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While reviewing the literature on nutrition in diabetes mellitus, we have just recently
studied Mann et al’s “Evidence based nutritional approaches to the prevention and
treatment of diabetes mellitus” (1).
A superficial glance at the article immediately raised questions, because the endpoints
referred to were mostly weight control and LDL. Since the DCCT (2) and UKPDS (3)
studies define glycemic control expressed as HbA1c, as the most reliable predictor for
endpoints such as mortality, blindness, amputation or dialysis, why were not studies
exploring the effect of diet on glycemic control referred to? It also appeared strange
that the authors only quoted LDL levels, in studies also reporting other risk factors,
such as total cholesterol, HDL, ratios and triglycerides.
On saturated fats Mann et al. claim: “There is convincing evidence from meta analyses
of controlled trials in those without diabetes [4-6] that an exchange of dietary
saturated fatty acids with unsaturated fatty acids (other than trans fatty acids - see
below) or carbohydrates will reduce LDL-cholesterol.”
Howell et al’s meta analysis reveals that the magnitude of this difference in LDL by
the consumption of saturated fat, as compared to the recommended diet is only
marginal, around 5% (5). If drugs like statins would reduce LDL by only 5%, would
they be prescribed or even approved, especially if they caused a more prominent
deterioration of other risk factors?
Malmoe 2007-08-24
References
2. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group (1993) The effect of
intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term
complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 329(14):977-86.
3. Stratton IM, Adler AI, Neil HA, Matthews DR, Manley SE, Cull CA, Hadden D,
Turner RC, Holman RR (2000) Association of glycaemia with macrovascular and
microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 35): prospective
observational study. BMJ 321(7258):405-12
4. Katan MB, Zock PL, Mensink MP (1995) Dietary oils, serum lipoproteins, and
coronary heart disease. Am J Clin Nutr 61:1368S-1373S
5. Howell WH, McNamara D J, Tosca MA, Smith BT, Gaines JA (1997) Plasma lipid
and lipoprotein responses to dietary fat and cholesterol: meta analysis. Am J Clin Nutr
65:1747-1764
6. Mensink RP, Zock PL, Kester ADM, Katan MB (2003) Effects of dietary fatty acids
and carbohydrates on the ratio of serum total to HDL-cholesterol and on serum lipids
and apolipoproteins: a meta-analysis of 60 controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr 77:1146-
1155
10. Summers LKM, Fielding BA, Bradshaw HA, et al (2002) Substituting dietary
saturated fat with polyunsaturated fat changes abdominal fat distribution and improves
insulin sensitivity. Diabetologia 45:369-377
13. Toeller M, Buyken AE, Heitkamp G, Cathelineau G, Ferriss JB, Michel G, and the
EURODIAB IDDM Complications Study Group (2001) Nutrient intakes as predictors
of body weight in European people with type I diabetes. Int J Obes 25:1815-1822
14. Shah M, Garg A (1996) High fat and high carbohydrate diets and energy balance: a
review. Diabetes Care 19:1142-1152
15. Foster GD, Wyatt HR, Hill JO, et al (2003) A randomized trial of a low-
carbohydrate diet for obesity. N Engl J Med 348: 2082-2090