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1 inch diameter; occupies 2 / 3 of vertebral canal 25 cm shorter than vertebral column. CSF surrounds SC in the subarachnoid space at 2 regions, it is enlarged. Lumbar and spinal nerves have long roots and descends in a bundle called cauda equine.
1 inch diameter; occupies 2 / 3 of vertebral canal 25 cm shorter than vertebral column. CSF surrounds SC in the subarachnoid space at 2 regions, it is enlarged. Lumbar and spinal nerves have long roots and descends in a bundle called cauda equine.
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1 inch diameter; occupies 2 / 3 of vertebral canal 25 cm shorter than vertebral column. CSF surrounds SC in the subarachnoid space at 2 regions, it is enlarged. Lumbar and spinal nerves have long roots and descends in a bundle called cauda equine.
Droits d'auteur :
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Formats disponibles
Téléchargez comme DOC, PDF, TXT ou lisez en ligne sur Scribd
Gross Appearance & Stru cture of the Spina l Cord (2 extend the whole cord, 2 only in thoracic &
le cord, 2 only in thoracic & lumbar
Cylindrical; < 1 inch diameter; occupies 2/3 of vertebral canal segments) 25 cm shorter than vertebral column. 3. Lateral gray horn Begins at foramen magnum terminates at lower border of L1 Interomedial group of cells from Form preganglionic sympathetic (adult) / upper border of L3 (children) as tapered conus T1-L2 (L3) fibers medullaris. Similar cells in S2, 3. 4 segments Form preganglionic parasympathetic fibers Surrounded by meninges: Dura, Arachnoid, Pia (forms denticulate ligament and filum terminale) **Rexed’s Laminar organization of the Gray Matter (Manter) CSF surrounds SC in the subarachnoid space Lamina I: Most dorsal part of the dorsal horn At 2 regions, it is enlarged and gives origin to: (1) Cervical region Lamina II: Corresponds to substantia nigra brachial plexus (cervical enlargement); (2) thoracic & lumbar Lamina I – VI : Comfined to dorsal horn Region lumbosacral plexus (lumbar enlargement) Lamina VII: intermediate gray area, contains nucleus dorsalis and Lumbar & spinal nerves have long roots & descends in a bundle interomediolateral gray column called cauda equine. Lamina VIII: on ventral horn, send commissural fibers to opposite side of Tapers inferiorly into Conus Medullaris, fr. Apex w/c a prolongation cord of Pia Matter, descends and is attached to post. Surface of Lamina IX: restricted to ventral horn, most ventral part, contains alpha coccyx, and gamma motor neurons Anterior median fissure – deep longitudinal fissure of the cord in Lamina X: Surrounds central canal midline anteriorly. Posterior median sulcus – shallow furrow surface on posterior ** Illustration of Rexed’s 10 layers & Table 4-1: Comparison of structural surface of cord. details in diff. Regions of spinal cord see Last page :) Composed of inner gray matter and outer white matter No indication that the SC is segmented The G ray Co mm is sure and Cent ral Canal
GRA Y MA TTE R Connects anterior and posterior gray columns
Central canal – at the center of gray commissure, present H-shaped pillar w/ anterior & posterior gray columns or horns throughout SC united by a gray commissure w/ a central canal ⇒ Superiorly: continuous w/ central canal of caudal half of Thoracic & Lumbar segment: has small lateral gray column medulla oblongata & above this, opens into the 4 th ventricle Histo: mixture of multipolar neurons, neuroglia and BV cavity. ⇒ Inferiorly: in conus medullaris, expands to fusiform terminal 1. Anterior gray horn ventricle and terminates below w/in the roof of filum terminale. • Greater in cervical and lumbosacral segments ⇒ Filled w/ CSF and lined w/ ciliated columnar epithelium • Alpha efferents – innervate skeletal muscle (ependyma)
• Gamma efferents – smaller, innervate intrafusal muscles of WHI TE MA TTE R
neuromuscular spindle 3 basic groups of nerve cells in ANTERIOR GRAY COLUMN Mixture of nerve fibers, neuroglia, and BC White color is due to hign proportion of myelinated nerve fibers. Med ial Present in most Innervate skeletal muscle of segments neck and trunk including Divided into anterior, lateral & posterior white columns or funiculi intercostals and abdominal More white matter than gray matter at cervical levels because of musculature fibers connecting the entire cord with the brain Segments C3, 4, 5 Innervate the diaphragm Various nerve bundles or tracts pass through the cords Centra l (phrenic nerve) (smallest Upper 5 or 6 cervical Innervate sternocleidomastoid & THE ASCEN DI NG TRA CTS OF THE SPI NAL CO RD of the 3) trapezius (accessory nerve) L2 to S1 segments Lumbosacral nucleus Nerve fibers of diff sizes and function are segregated into nerve Latera l Cervical & Innervate skeletal muscle of bundles or tracts in the white matter. lumbosacral segments limbs Conducts info w/c may not reach consciousness Info is divided into 2 main groups: 2. Posterior gray horn 1. Exteroceptive – originates from outside the body (pain, temp, • 4 nerve cell groups touch) 2. Proprioceptive – originates from inside the body (muscles & Substantia • Apex of posterior gray horn; Golgi type II neurons joints) gelatin osa • Receives afferent fibers of pain, touch & grou p Anatomi cal Organ izat ion temperature from posterior root Ascending pathway consists of 3 neurons • Receives input fr. descending fibers from First-order neuron Cell body is at Poste rio r Root supraspinal levels Gangl ion • Inputs of pain and temp. sensation are modified Peripheral process: connects w/ sensory by excitatory or inhibitory information fr. other receptor sensory inputs and by info. fr. Cerebral cortex Central process: @ SC aand connects w/ Nucl eus • Are large cells anterior to substantia gelatinosa 2nd order neuron propri us • Main bulk of posterior gray horn Second-order neuron Gives rise to axon that cross opposite side • Receive fibers from posterior white column that is (decussates) and ascends to a higher associated w/ sense of position and movement level of CNS, synapses w/ 3rd order N. (proprioception), vibration, 2-point discrimination Third-order order neuron Usually in thalamus Nucl eus • Base of posterior gray horn (C8 to L3 or L4) Gives rise to projection fiber that passes to dorsa lis • Cells are large and associated w/ proprioceptive a sensory region of cerebral cortex (Clark’ s endings (neuromuscular & tendon spindles) column) Visceral • Medium sized cells lateral to nucleus dorsalis afferent • From T1 to L3 segments 1 of 2 | Page nucleus • Associated w/ receiving visceral afferent info. Three-neuron chain is most common, but some have fewer ** Pain fibers are slightly anterior to temperature fibers. neurons. Many neurons branch & give input to reticular formation RF As spinothalamic tract ascends to medulla oblongata (it is near the activates cerebral cortex, maintaining wakefulness. lateral surface and between inferior olivary & nucleus of spinal tract Others are in reflex muscular activity of trigeminal nerve (Accompanied by AST & spinotectal tract forming Spinal Lemn is cus Spinal Lemniscus continues to Func tion of the Ascending Tracts ascend through posterior part of pons (In midbrain, it lies in tegmentum lateral to medial lemniscus) LST fibers end by Lateral spinothalamic tract (LST) Pain and thermal sensation synapsing w/ 3rd-order neuron in Ventral Posterolateral Nucleus of Anterior spinothalamic tract (AST) Light (crude) touch, pressure Thalamus. Posterior white column Discriminative touch(ability to localize (Fasciculus gracilis, Fasciculus accurately the area of body touched) 3rd-order neuron pass through posterior limb of internal capsule and cuneatus) Two point discrimination corona radiate somasthetic area in postcentral gyrus of cerebral Info from joint and muscle - movement cortex. & position of different parts of the body Vibratory sensations
Unconscious info from Anterior Cerebellum
Muscle, joint, skin, SQ spinocerebellar Pathway (s imp li fied ) Cuneocerebellar Axon from receptor PRG (1st order) posterior gray horn Spinovisual reflex (pain, Spinotectal tract Superior culliculus Substantia gelatinosa (2nd order) Tract of Lissauer (posterolateral thermal, tactile) of midbrain fasciculus) Crossing opposite LST (anterolateral fasciculus) Muscle, joints, skin Spinoreticular Reticular formation medulla (LST + AST + ST join and form Spinal Lemniscus) Pons Indirect pathway for Spinoolivary Cerebellum Midbrain VPL of thalamus Post. Limb of internal capsule further afferent information Corona radiate Postcentral gyrus Motor area OR Sensory association area Pain and Temperatu re Path ways - Lateral Spinothalamic Tract 3 Peripheral receptors: naked or free nerve endings Pain impulse (also heat & cold travel via these fibers) transmitted by: A delta – fast conducting (6 and 30 m/sec); C fibers – slow conducting (0.5 and 2.0 m/sec) Pain perception: Influenced by emotional state, past experiences of individual. warns of potential injury, alerts the person to avoid it
2 types of pain: fast and slow
Fast Pain Slo w pain Felt about 0.1 sec after stimulation Felt 1 sec after stimulation Sharp, acute or pricking pain Burning, aching or throbbing (produced when there is tissue destruction) Almost confined to skin Greater persistence Accurately localized Less clear location Directly ascends in VPL then Majority: relays, winding up postcentral gyrus phenomenon Glutamate as NT fr. A delta & C fibers Substance P as NT fr C fibers Elicited by mechanical, thermal stimuli mechanical, thermal & chemical Ex. Needle prick Ex. Abscess or arthritis **Serotonin, histamine, bradykinin, lactic acid & K ions - excites free nerve endings; release in response to noxious & inflammatory stimuli. ** Prostaglandins & substance P - Lowers pain threshold but can’t stimulate endings.
Pathwa y: Snel l
Axons enter SC from PRG tip of Posterior gray column
Divide into ascending and descending branches Branches travel 1 or 2 segments of SC and Forms Posterolateral tract of Lissauer these fibers of first-order n. Terminate by synapsing w/ cells in post gray column (including cells in substantia gelatinosa) **Substance P – peptide, NT at this synapses
2nd-order neuron cross obliquely to the opposite side in anterior
gray & white commissuew w/in one spinal segment of SC ascend in contralateral white column as lateral spinothalamin tract (medial to spinocerebellar tract) new fibers are added at anteromedial portion as spinothalamic tract ascends. **At upper cervical: sacral segments are lateral and cervical segments are medial / Fibers carrying 2 of 2 | Page