverse refractory shock?
Hoe kan dit refraktre skok potensiel omkeer?
......
......
......
...........................(3)
c) What is the mechanism of action of vasopressin?
Wat is die meganisme vab werking van Vasopressien?
......
......
......
...........................(2)
d) How can it potentially reverse refractory shock?
Hoe kan dit refraktre skok potensiel omkeer?
......
......
......
...........................(3)
19
Describe the mechanism of action of the following drugs, and mention how the
effect of each can be reversed
Beskryf die meganisme van werking van die volgende antistolmiddels, en
waarmee die effek daarvan omgekeer kan word
a) Aspirin / Aspirien.
......
......
......
...........................(2)
b) Abciximab / Absiksimab.
......
......
......
...........................(2)
c) Clopidogrel / Klopidogrel.
......
......
......
...........................(2)
d) Heparin / Heparien.
......
......
......
...........................(2)
e) Fondaparinux / Fondaparinux.
......
......
......
...........................(2)
[10]
20
Briefly Discuss antiretroviral drugs (ART) under the following headings

Bespreek antiretrovirale middels kortliks onder die volgende hoofde
a) Classification / Klassifikasie.
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
..................................(5)
Side-effects and problems relevant to the anaesthetist / Newe-effekte en probleme
relevant tot die narkotiseur.
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
..................................(5)
[10]
FCA(SA) Part I

Reg No 1955/000003/08

25 March 2010
Paper V
Physics - Long Questions
(3 hours)
vraag) geskryf word
a)
Discuss the mechanism for the abnormalities seen in the sidestream capnograph
signal above during an anaesthetic for a neonate with a fast spontaneous
breathing rate.
b)
Draw and annotate the time-based capnogram that will appear when the
inspiratory valve of the breathing circuit fails in the open position.
Write notes on infrared spectrographic measurement of carbon dioxide.
Describe the chemical reaction that occurs when carbon dioxide enters an
absorber.
Discuss the physical properties of CO2.
c)
d)
e)
1
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
(6)
(4)
(10)
(10)
(10)
[40]
Bespreek die meganisme vir die afwykings gesien in bogenoemde

Systroom kapnograafsein soos verkry tydens narkose vir n neonaat met n
vinnige spontane respiratoriese tempo.
(6)
Teken en benoem die tydgebaseerde kapnogram wat sal verskyn as die
inspiratoriese klep van die asemhalingsisteem faal in die oop posisie.
(4)
Maak aantekeninge oor die infrarooi-spektrografiemeting van koolsuurgas.
(10)
Beskryf die reaksie wat voorkom as koolsuurgas n koolsuurgasabsorbeerder tee
kom
(10)
Bespreek die fisiese eienskappe van CO2.
(10)
[40]
PTO/ Page 2 Question 2
-22
Draw 3 separate curves showing the relationship between pressure and

gas flow and time, lung volume and time under the following conditions
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
i)
ii)
iii)
When a constant pressure is delivered.

(6)
When a constant volume is delivered.
(6)
Explain what is meant be the acronym SIMV giving a brief description of
what occurs during SIMV.
(6)
(2)
What is PEEPi (intrinsic or auto PEEP)?
List methods to determine ideal PEEP.
(4)
List the side effects of PEEP.
(10)
How can compliance be calculated in a ventilated patient?
(2)
What is dynamic compliance? How can it be determined?
(4)
What is static compliance? How can it be determined?
(4)
What is normal compliance in cmH2O?
(2)
How can different causes of a change in compliance be elucidated from the
airway pressure graph?

2
time,
(4)
[50]
Teken 3 aparte kurwes en toon die verwantskap tussen druk en tyd, gasvloei en
tyd asook longvolume en tyd onder die volgende omstandighede
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
i)
ii)
iii)
Wanneer n konstante druk gelewer word.

Wanneer n konstante volume gelewer word.
Verduidelik wat bedoel word met die akroniem SIMV en gee n kort
beskrywing van wat gebeur gedurende SIMV.
Wat is PEEDi (PEEPi), (intrinsieke of outo-PEED)?
Lys die metodes om idiale PEED te bepaal.
Lys die ongewensde effekte van PEED.
Hoe kan meegewendheid bereken word in n geventileerde pasint?
(2)
Wat is dinamiese meegewendheid? Hoe kan dit bepaal word?
Wat is statiese meegewendheid? Hoe kan dit bepaal word?
Hoeveel is die normale meegewendheid in cmH2O?
(6)
(6)
(6)
(2)
(4)
(10)
(4)
(4)
(2)
Hoe kan verskillende oorsake van n verandering in meegewendheid afgelei

word van die lugwegdrukkkurwe?
(4)
[50]
PTO/ Page 3 Question 3
-3-
a)
b)
c)
d)
a)
b)
c)
Name and explain in detail the effect shown above.

(20)
The most commonly used face mask for administering supplemental oxygen to
spontaneously breathing patients utilises this effect.
What volume of air is entrained by a 40% oxygen mask at an oxygen flow rate of
8l/min (how your calculations)?
(10)
Given the following parameters
Tidal volume = 500 mls,
Respiratory rate = 30/min,
Inspiratory: expiratory ratio = 1:2,
40% mask with oxygen supply flow of 8l/min.
Calculate the average fraction of oxygen (during inspiration) in the air that the
patient will inspire if the entrainment orifices on the entrainment device are taped
over to prevent air from diluting the masks oxygen supply. (show working). (10)
Comment on the how the above fraction is affected in the following scenarios
i)During inspiration by the change in respiratory flow rates that are typically seen
during inspiration.
(6)
ii) By an increase in respiratory rate.
(2)
iii) By a decrease in respiratory rate.
(2)
[50]
Noem en verduidelik in besonderhede die effek wat hierbo aangetoon word. (20)
Die mees algemeen gebruikte gesigsmasker om suurstof toe te dien aan n
Pasint wat spontaan asemhaal maak gebruik van hierdie effek. Watter volume
lug word deur n 40% suurstofmasker meegevoer tydens n suurstofvloeitempo
van 8l/min (wys jou berekeninge)?
(10)
Gegee die volgende inligting
Getyvolume = 500 ml,
Respiratoriese tempo = 30/min,
Inspirasie: ekspirasie-verhouding = 1:2,
40% masker met suurstofvloeitempo van 8l/min.
Bereken die gemiddelde suurstof-fraksie (tydens inspirasie) in die lug wat die
pasint sal inasem as die meevoeropeninge op die meevoertoestel toegeplak is
om te verhoed die masker se suurstoftoevoer verdun word met lug (toon
bewerkings).
(10)
PTO/ Page 4 Question 3 d)
-4d)
a)
b)
a)
b)
Lewer kommentaar oor hoe bogenoemde fraksie benvloed word onder die
volgende omstandighede
i)
Gedurende inspirasie as gevolg van die veranderinge in vloeitempo wat
tipies gesien word tydens inspirasie.
(6)
ii)
Met n toename in respiratoriese tempo.
(2)
iii) Met n afname in respiratoriese tempo.
(2)
[50]
Describe in detail how oxygen is stored in a major hospital. Include in your

answer a detailed description of the storage systems.
(30)
List all the safety mechanisms that may be employed throughout the entire
oxygen delivery system to prevent a hypoxic mixture being administered to a
patient.
(20)
[50]
Beskryf in besonderhede hoe suurstof in n groot hospitaal geberg word. Gee n
breedvoerige beskrywing van die bergingstelsels as deel van u antwoord.
(30)
Maak n lys van al die veiligheidsmeganismes wat deur die hele
suurstofleweringstelsel gebruik kan word om te verseker dat n hipoksiese
mengsel nie aan n pasint gelewer word nie.
(20)
[50]


Tel: +27 11 726-7037/8/9
Fax: +27 11 726-4036
General:
Academic Registrar:
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FCA(SA) PART I
Physics
PAPER VI(a)
Question 1 - 5
25 March 2010
14:00 16:00
Marks: 50
Examination Number:
1
2
3

The Perfect Gas Laws / Die Ideale Gaswette
1
a)
Define the first gas law, Boyles law.

Definieer die eerste gaswet, Boyle se wet.
.(2)
b)
Define the second gas law, Charles law.

Definieer die tweede gaswet, Charles se wet.
.(2)
c)
Define the third perfect gas law.

Definieer die derde idiale gaswet.
.(2)
d)
State Henrys law for solubility of gases.

Gee Henry se wet vir die oplosbaarheid van gasse.
.(2)
e)
Define what 1 Newton is.

Definieer 1 Newton.
.(2)
Explain what is meant by the term alternating current.
Bespreek wat bedoel word met die term wisselstroom.
....(10)
a)
Define the acronym LASER.

Defineer die akroniem LASER.
..
.
.
.(2)
b)
Name the most common lasers in use and give an example of their therapeutic use.
Noem die mees algemeenste lasers in gebruik met n voorbeeld van hul terapeutiese
aanwending.
(4)
Type of LASER / Tipe LASER
c)
Therapeutic use / Terapeutiese gebruik
List the complications and measures that can be taken to reduce the risks of damage
from laser usage.
Maak n lys van die komplikasies en maatrels wat geneem kan word om die risikos van
lasergebruik te verminder.
(4)
Complication
Komplikasie
Measure to reduce complication

Maatrel om risiko te verminder
Question4 / Vraag 4
Draw a normal thromboelastogram (TEG) and describe six parameters of importance in a TEG
curve.
Teken n normale trombo-elastogram (TEG) en beskryf ses parameters van belang by die
TEG-kurwe.
(10)
Write short notes on cerebral oximetry (near-infrared spectroscopy).
Skryf saaklike notas oor serebrale oksimetrie (naby-infrarooispektroskopie).
....(10)


Tel: +27 11 726-7037/8/9
Fax: +27 11 726-4036
General:
Academic Registrar:
alv@cmsa-jhb.co.za
FCA(SA) PART I
Physics
PAPER VI(b)
Question 6 - 10
25 March 2010
14:00 16:00
Marks: 50
Examination Number:
1
2
3

a)
Define critical temperature.

Definieer kritiese temperatuur.
..(2)
b)
Define pseudocritical temperature.

Definieer pseudokritiese tempreatuur.
..(2)
c)
What is the pseudocritical temperature of Entonox? Why is this important?

Wat is die pseudokritiese temperatuur van Entenox? Waarom is dit belangrik?
...
......(4)
d)
What is the Poynting effect?

Wat is die Poyntingeffek?
..(2)
Vaporisers:
a)
How does atmospheric pressure / altitude affect modern vaporisers?

Hoe benvloed atmoferiese druk / hoogte moderne verdampers?
..(2)
b)
How does temperature affect vaporisation of volatile agents?

Hoe benvloed temperatuur die verdamping van vlugtige agense?
..(2)
c)
What does TEC mean?

Wat beteken die term TEC?
..(1)
d)
Describe one method of temperature compensation in a vaporiser.

Beskryf een metode van temperatuurkompensasie in n verdamper.
...
..(5)
Pulse oximetry:
Draw an annotated diagram of the haemoglobin extinction curves include 4 species of
haemoglobin. Mark the isobestic point.
Teken n benoemde diagram van die hemoglobienafplattingskurwes sluit 4
hemoglobienspesies in. Merk die isobestiese punt.
(10)
Pacemakers: / Pasaangers:
Classify pacemakers.
Klassifiseer pasaangers.
Position I
II
(10)
III
IV
Neuromuscular monitoring: / Neuromuskulre monitering:
Describe 4 commonly used stimulation patterns by means of annotated diagrams.
Beskryf met behulp van benoemde diagramme 4 algemeen gebruikte stimulasiepatrone.
(10)


Tel: +27 11 726-7037/8/9
Fax: +27 11 726-4036
General:
Academic Registrar:
alv@cmsa-jhb.co.za
FCA(SA) PART I
Physics
PAPER VI(c)
Question 11 - 15
25 March 2010
14:00 16:00
Marks: 50
Examination Number:
1
2
3

Match the following statistical tests with their correct data applications
Pas die volgende statistiese toetse met hul korrekte data-toepassings
Mann-Whitney U-Test
Paired-t Test
Unpaired-t Test
One-way ANOVA
Two-way ANOVA
Wilcoxon signed-rank Test
Kruskal-Wallace Test
Friedman Test
Chi squared Test
One Data Group
Two Data Groups
Een Data
Groepering
Twee Data
Groeperings
(9)
Multiple Data Groups

Veelvuldige Data Groeperings
Normally Distributed
Data
Normaal-verspreide
data
Non-normally
distributed data
NieNormaalverspreide
data
Nominal Data
Nominale data
b)
What does ANOVA stand for?

Wat beteken ANOVA?
..(1)
Electricity and Electrical Shock / Elektrisiteit en Elektriese Skok
a)
At what current range does microshock occur?

By watter stroomreikwydte kom mikroskok voor?
..(2)
b)
What is the current range for macro shock to occur?

By watter stroomreikwydte kom makroskok voor?
..(2)
c)
From list below complete the following table by filling the space with the corresponding letter
Voltooi die onderstaande tabel deur die ooreenstemmende letters in die spasies in te vul
(6)
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
vi)
1mA
50mA
6000mA
10A
100A
500A
Recommended safe limit for cardiac equipment

Aanbevole veilige limiet vir kardiale toerusting
Threshold of perception
Persepsiedrempel
Ventricular fibrillation
Ventrikulre fibrillasie
Maximum fault current for monitoring equipment
Maksimale stroomfout vir moniteringstoerusting
Pain, fainting, mechanical injury
Pyn, bewussynsverlies, meganiese besering
Burns, defibrillation effect
Brandwonde, defibrillasie-effek
Operating room fires / Teaterbrande
a)
List the three components (fire triad) required for fire to occur.
Lys die drie komponente (brandtriade) benodig vir brande om te ontstaan.
...
......(3)
b)
Give 2 examples of each as answered above.

Gee 2 voorbeelde van elk in die antwoord hierbo.
...
......(3)
c)
Define a stochiometric concentration.

Definieer n stogiometriese konsentrasie.
...
......(3)
d)
What is the commonest cause of fire in operating theatres?

Wat is die algemeenste oorsaak van brande in die operasieteater?
..(1)
Manufacture of anaesthetic gases / Vervaardiging van narkosegasse

a)
What is the name of the process by which liquid oxygen is commercially manufactured?
Wat is die naam van die proses waardeur vloeibare suurstof kommersieel vervaardig
word?
...
......(2)
b)
Which chemical is heated to produce Nitrous Oxide?

Watter chemiese stof word verhit om laggas te produseer?
...
......(2)
c)
What is the name of the substance that home oxygen concentrators use to remove
nitrogen from the air?
Watter substans word in tuis-suurstofkonsentreerders gebruik om stikstof uit die lug te
verwyder?
...
......(2)
d)
What is the percentage of pure oxygen found in hospital oxygen supplies?
Watter persentasie suiwer suurstof word gevind in die hospitaal suurstofvoorraad?
...
......(2)
e)
What percentage of pure oxygen are oxygen concentrators capable of producing?

Watter persentasie suiwer suurstof kan voorsien word deur suurstofkonsentreerders?
...
......(2)
Gas Flow / Gasvloei
a)
Briefly describe the differences between laminar and turbulent flow.

Beskryf kortliks die verskille tussen laminre- en turbulente vloei.
...
...
......(5)
b)
List the factors that increase the probability of turbulent flow.

Lys die faktore wat die moontlikheid vir turbulente vloei sal verhoog.
...
...
......(5)


Tel: +27 11 726-7037/8/9
Fax: +27 11 726-4036
General:
Academic Registrar:
alv@cmsa-jhb.co.za
FCA(SA) PART I
Physics
PAPER VI(d)
Question 16 - 20
25 March 2010
14:00 16:00
Marks: 50
Examination Number:
1
2
3

The following set of numbers represents the ages of patients on an operating list.
Die volgende reeks getalle verteenwoordig die ouderdomme van pasinte op n operasielys.
10, 10, 10, 10, 15, 15, 20, 40, 50
Using this data complete the following
Gebruik hierdie inligtinge om die volgende te voltooi
a)
What is the mode?

Wat is die modus?
...
......(2)
b)
What is the mean?

Wat is die gemiddelde?
...
......(2)
c)
What is the median?

Wat is die mediaan?
...
......(2)
d)
What is the range?

Wat is die reikwydte?
...
......(2)
e)
What type of data is age?
...
......(2)
By means of diagrams show the Maplesons classification of breathing systems.

Gee met behulp van diagramme die Mapleson-klassifikasie vir asemhalingsisteme.
....(10)
a)
What is the difference between Gauge and French sizing?

Wat is die verskil tussen Gauge en French-grootte?
...
......(2)
b)
Explain which cannula would produce the faster infusion rate. An 18 gauge central line
cannula or an 18 gauge peripheral intra venous cannula?
Verduidelik watter kannule vinniger sal vloei, n 18 gauge sentrale lynkannule of n 18
gauge perifre veneuse kannule?
..........
...
..........
...
..........(6)
c)
Draw the pin index system for oxygen.

Teken die pen-indeks-sisteem vir suurstof.
(2)
a)
List the physical methods by which temperature is lost. Give an example of where each
one of these principles is seen during an anaesthetic or operation.
Maak n lys van die fisiese maniere waardeur temperatuur verlore gaan. Gee n
voorbeeld vir elk van hierdie maniere gedurende n narkose of operasie.
(8)
Method / Metode
b)
Example / Voorbeeld
Why do bubbles form in fluid that is heated?

Hoekom vorm borrels in vloeistof wat verwarm word?
...
......(2)
Briefly explain how cardiac output is measured using the oesophageal doppler technique.
Verduidelik korteliks hoe n esofageale doppler kardiale omset meet .
(10)

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FCA(SA) Part I

THE COLLEGES OF MEDICINE OF SOUTH AFRICA

Part I Examination for the Fellowship of the

Physiology - Long Questions

While on a holiday expedition climbing Mount Kilimanjaro, a colleague in your

Tydens n vakansie ekspidisie na die berg Kilimanjaro kollabeer n kollega in jou

Teken n normale suurstof-Hemoglobien dissosiasie kurwe en benoem al die

Noem die energie bron en tipe metabolism.

Noem die 3 onomkeerbare stappe in die metabolisme van piruvaat na

Na chirurgiese velinsnyding begin n pasint bloei. Bespreek normale hemostase onder

The Colleges of Medicine of South Africa

27 Rhodes Ave, PARKTOWN WEST 2193

Answer the questions on this questionnaire.

List the principle functions of the liver.

List 5 proteins that are produced by the liver.

Discuss the factors which control renal blood flow.

Outer medulla / Buitenste medulla......(1)

Inner medulla / Binneste medulla......(10)

Briefly discuss the cerebral blood supply.

The Colleges of Medicine of South Africa

27 Rhodes Ave, PARKTOWN WEST 2193

Answer the questions on this questionnaire.

Classify the 4 hypersensitivity reactions and briefly describe the immunological

Give one clinical example of each type of hypersensitivity reaction.

Discuss in short the transport of CO in the blood.

demonstrate the Haldane effect on a graph.

Write Starlings equation describing the forces of capillary filtration.

Describe what each constant and variable in the equation represents.

What does a reflection coefficient of 1 imply?

The Colleges of Medicine of South Africa

27 Rhodes Ave, PARKTOWN WEST 2193

Answer the questions on this questionnaire.

The diagram depicts the ECG in

Using the scale provided, plot the

Label each component of the atrial

Provide realistic values on the axis. (2)

Die diagram wys die EKG in

Gebruik die diagram wat verskaf is om

Benoem elke komponent van die

Verskaf realistiese waardes op die

Liver failure / Lewer versaking.

Bile duct obstruction / Galweg obstruksie.

How can the anion gap be calculated?

What does it represent?

The Colleges of Medicine of South Africa

27 Rhodes Ave, PARKTOWN WEST 2193

Answer the questions on this questionnaire.

A normal person undergoing a test known as maximal breathing capacity in a room at

If an individuals dead space ventilation is 1.9 liters/min, alveolar ventilation is 5.6

A patient is brought to the casualty department suffering from an overdose of

Explain the response to oxygen therapy.

What is the correct treatment?

AVERAGE CHANGE IN PREGNANCY

Totale Long Kapasiteit

Explain the double Bohr effect which occurs in the placenta.

Briefly describe the endocrine functions of the kidney.

What is the difference in definition between osmolarity and osmolality?

What are the values given for normal intraocular pressure?

b) List factors that may influence intraocular pressure.

THE COLLEGES OF MEDICINE OF SOUTH AFRICA

Part I Examination for the Fellowship of the

College of Anaesthetists of South Africa

Pharmacology Long Questions