Contents

Preface
PART I
1

Contents

MAT_PR.indd xi

HISTORY AND INTRODUCTION

3

1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6

3
4
5
6
7

Definitions
General Properties
Types of Ceramic and their Applications
Market
Critical Issues for the Future
Relationship between Microstructure, Processing
and Properties
Safety
Ceramics on the Internet
On Units

8
9
10
10

Some History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15

2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.10
2.11
2.12
2.13

15
17
19
19
20
21
22
24
25
26
28
29
29

PART II
3

vii

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.7
1.8
1.9
2

................................................

Earliest Ceramics: The Stone Age

Ceramics in Ancient Civilizations
Clay
Types of Pottery
Glazes
Development of a Ceramics Industry
Plaster and Cement
Brief History of Glass
Brief History of Refractories
Major Landmarks of the Twentieth Century
Museums
Societies
Ceramic Education
MATERIALS

Background You Need to Know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

35

3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

35
36
37
37
39
42
44
45
47

The Atom
Energy Levels
Electron Waves
Quantum Numbers
Assigning Quantum Numbers
Ions
Electronegativity
Thermodynamics: The Driving Force for Change
Kinetics: The Speed of Change

.....................................................................................................................................................................

xi

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Bonds and Energy Bands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

51

4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8

51
51
53
58
63
64
64
66

Types of Interatomic Bond

Youngs Modulus
Ionic Bonding
Covalent Bonding
Metallic Bonding in Ceramics
Mixed Bonding
Secondary Bonding
Electron Energy Bands in Ceramics

Models, Crystals, and Chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

71

5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
5.10
5.11

71
74
75
76
76
79
81
81
82
83
83

Terms and Definitions

Symmetry and Crystallography
Lattice Points, Directions, and Planes
The Importance of Crystallography
Paulings Rules
Close-Packed Arrangements: Interstitial Sites
Notation for Crystal Structures
Structure, Composition, and Temperature
Crystals, Glass, Solids, and Liquid
Defects
Computer Modeling

Binary Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

87

6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13

87
88
88
89
90
91
92
93
93
93
94
95
96

Background
CsCl
NaCl (MgO, TiC, PbS)
GaAs (-SiC)
AlN (BeO, ZnO)
CaF2
FeS2
Cu2O
CuO
TiO2
Al2O3
MoS2 and CdI2
Polymorphs, Polytypes, and Polytypoids

Complex Crystal and Glass Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

100

7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9
7.10
7.11
7.12
7.13
7.14
7.15

100
101
102
104
105
106
107
107
108
109
109
110
111
111
111

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MAT_PR.indd xii

Introduction
Spinel
Perovskite
The Silicates and Structures Based on SiO4
Silica
Olivine
Garnets
Ring Silicates
Micas and Other Layer Materials
Clay Minerals
Pyroxene
-Aluminas and Related Materials
Calcium Aluminate and Related Materials
Mullite
Monazite

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7.16
7.17
7.18
7.19
7.20
7.21
8

YBa2Cu3O7 and Related High-Temperature

Superconductors (HTSCs)
Si3N4, SiAlONs, and Related Materials
Fullerenes and Nanotubes
Zeolites and Microporous Compounds
Zachariasens Rules for the Structure of Glass
Revisiting Glass Structures

112
113
113
114
115
117

Equilibrium Phase Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

120

8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9
8.10
8.11

120
121
124
124
125
126
128
130
132
132
133

Whats Special about Ceramics?

Determining Phase Diagrams
Phase Diagrams for Ceramists: The Books
Gibbs Phase Rule
One Component (C = 1)
Two Components (C = 2)
Three and More Components
Composition with Variable Oxygen Partial Pressure
Quaternary Diagrams and Temperature
Congruent and Incongruent Melting
Miscibility Gaps in Glass

PART III TOOLS

9

Furnaces
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9
9.10
9.11
9.12
9.13

10

Contents

MAT_PR.indd xiii

................................................

The Need for High Temperatures

Types of Furnace
Combustion Furnaces
Electrically Heated Furnaces
Batch or Continuous Operation
Indirect Heating
Heating Elements
Refractories
Furniture, Tubes, and Crucibles
Firing Process
Heat Transfer
Measuring Temperature
Safety

139
139
139
140
141
141
143
144
146
147
148
148
149
151

Characterizing Structure, Defects, and Chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

154

10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5
10.6
10.7
10.8
10.9
10.10
10.11
10.12
10.13
10.14
10.15

154
155
157
158
159
161
162
163
163
165
166
168
168
169
171

Characterizing Ceramics
Imaging Using Visible-Light, IR, and UV
Imaging Using X-rays and CT Scans
Imaging in the SEM
Imaging in the TEM
Scanning-Probe Microscopy
Scattering and Diffraction Techniques
Photon Scattering
Raman and IR Spectroscopy
NMR Spectroscopy and Spectrometry
Mssbauer Spectroscopy and Spectrometry
Diffraction in the EM
Ion Scattering (RBS)
X-ray Diffraction and Databases
Neutron Scattering

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10.16
10.17
10.18
10.19
10.20

Mass Spectrometry
Spectrometry in the EM
Electron Spectroscopy
Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA)
Thermal Analysis

172
172
174
175
175

PART IV DEFECTS
11

12

13

Point Defects, Charge, and Diffusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

181

11.1
11.2
11.3
11.4
11.5
11.6
11.7
11.8
11.9
11.10
11.11
11.12
11.13
11.14
11.15
11.16

181
182
183
184
184
186
187
189
190
191
192
192
193
197
197
199

Are Defects in Ceramics Different?

Types of Point Defects
What Is Special for Ceramics?
What Type of Defects Form?
Equilibrium Defect Concentrations
Writing Equations for Point Defects
Solid Solutions
Association of Point Defects
Color Centers
Creation of Point Defects in Ceramics
Experimental Studies of Point Defects
Diffusion
Diffusion in Impure, or Doped, Ceramics
Movement of Defects
Diffusion and Ionic Conductivity
Computing

Are Dislocations Unimportant? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

201

12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4
12.5
12.6
12.7
12.8
12.9
12.10
12.11
12.12
12.13
12.14

202
206
206
208
208
211
214
215
216
216
217
219
219
220

A Quick Review of Dislocations

Summary of Dislocation Properties
Observation of Dislocations
Dislocations in Ceramics
Structure of the Core
Detailed Geometry
Defects on Dislocations
Dislocations and Diffusion
Movement of Dislocations
Multiplication of Dislocations
Dislocation Interactions
At the Surface
Indentation, Scratching, and Cracks
Dislocations with Different Cores

Surfaces, Nanoparticles, and Foams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

224

13.1
13.2
13.3
13.4
13.5
13.6
13.7
13.8
13.9
13.10
13.11
13.12

224
225
225
227
230
230
231
232
233
233
234
235

xiv

MAT_PR.indd xiv

Background to Surfaces
Ceramic Surfaces
Surface Energy
Surface Structure
Curved Surfaces and Pressure
Capillarity
Wetting and Dewetting
Foams
Epitaxy and Film Growth
Film Growth in 2D: Nucleation
Film Growth in 2D: Mechanisms
Characterizing Surfaces

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13.13
13.14
13.15
13.16
13.17
14

15

Contents

MAT_PR.indd xv

239
240
241
241
242

Interfaces in Polycrystals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

246

14.1
14.2
14.3
14.4
14.5
14.6
14.7
14.8
14.9
14.10
14.11
14.12
14.13
14.14

246
248
249
251
254
255
258
259
262
263
264
265
265
265

What Are Grain Boundaries?

For Ceramics
GB Energy
Low-Angle GBs
High-Angle GBs
Twin Boundaries
General Boundaries
GB Films
Triple Junctions and GB Grooves
Characterizing GBs
GBs in Thin Films
Space Charge and Charged Boundaries
Modeling
Some Properties

Phase Boundaries, Particles, and Pores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

269

15.1
15.2
15.3
15.4
15.5
15.6
15.7
15.8
15.9
15.10
15.11
15.12
15.13
15.14
15.15

269
269
270
270
271
272
276
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283

PART V
16

Steps
In Situ
Surfaces and Nanoparticles
Computer Modeling
Introduction to Properties

The Importance
Different Types
Compared to Other Materials
Energy
The Structure of PBs
Particles
Use of Particles
Nucleation and Growth of Particles
Pores
Measuring Porosity
Porous Ceramics
Glass/Crystal Phase Boundaries
Eutectics
Metal/Ceramic PBs
Forming PBs by Joining
MECHANICAL STRENGTH AND WEAKNESS

Mechanical Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

289

16.1
16.2
16.3
16.4
16.5
16.6
16.7
16.8
16.9
16.10
16.11
16.12
16.13

289
291
292
294
295
296
296
297
298
299
300
301
301

Philosophy
Types of Testing
Elastic Constants and Other Constants
Effect of Microstructure on Elastic Moduli
Test Temperature
Test Environment
Testing in Compression and Tension
Three- and Four-Point Bending
KIc from Bend Test
Indentation
Fracture Toughness from Indentation
Nanoindentation
Ultrasonic Testing

.....................................................................................................................................................................

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17

18

16.14 Design and Statistics

16.15 SPT Diagrams

302
305

Deforming: Plasticity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

309

17.1
17.2
17.3
17.4
17.5
17.6
17.7
17.8
17.9
17.10
17.11
17.12
17.13
17.14

309
310
312
313
314
315
317
317
318
318
319
321
321
322

Plastic Deformation
Dislocation Glide
Slip in Alumina
Plastic Deformation in Single Crystals
Plastic Deformation in Polycrystals
Dislocation Velocity and Pinning
Creep
Dislocation Creep
Diffusion-Controlled Creep
Grain-Boundary Sliding
Tertiary Creep and Cavitation
Creep Deformation Maps
Viscous Flow
Superplasticity

Fracturing: Brittleness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

325

18.1
18.2
18.3
18.4
18.5
18.6
18.7
18.8
18.9
18.10
18.11
18.12

325
326
327
329
329
330
331
332
335
338
338
339

The Importance of Brittleness

Theoretical Strength: The Orowan Equation
The Effect of Flaws: The Griffith Equation
The Crack Tip: The Inglis Equation
Stress Intensity Factor
R Curves
Fatigue and Stress Corrosion Cracking
Failure and Fractography
Toughening and Ceramic Matrix Composites
Machinable Glass-Ceramics
Wear
Grinding and Polishing

PART VI PROCESSING
19

20

Raw Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

345

19.1
19.2
19.3
19.4
19.5
19.6
19.7
19.8

345
345
347
347
348
348
351
354

Geology, Minerals, and Ores

Mineral Formation
Beneficiation
Weights and Measures
Silica
Silicates
Oxides
Nonoxides

Powders, Fibers, Platelets, and Composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

359

20.1
20.2
20.3
20.4
20.5
20.6
20.7
20.8
20.9

359
360
360
362
363
363
364
365
365

Making Powders
Types of Powders
Mechanical Milling
Spray Drying
Powders by Sol-Gel Processing
Powders by Precipitation
Chemical Routes to Nonoxide Powders
Platelets
Nanopowders by Vapor-Phase Reactions

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20.10
20.11
20.12
20.13
20.14
20.15
20.16
20.17
20.18
20.19
20.20
20.21
20.22
20.23
20.24
20.25
20.26
20.27
21

22

23

Contents

MAT_PR.indd xvii

Characterizing Powders
Characterizing Powders by Microscopy
Sieving
Sedimentation
The Coulter Counter
Characterizing Powders by Light Scattering
Characterizing Powders by X-ray Diffraction
Measuring Surface Area (the BET Method)
Determining Particle Composition and Purity
Making Fibers and Whiskers
Oxide Fibers
Whiskers
Glass Fibers
Coating Fibers
Making CeramicMatrix Composites
CeramicMatrix Composites from Powders and Slurries
CeramicMatrix Composites by Infiltration
In Situ Processes

366
366
366
367
368
368
369
369
370
370
371
372
372
373
374
374
375
375

Glass and Glass-Ceramics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

379

21.1
21.2
21.3
21.4
21.5
21.6
21.7
21.8
21.9
21.10
21.11
21.12
21.13
21.14
21.15
21.16

379
380
383
385
386
386
386
386
388
388
388
390
392
393
394
396

Definitions
History
Viscosity,
Glass: A Summary of Its Properties, or Not
Defects in Glass
Heterogeneous Glass
YttriumAluminum Glass
Coloring Glass
Glass Laser
Precipitates in Glass
Crystallizing Glass
Glass as Glaze and Enamel
Corrosion of Glass and Glaze
Types of Ceramic Glasses
Natural Glass
The Physics of Glass

Sols, Gels, and Organic Chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

400

22.1
22.2
22.3
22.4
22.5
22.6

400
401
402
403
406
407

Sol-Gel Processing
Structure and Synthesis of Alkoxides
Properties of Alkoxides
The Sol-Gel Process Using Metal Alkoxides
Characterization of the Sol-Gel Process
Powders, Coatings, Fibers, Crystalline, or Glass

Shaping and Forming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

412

23.1
23.2
23.3
23.4
23.5
23.6
23.7
23.8
23.9

412
413
413
414
414
415
416
417
418

The Words
Binders and Plasticizers
Slip and Slurry
Dry Pressing
Hot Pressing
Cold Isostatic Pressing
Hot Isostatic Pressing
Slip Casting
Extrusion

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23.10
23.11
23.12
23.13
23.14
23.15
23.16
23.17
24

25

26

Injection Molding
Rapid Prototyping
Green Machining
Binder Burnout
Final Machining
Making Porous Ceramics
Shaping Pottery
Shaping Glass

419
420
420
421
421
422
422
423

Sintering and Grain Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

427

24.1
24.2
24.3
24.4
24.5
24.6
24.7
24.8
24.9
24.10
24.11
24.12
24.13
24.14
24.15
24.16
24.17
24.18

427
429
429
429
431
431
433
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
439
440
441
441

The Sintering Process

The Terminology of Sintering
Capillary Forces and Surface Forces
Sintering Spheres and Wires
Grain Growth
Sintering and Diffusion
Liquid-Phase Sintering
Hot Pressing
Pinning Grain Boundaries
More Grain Growth
Grain Boundaries, Surfaces, and Sintering
Exaggerated Grain Growth
Fabricating Complex Shapes
Pottery
Pores and Porous Ceramics
Sintering with Two and Three Phases
Examples of Sintering in Action
Computer Modeling

Solid-State Phase Transformations and Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

444

25.1
25.2
25.3
25.4
25.5
25.6
25.7
25.8
25.9
25.10
25.11
25.12
25.13
25.14
25.15
25.16
25.17
25.18
25.19
25.20

444
445
445
447
448
449
450
451
451
452
453
454
454
455
457
458
459
459
460
461

Transformations and Reactions: The Link

The Terminology
Technology
Phase Transformations without Changing Chemistry
Phase Transformations Changing Chemistry
Methods for Studying Kinetics
Diffusion through a Layer: Slip Casting
Diffusion through a Layer: Solid-State Reactions
The Spinel-Forming Reaction
Inert Markers and Reaction Barriers
Simplified Darken Equation
The Incubation Period
Particle Growth and the Effect of Misfit
Thin-Film Reactions
Reactions in an Electric Field
Phase Transformations Involving Glass
Pottery
Cement
Reactions Involving a Gas Phase
Curved Interfaces

Processing Glass and Glass-Ceramics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

463

26.1
26.2
26.3

463
463
467

The Market for Glass and Glass Products

Processing Bulk Glasses
Bubbles

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26.4
26.5
26.6
26.7
26.8
26.9
26.10
26.11
26.12
26.13
26.14
26.15
27

28

481

27.1
27.2
27.3
27.4
27.5
27.6
27.7

481
481
484
484
485
486
488

Defining Thick Film

Tape Casting
Dip Coating
Spin Coating
Spraying
Electrophoretic Deposition
Thick-Film Circuits

Thin Films and Vapor Deposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

494

28.1
28.2
28.3
28.4
28.5
28.6

494
494
495
495
497

The Difference between Thin Films and Thick Films

Acronyms, Adjectives, and Hyphens
Requirements for Thin Ceramic Films
Chemical Vapor Deposition
Thermodynamics of Chemical Vapor Deposition
Chemical Vapor Deposition of Ceramic Films for
Semiconductor Devices
Types of Chemical Vapor Deposition
Chemical Vapor Deposition Safety
Evaporation
Sputtering
Molecular-Beam Epitaxy
Pulsed-Laser Deposition
Ion-Beam-Assisted Deposition
Substrates

MAT_PR.indd xix

498
499
500
500
501
502
503
504
504

Growing Single Crystals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

507

29.1
29.2
29.3
29.4
29.5
29.6
29.7
29.8
29.9
29.10
29.11
29.12

507
507
508
509
511
511
514
515
516
516
517

Why Single Crystals?

A Brief History of Growing Ceramic Single Crystals
Methods for Growing Single Crystals of Ceramics
Melt Technique: Verneuil (Flame-Fusion)
Melt Technique: Arc-Image Growth
Melt Technique: Czochralski
Melt Technique: Skull Melting
Melt Technique: BridgmanStockbarger
Melt Technique: Heat-Exchange Method
Applying Phase Diagrams to Single-Crystal Growth
Solution Technique: Hydrothermal
Solution Technique: Hydrothermal Growth at
Low Temperature
29.13 Solution Technique: Flux Growth
29.14 Solution Technique: Growing Diamonds

Contents

468
469
470
472
473
473
473
474
474
474
476
478

Coatings and Thick Films . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

28.7
28.8
28.9
28.10
28.11
28.12
28.13
28.14
29

Flat Glass
Float-Glass
Glassblowing
Coating Glass
Safety Glass
Foam Glass
Sealing Glass
Enamel
Photochromic Glass
Ceramming: Changing Glass to Glass-Ceramics
Glass for Art and Sculpture
Glass for Science and Engineering

519
519
521

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29.15
29.16
29.17
29.18

Vapor Technique: VaporLiquidSolid

Vapor Technique: Sublimation
Preparing Substrates for Thin-Film Applications
Growing Nanowires and Nanotubes by
VaporLiquidSolid and Not

521
522
522
522

PART VII PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS

30

31

32

Conducting Charge or Not . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

529

30.1
30.2
30.3
30.4
30.5
30.6
30.7
30.8
30.9
30.10
30.11
30.12
30.13
30.14
30.15
30.16
30.17
30.18
30.19
30.20
30.21

529
531
532
533
533
534
535
537
539
540
541
542
543
543
544
544
546
548
549
550
551

Ceramics as Electrical Conductors

Conduction Mechanisms in Ceramics
Number of Conduction Electrons
Electron Mobility
Effect of Temperature
Ceramics with Metal-Like Conductivity
Applications for High- Ceramics
Semiconducting Ceramics
Examples of Extrinsic Semiconductors
Varistors
Thermistors
Wide-Band-Gap Semiconductors
Ion Conduction
Fast Ion Conductors
Batteries
Fuel Cells
Ceramic Insulators
Substrates and Packages for Integrated Circuits
Insulating Layers in Integrated Circuits
Superconductivity
Ceramic Superconductors

Locally Redistributing Charge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

556

31.1
31.2
31.3
31.4
31.5
31.6
31.7
31.8
31.9
31.10
31.11
31.12
31.13
31.14

556
560
562
565
565
565
565
568
569
570
571
572
572
573

Background on Dielectrics
Ferroelectricity
BaTiO3: The Prototypical Ferroelectric
Solid Solutions with BaTiO3
Other Ferroelectric Ceramics
Relaxor Dielectrics
Ceramic Capacitors
Ceramic Ferroelectrics for Memory Applications
Piezoelectricity
Lead ZirconateLead Titanate (PZT) Solid Solutions
Applications for Piezoelectric Ceramics
Piezoelectric Materials for Microelectromechanical Systems
Pyroelectricity
Applications for Pyroelectric Ceramics

Interacting with and Generating Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

575

32.1
32.2
32.3
32.4
32.5
32.6
32.7

575
577
578
579
580
581
581

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MAT_PR.indd xx

Some Background for Optical Ceramics

Transparency
The Refractive Index
Reflection from Ceramic Surfaces
Color in Ceramics
Coloring Glass and Glazes
Ceramic Pigments and Stains

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32.8
32.9
32.10
32.11
32.12
32.13
32.14
32.15
32.16
33

34

35

Contents

MAT_PR.indd xxi

Translucent Ceramics
Lamp Envelopes
Fluorescence
The Basics of Optical Fibers
Phosphors and Emitters
Solid-State Lasers
Electrooptic Ceramics for Optical Devices
Reacting to Other Parts of the Spectrum
Optical Ceramics in Nature

583
584
585
586
588
589
590
594
595

Using Magnetic Fields and Storing Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

598

33.1
33.2
33.3
33.4
33.5
33.6
33.7
33.8
33.9
33.10
33.11
33.12
33.13
33.14
33.15
33.16
33.17
33.18
33.19

598
599
600
601
601
602
603
604
604
605
606
609
609
610
611
612
614
614
616

A Brief History of Magnetic Ceramics

Magnetic Dipoles
The Basic Equations, the Words, and the Units
The Five Classes of Magnetic Material
Diamagnetic Ceramics
Superconducting Magnets
Paramagnetic Ceramics
Measuring
Ferromagnetism
Antiferromagnetism and Colossal Magnetoresistance
Ferrimagnetism
Estimating the Magnetization of Ferrimagnets
Magnetic Domains and Bloch Walls
Imaging Magnetic Domains
Motion of Domain Walls and Hysteresis Loops
Hard and Soft Ferrites
Microwave Ferrites
Data Storage and Recording
Magnetic Nanoparticles

Responding to Temperature Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

619

34.1
34.2
34.3
34.4
34.5
34.6
34.7
34.8
34.9
34.10
34.11
34.12
34.13
34.14

619
619
621
623
624
626
626
628
628
630
631
632
632
633

Summary of Terms and Units

Absorption and Heat Capacity
Melting Temperatures
Vaporization
Thermal Conductivity
Measuring Thermal Conductivity
Microstructure and Thermal Conductivity
Using High Thermal Conductivity
Thermal Expansion
Effect of Crystal Structure on
Thermal Expansion Measurment
Importance of Matching s
Applications for Low-
Thermal Shock

Ceramics in Biology and Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

635

35.1
35.2
35.3
35.4
35.5
35.6
35.7

635
636
638
639
640
641
642

What Are Bioceramics?

Advantages and Disadvantages of Ceramics
Ceramic Implants and the Structure of Bone
Alumina and Zirconia
Bioactive Glasses
Bioactive Glass-Ceramics
Hydroxyapatite

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35.8
35.9
35.10
35.11
35.12
35.13
35.14
36

37

Bioceramics in Composites
Bioceramic Coatings
Radiotherapy Glasses
Pyrolytic Carbon Heart Valves
Nanobioceramics
Dental Ceramics
Biomimetics

644
645
646
646
647
648
648

Minerals and Gems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

652

36.1
36.2
36.3
36.4
36.5
36.6
36.7
36.8
36.9
36.10
36.11
36.12
36.13
36.14
36.15

652
653
653
654
656
660
661
663
664
664
666
667
669
670
670

Minerals
What Is a Gem?
In the Rough
Cutting and Polishing
Light and Optics in Gemology
Color in Gems and Minerals
Optical Effects
Identifying Minerals and Gems
Chemical Stability (Durability)
Diamonds, Sapphires, Rubies, and Emeralds
Opal
Other Gems
Minerals with Inclusions
Treatment of Gems
The Mineral and Gem Trade

Industry and the Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

675

37.1
37.2
37.3
37.4
37.5
37.6
37.7
37.8
37.9
37.10

675
676
677
677
680
682
683
685
685
687

The Beginning of the Modern Ceramics Industry

Growth and Globalization
Types of Market
Case Studies
Emerging Areas
Mining
Recycling
In the Nuclear Industry
Producing and Storing Hydrogen
As Green Materials

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

691

Details for Figures and Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

701

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Contents

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