Notes On Theories of Failure

STRENGTH OF MATERIAL ARSHAD ALI (arshadalibuitems@yahoo.
com)
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Todays Objective
Session 1
Discussion on Assignment
Experimental Demonstration
Break
Session 2
Chapter 4 Start
1
Chapter 4: Theories of Failure

4500 kN = 450 tons approx
STRENGTH OF MATERIAL ARSHAD ALI (arshadalibuitems@yahoo.com)
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3
Mohr Circle of Three Dimension
Draw three mohr circles by using the following Matrix of three
dimension on a large graph sheet. Label o
1
, o
2
, o
3

Also verify your result of principle stresses by evaluating the roots
of cubic polynomial
( )
3 2
1 2 3
1
2
3
0
xx yy zz
xx xy yy yz
xx xz
xy yy yz zz
xz zz
xx xy xz
xy yy yz
xz yz zz
I I I
I
I
I
o o o
o o o
o t o t o t
t o t o t o
o t t
t o t
t t o
+ =
= + +
(
= + +
(
(

=
| |
1 2 3
2 4
3 5
1
2
3
4
5
1 2 3
2 5 6
3 6 8
12053
1
2
0
5
3
xx xy xz
xy yy yz
xz yz zz
a a a
a a
a a
for CMS
a
a
a
a
a
o t t
o t o t
t t o
( + + +
(
(
(
= = + +
(
(
(
( + +

=
=
=
=
=
=
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Stress Invariants
( )
3 2
1 2 3
1
2
3
0
xx yy zz
xx xy yy yz xx xz
xy yy yz zz xz zz
xx xy xz
xy yy yz
xz yz zz
I I I
I
I
I
o o o
o o o
o t o t o t
t o t o t o
o t t
t o t
t t o
+ =
= + +
(
= + +
(
(

=
( )
( )
1
2 2 2
2
2 2 2
3
2
yz zx xy
xx yy zz
xy yz zx xx yy yy zz zz xx
xx yy zz xy xz zx xx yy zz
I
I
I
o o o
t t t o o o o o o
o o o t t t o t o t o t
= + +
= + + + +
= +
( )
( )
1 1 2 3
2 1 2 2 3 3 1
3 1 2 3
I
I
I
o o o
o o o o o o
o o o
= + +
= + +
=
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Biaxial Stress State
2 2 12
2 11 6
12 6 13
(
(
(
(

2 2 2 12 11 6
, ,
2 11 12 13 6 13
( ( (
( ( (

3 2
1 2 3
0 I I I o o o + =
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Stress
1
2
3
0 0
0 0
0 0
xx xy xz
xy yy yz
xz yz zz
o t t o
t o t o
t t o o
(
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
(

1 2 3
o o o > >
1 2
12
1 3
13
2 3
23
2
2
2
C
C
C
o o
o o
o o
+
=
+
=
+
=
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Understanding 3D Stress States
xx xy xz
xy yy yz
xz yz zz
o t t
t o t
t t o
(
(
(
(

1
2
3
0 0
0 0
0 0
o
o
o
(
(
(
(

3D Stress System
Principal Stresses
2D Views of Principal Stresss
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Understanding Mohr Circle Again
The state of plane stress at a point is represented by the
stress element below.

a) Draw the Mohrs circle
b) Determine the principal stresses
c) Determine the maximum shear stresses
d) Draw the corresponding stress elements
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Drawing and Labelling Mohr Circle
(o
yy
,t
xy
)=50, 25
(o
xx
,-t
xy
)=(-80, -25)
o
1
,= 55
o
2
,= -85
t
max
= 70
t
min
,= -70
x
y
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10
2D Principal Stresses to 3D Principal Stresses
Principal Stresses

1
= 54.6 Mpa

2
= -84.6 MPa
But we have forgotten
about the third principal stress!

Since the element is in plane stress (
z
= 0), the
third principal stress is zero

1
= 54.6 Mpa
2
= -84.6 MPa
1
= 54.6 Mpa
2
= 0 Mpa
3
= -84.6 MPa
1 2 3
o o o > >
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11
Three Mohr Circles
This means three Mohrs circles can be drawn, each based
on two Principal Stresses
1
and
3
1
and
2
2
and
3
3
= -84.6
2
= 0
1
= 54.6
1 2 3
o o o > >
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Pure Uniaxial Tension
o
y
= 0

o
x
= P/A

o
1
= o
x
2
x
max
o
= t
o
2
= 0

Note when o
x
= S
y
,
S
ys
= S
y
/2
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Pure Uniaxial Compression
o
y
= 0

o
x
= P/A

2
x
max
o
= t
o
1
= 0

o
2
= o
x
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Pure Torsion
T
T
J
c T
xy
= t
xy max
t = t
o
1
= t
xy
o
2
= -t
xy
CHALK
o
1
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Concept of Eigen Vector or Eigen Values
Remember the general idea of eigenvalues.

We are looking for values of such that

Ar = or where r is a vector, and A is a matrix

Ar or = 0 or (A oI) r = 0 where I is the identity matrix

For this equation to be true, either r = 0 or det (A I) = 0.
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Eigen Value Problem
1 1
2 2
3 3
1 1
2 2
3 3
0
0
0
1 0 0
0
xx xy xz
xy yy yz
xz yz zz
xx xy xz
xy yy yz
xz yz zz
xx xy xz
xy yy yz
xz yz zz
n n
n n
n n
n n
n n
n n
o t t
t o t o
t t o
o t t
t o t o
t t o
o t t
t o t o
t t o
(
( (
(
( (
=
(
( (
(
( (

(
( ( (
(
( ( (
=
(
( ( (
(
( ( (

(
(

(
(

1
2
3
1
2
3
0
1 0 0
0 0 1 0
0
0
0
xx xy xz
xy yy yz
xz yz zz
n
n
n
n
n
n
o o t t
t o o t
t t o o
| |
( ( (
|
( ( (
=
|
( ( (
|
( ( (

\ .
| |
(
( (
|
(
( (
=
|
(
( (
|
(
( (

\ .
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Supplementary Notes for 3D Stress Analysis
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0 0
0
1
0 0
0
2
xx xy xz xx xy xz
xy yy yz xy yy yz
xz yz zz xz yz zz
xx xy xz xy xz
xy yy yz yy yz
xz yz zz yz zz
xx xy xz
xy yy yz
xz yz
Expanding by Column
Expanding by Column
o o t t o o t t
t o o t t o o t
t t o o t t o o
o t t o t t
t o o t o o t
t t o o t o o
o t t
t o t
t t o

= + =
+
+ =

0
0 0
0 0
xx xz xy xz
xy yz yy yz
zz xz zz yz zz
o t o t t
t o t o o t
o t o o t o o
+ + =

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0
0 0
0 0
3
0 0
0 0
0 0
xx xy xz xx xz xy xz
xy yy yz xy yz yy yz
xz yz zz xz zz yz zz
xx xy xz xx xy xx xz xy xz
xy yy yz xy yy xy yz yy yz
xz yz zz xz yz xz zz y
Expanding by Column
o t t o t o t t
t o t t o t o o t
t t o o t o o t o o
o t t o t o t o t t
t o t t o t o t o o t
t t o t t o t o o t
+ + =

+ + +

0
z zz
o o
=

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0
0
0
xx xy xz
xx xy yy yz xx xz xx yz
xy yy yz
xy yy yz zz xz zz xz zz
xz yz zz
Evaluating
o t t
o t o t o t o o t
t o t o o o
t o t o o t o t o o o
t t o
( (
+ + =
( (

(

0 0
0 0 0
0 0
xx xy xz xx xy xx xz xy xz
xy yy yz xy yy xy yz yy yz
xz yz zz xz yz xz zz yz zz
o t t o t o t o t t
t o t t o t o t o o t
t t o t t o t o o t o o
+ + + =

0
xx xy xz
xx xy yy yz xx xz
xy yy yz
xy yy yz zz xz zz
xz yz zz
Expanding
o t t
o t o o t o t
t o t o o o
t o t o o t o o
t t o
=

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0
0
0
0
xx xy xz
xy yy yz
xz yz zz
xx xy xz
xx xy yy yz xx xz xx
xy yy yz
xy yy yz xz zz xz
xz yz zz
Expanding
o t t
o t o t o t o o t
t o t o o o
t t o
o t t
o t o t o t o
t o t o o o
t o t t o t o
t t o
( (
+ + =
( (

(

(
+
(

( )
2
0
0
0
0
yy yz
zz yz zz
xx xy xz
xx xy yy yz xx xz
xy yy yz xx yy zz
xy yy yz zz xz zz
xz yz zz
xx xy xz
xx xy xx xz
xy yy yz xx
xy yy xz zz
xz yz zz
o o t
o t o o o
o t t
o t o t o t
t o t o o oo o oo o o o
t o t o t o
t t o
o t t
o t o t
t o t o o o o o
t o t o
t t o
(
+ + =
(

(

( (
=
( (
(

+
( )
2 2
0
yy yz
yy zz
yz zz
o t
o o o o o
t o
+ + =
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0
0
0
0
xx xy xz
xy yy yz
xz yz zz
xx xy xz
xx xy yy yz xx xz xx
xy yy yz
xy yy yz xz zz xz
xz yz zz
Expanding
o t t
o t o t o t o o t
t o t o o o
t t o
o t t
o t o t o t o
t o t o o o
t o t t o t o
t t o
( (
+ + =
( (

(

(
+
(

( )
0
0
0
0
yy yz
zz yz zz
xx xy xz
xx xy yy yz xx xz
xy yy yz xx yy zz
xy yy yz zz xz zz
xz yz zz
Evaluating
o o t
o t o o o
o t t
o t o t o t
t o t o t o
t t o
(
+ + =
(

(

( (
=
( (
(

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( )
2 2 2
0
xx xy xz
xx xy yy yz xx xz
xy yy yz xx yy zz
xy yy yz zz xz zz
xz yz zz
xx xy xz
xx xy yy yz xx xz
xy yy yz xx yy zz
xy yy yz zz xz zz
xz yz zz
Evaluating
o t t
o t o t o t
t o t o t o
t t o
o t t
o t o t o t
t o t o o o o o o o o o
t o t o t o
t t o
( (
=
( (
(

+ + +
( )
2 2 2 3
0
0
xx xy xz
xx xy yy yz xx xz
xy yy yz xx yy zz
xy yy yz zz xz zz
xz yz zz
Rearrainging
o
o t t
o t o t o t
t o t o o o o o o o o
t o t o t o
t t o
=
(
+ + + + + =
(
(

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( )
2 2 2 3
2
0
xx xy xz
xx xy yy yz xx xz
xy yy yz xx yy zz
xy yy yz zz xz zz
xz yz zz
xx xy xz
xx xy yy yz xx xz
xy yy yz xx yy zz
xy yy yz zz xz zz
xz yz zz
Rearrainging
o t t
o t o t o t
t o t o o o o o o o o
t o t o t o
t t o
o t t
o t o t o t
t o t o o o o o
t o t o t o
t t o
(
+ + + + + =
(
(

(
+ + + + +
(
(

( )
3
3 2
3 2
1 2 3
0
0
0
xx xy xz
xx xy yy yz xx xz
xx yy zz xy yy yz
xy yy yz zz xz zz
xz yz zz
I I I
o
o t t
o t o t o t
o o o o o o t o t
t o t o t o
t t o
o o o
=
(
+ + + + + =
(
(

+ =
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THOERIES OF FAILURE
Basic idea
Basic idea is that if some combination of the principal stresses
gets too large, the material will fail.
Failure prediction
To predict elastic failure under any condition of applied stress
from the behaviour of materials in a simple tensile test.
Failure criteria
A number of theoretical criteria exists each seeking to obtain
adequate correlation between estimated component life and
that actually achieved under service load conditions for both
brittle and ductile material applications.
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Failure due to
Overload / under-design
Elastic yielding
Fatigue
Brittle fracture
Ductile rupture
Creep
Corrosion
Buckling
Wear
Vibration
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Summary of Theories of failure
Theory Failure Criteria
Maximum principal stress theory
Rankine
Maximum shear stress theory
Tresca
Maximum principal strain
Saint-Venant
Total strain energy per unit volume
Haigh
Shear strain energy per unit volume
von Mises
Modified Shear Stress theory
Mohr
27
1 yield
o o =
1 2 3 yield
o vo vo o =
1 3 yield
o o o =
( )
2 2 2 2
1 2 3 1 2 2 3 3 1
2
yield
o o o v o o o o o o o + + + + =
1 2
yield
yt yc
o o
o
o o
| |
+ =
|
|
\ .
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
1 2 2 3 3 1 2
2
yield
o o o o o o
o
+ +
=
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This theory assumes that when the maximum principal stress in the complex stress
system reaches the elastic limit stress in simple tension, failure occurs. The criterion
of failure is thus

28
1. Maximum principal stress theory RANKINE
1 yield
o o =
o = o
y
o =o
y
Since
1 2 3
o o o > >
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2. Maximum shear stress theory TRESCA
This theory states that failure can be assumed to occur when the maximum shear
stress in the complex stress system becomes equal to that at the yield point in the
simple tensile test.

29
( )
max 1 3
1
2
t o o =
3
0 o =
Since the maximum shear stress is half the greatest difference between two
principal stresses therefore criterion of failure becomes
And in simple tensile test all
other stress values are zero
( )
( )
max 1
max 1
max
1
0
2
1
2
1
2
yield
t o
t o
t o
=
=
=
o = o
y
o =o
y
1
2
( )
1 3
1 1
2 2
yield
o o o =
Equating 1 and 2
1 3 yield
o o o =
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3. Maximum principal strain theory SAINT-VENANT

This theory assumes that failure occurs when the maximum strain in the complex
stress system equals that at the yield point in the tensile test
30
3 1 2
1
E E E
o o o
c v v =
And in simple tensile test all other stress values are zero
We know from chapter of stress analysis
1
1
1
1
1
0 0
yield
E E E
E
E
o
c v v
o
c
o
c
=
=
=
1
2
o = o
y
o =o
y
3 1 2
yield
E E E E
o
o o o
v v =
1 2 3 yield
o vo vo o =
Equating 1 and 2
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4. Total strain energy per unit volume theory HAIGH
The theory assumes that failure occurs when the total strain energy in the complex
stress system is equal to that at the yield point in the tensile test
31
U = o
The area under the curve in
the elastic region is called the
Elastic Strain Energy.
1 1 2 2 3 3
1 1 1
2 2 2
U o c o c o c = + +
For 3D stress state the
strain energy is given as
3 1 2
1
3 2 1
2
3 2 1
3
E E E
E E E
E E E
o o o
c v v
o o o
c v v
o o o
c v v
=
=
=
But we know that
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Understanding Poissons Ratio
2
c
1
c
1
c
3
c
3
c
2
c
2
2
2
yy
E
E
o c
o
c
=
=
1
2
1 2
2
1
E
c
v
c
c vc
o
c v
=
=
=
3
2
3 2
2
3
E
c
v
c
c vc
o
c v
=
=
=
3
c
2
c
3
c
3
c
2
c
2
c
1
c
1
c
3 3
3
3
E
E
o c
o
c
=
=
1
3
1 3
3
1
E
c
v
c
c vc
o
c v
=
=
=
2
3
2 3
3
2
E
c
v
c
c vc
o
c v
=
=
=
1
c
3
c
2
c
1
c
1 1
1
1
E
E
o c
o
c
=
=
2
1
2 1
1
2
E
c
v
c
c vc
o
c v
=
=
=
3
1
3 1
1
3
E
c
v
c
c vc
o
c v
=
=
=
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Total Strain in y Direction
3 1 2
1
3 1 2
2
3 1 2
3
E E E
E E E
E E E
o o o
c v v
o o o
c v v
o o o
c v v
=
= +
= +
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( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 2 2 3 3
3 3 3 1 2 2 1 1 2
1 2 3
1 1 2 3 2 2 1 3 3 3 1 2
2 2 2
1 1 2 1 3 2 1 2 2 3 3 1 3 2 3
1 1 1
2 2 2
1 1 1
2 2 2
1
2
1
2
U
U
E E E E E E E E E
U
E
U
E
U
o c o c o c
o o o o o o o o o
o v v o v v o v v
o o vo vo o o vo vo o o vo vo
o vo o vo o o vo o vo o o vo o vo o
= + +
| | | | | |
= + +
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
( = + +

(
= + +

=
( )
2 2 2
1 1 2 1 3 2 1 2 2 3 3 1 3 2 3
2 2 2
1 1 2 1 3 2 2 3 3
2 2 2
1 2 3 1 2 1 3 2 3
2 2 2
1 2 3 1 2 1 3 2 3
1
2
1
2 2 2
2
1
2 2 2
2
1
2
2
E
U
E
U
E
U
E
o vo o vo o o vo o vo o o vo o vo o
o vo o vo o o vo o o
o o o vo o vo o vo o
o o o v o o o o o o
( + +

( = + +

( = + +

( = + + + +

1
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( )
( )
2 2 2
1 2 3 1 2 1 3 2 3
2
1 1 1
2
1
2
1
2
2
1
0 0 2 0 0 0 0
2
1
2
1
2
yield
U
E
U
E
U
E
U
E
o o o v o o o o o o
o v o o
o
o
( = + + + +

( = + + + +

( =

=
o = o
y
o =o
y
2
Equating 1 and 2
( )
2 2 2 2
1 2 3 1 2 1 3 2 3
1 1
2
2 2
yield
E E
o o o v o o o o o o o ( + + + + =

( )
2 2 2 2
1 2 3 1 2 1 3 2 3
2
yield
o o o v o o o o o o o + + + + =
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5. Shear strain energy per unit volume VON MISES
This theory states that failure occurs when the maximum shear strain
energy component in the complex stress system is equal to that at the
yield point in the tensile test
36
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=
+
o
o
o
3
o o
1
o o
2
o o
3
o
1
o
2
o
( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 3 1 2 3
o o o o o o o o o o o o + + = + + + + +
General State of Stress = Hydrostatic Stress +
Deviatoric Stress
Resolving general three-dimensional principal stress state into
hydrostatic and deviatoric components.
( )
1 2 3
3
Mean
o o o
o
+ +
= =
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( )
1 2 3
3
Mean
o o o
o
+ +
= =
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 2 3 1 2 1 3
1 1 1
3 3 3
o o o o o o o o = + + + +
( ) ( ) ( )
2 1 2 3 2 1 2 3
1 1 1
3 3 3
o o o o o o o o = + + + +
( ) ( ) ( )
3 1 2 3 3 1 3 2
1 1 1
3 3 3
o o o o o o o o = + + + +
Writing o
1
o
2
o
3
in terms of mean stress
The mean stress term may be considered as a hydrostatic or Volumetric
stress, equal in all directions..
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The strain energy associated with the hydrostatic stress is termed the volumetric
strain energy and is found by substituting
( )
1 2 3 1 2 3
1
3
o o o o o o o = = = + + =
( )
2 2 2
1 2 3 1 2 2 3 3 1
1
2
2
t
U
E
o o o v o o o o o o ( = + + + +

in total strain energy equation already discussed in Haigh failure theory
| | | | | | ( )
| | | | | | | |
( )
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
1
2
2
1
3 2
2
v
v
U
E
U
E
o o o v o o o o o o
o v o o o
(
= + + + +

(
= + +
(

By replacing each value of stress by mean stress we get volumetric strain
energy
1
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| | | |
| | | |
| | ( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
2
2
1 2 3
1
3 2 3
2
1
3 6
2
1
3 1 2
2
1 1
3 1 2
2 3
v
v
v
v
U
E
U
E
U
E
U
E
o v o
o v o
o v
o o o v
(
=

(
=

(
=

(
(
= + +
(
(

(

simplifying
t v s
s t v
U U U
U U U
= +
=
( )
( )
2
1 2 3
1 2
6
v
U
E
v
o o o
= + + 2
Total strain energy = Volumetric Strain Energy + Shear Strain Energy
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( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
{ }
( )( )
( )
2
2 2 2
1 2 3 1 2 2 3 3 1 1 2 3
2
2 2 2
1 2 3 1 2 2 3 3 1 1 2 3
2
2 2 2
1 2 3 1 2 2 3 3 1 1 2 3
2 2 2
1 2 3 1 2
1 2
1
2
2 6
1 2
3
2
6 6
1
3 2 1 2
6
3 6
1
6
s t v
s
s
s
s
U U U
U
E E
U
E E
U
E
U
E
v
o o o v o o o o o o o o o
v
o o o v o o o o o o o o o
o o o v o o o o o o v o o o
o o o v o o o
=
( = + + + + + +

( = + + + + + +

(
= + + + + + +

+ + +
=
( ) ( )
( )
2
2 3 3 1 1 2 3
2
1 2 3
2
o o o o o o
v o o o
(
+ + +
(
(
+ + +

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( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
2
2 2 2
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 2 3 3 1
2
1 2 3
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 2 3 3 1
2 2 2
1 2 2 3 3 1 1 2 3 1 2 2 3 3 1
2 2 2
1 2 3 1
3 6
1
6
2
3 3 3 2 2 2
1
6 2 3 3 3 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
1
6
s
s
s
U
E
U
E
U
E
o o o o o o v o o o o o o
v o o o
o o o o o o o o o o o o
v o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
o o o o o
(
+ + + + + +
(
=
(
+ + +

( + +
( =
+ +
(

+ +
=
( )
( )
2 2 3 3 1
2 2 2
1 2 2 3 3 1 1 2 3
2 2 2
1 2 3 1 2 2 3 3 1
2 2 2
1 2 3 1 2 2 3 3 1
2 2
2
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
6 2 2 2 2 2 2
s
U
E
o o o o
v o o o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o o o
v o o o o o o o o o
(
(
+ +
(

( + +
( =
+ + +
(

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( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2 2 2
1 2 3 1 2 2 3 3 1
2 2 2
1 2 3 1 2 2 3 3 1
2 2 2
1 2 3 1 2 2 3 3 1
2 2 2
1 2 3 1 2 2 3 3 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 2 2 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
6 2 2 2 2 2 2
1
1 2 2 2 2 2 2
6
1
2 2 2 2 2 2
6
1
2
6
s
s
s
s
U
E
U
E
U
E
U
E
o o o o o o o o o
v o o o o o o o o o
v o o o o o o o o o
v
o o o o o o o o o
v
o o o o o o o
( + +
( =
+ + +
(

(
= + + +

+
= + +
+
= + + + + +
( )
( )
( )
1 2 2 3 3 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 2 2 2 3 2 3 1 3 1 3
2 2
1
2 2 2
6
s
U
E
o o o o o
v

+
= + + + + +
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( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 2 2 2 3 2 3 1 3 1 3
2 2 2
1 2 2 3 3 1
1
2 2 2
6
1
6
s
s
U
E
U
E
v
v
o o o o o o
+
= + + + + +
+
(
= + +

and, since E = 2G (1 + v),
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
1 2 2 3 3 1
1
12
s
U
G
o o o o o o
(
= + +

3
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( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
1 2 2 3 3 1
1
12
s
U
G
o o o o o o
(
= + +

o = o
y
o =o
y
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2 2
1 1
2 2
1 1
2
1
2
1
2
1
0 0 0 0
12
1
12
1
2
12
1
6
1
6
s
s
s
s
s yield
U
G
U
G
U
G
U
G
U
G
o o
o o
o
o
o
(
= + +

(
= +

( =

( =

( =

4
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( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2
1 2 2 3 3 1
1 1
12 6
yield
G G
o o o o o o o
(
( + + =

( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
1 2 2 3 3 1 2
2
yield
o o o o o o
o
+ +
=
Equating 3 and 4 we get
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Problem 1:
If the principal stresses at a point in an elastic material are 120 MN/m2 tensile, 180
MN/m2 tensile and 75 MN/m2 compressive, find the stress at the limit of
proportionality expected in a simple tensile test assuming:
(a) Tresca (b) Saint Venant (c) Von Mises Assume v = 0.294.
47
( )
1 3
2
180 75
255 /
yield
yield
yield
MN m
o o o
o
o
=
=
=
2
1
2
2
2
3
?
180 /
120 /
75 /
yield
MN m
MN m
MN m
o
o
o
o
=
=
=
=
(a) Tresca
Data
(b) Saint Venant
1 2 3
2
180 0.294 120 0.294 75
166.77 /
yield
yield
yield
MN m
o vo vo o
o
o
=
=
=
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
1 2 2 3 3 1 2
2
yield
o o o o o o
o
+ +
=
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 2
2
2
180 120 120 75 75 180
2
230.9 /
yield
yield
MN m
o
o
+ +
=
=
(c) Von Mises
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Problem 2:
A material subjected to a simple tension test shows an elastic limit of 240 MN/m
2
.
Calculate the factor of safety provided if the principal stresses set up in a complex
two-dimensional stress system are limited to 140 MN/m
2
tensile and 45 MN/m
2
compressive. The appropriate theories of failure on which your answer should be
based are: (a) Tresca (b) Von Mises.
48
( )
1 3
240
140 45
1.3
yield
n
n
n
o
o o =
=
=
2
2
1
2
2
3
240 /
140 /
0
45 /
safety factor =?
yield
MN m
MN m
MN m
n
o
o
o
o
=
=
=
=
=
Now with a factor of safety applied the
design yield point becomes o
yield
/ n
(a) Tresca Data
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Problem 2
49
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 2 2
1 2 2 3 3 1
2
2
2 2
2
240
140 0 0 45 45 140 2
1.44
yield
n
n
n
o
o o o o o o
| |
+ + =
|
\ .
| |
+ + =
|
\ .
=
Now with a factor of safety applied the design yield point becomes o
yield
/ n
(b) Von Mises
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Thanks

Note: Your suggestions are always welcome to improve the lecture
presentations arshadalibuitems@yahoo.com

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