UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA SECOND TEST SEMESTER I SESSION 2012/2013

SUBJECT NAME SUBJECT CODE DURATION INSTRUCTION : : : : ELECTRONIC SYSTEM BEB 31803 1 HOUR ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS. COMMUNICATION

NAME MATRIC ID SECTION LECTURER

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Qtn. No. Marks

: ___________________________ : ___________________________ :

1 2 Total

THIS QUESTION PAPER CONSISTS OF 10 PAGES

Q1.

a)

What are the three (3) most predominant modulation schemes used in digital radio system?

Answer Amplitude Shift Keying (1) Frequency Shift Keying (1) Phase Shift Keying (1) (3 marks)

(b)

The simplest digital modulation technology is Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK), where a binary information signal directly modulates the amplitude modulation except there are only two output amplitudes possible. Mathematically, ASK is denoted as
A V( ask ) (t ) = [1 + Vm (t )] cos c t 2

(Equation 1)

Vask (t ) =
Where

ASKwave

Vm (t ) = digital signal (Volts) A = Carrier amplitude(Volts ) 2 c = Carrier radian frequency

Vm (t ) is a normalized binary waveforms where +1 V= logic 1 and -1 V= logic 0. Simplified Equation 1 for logic 1 and 0, and sketch the ASK waveform for binary input 110010100.

Logic 1= +1 V
A V( ask ) (t ) = [1 + Vm (t )] cos c t 2 A = [1 + 1][ cos c t ] 2 = A cos c t

(2.5)

Logic 0 = -1 V
A V( ask ) (t ) = [1 + Vm (t )] cos c t 2 A = [1 1][ cos c t ] 2 =0

(2.5)

Waveform 110010100

(2)

(7 marks)

(c)

Encode the binary input 11010100011 using the following encoding technique i) ii) iii) iv) NRZ-L RZ (Unipolar) RZ (AMI) Biphase L

1 NRZ-L (2.5)

RZ- Unipolar (2.5)

RZ- AMI (2.5) Bi- phase-L (2.5)

(10 marks) Q2 (a) A significant reduction in the performance of a communication system, can be attributed by correlated and uncorrelated noise. With the aid of a diagram, briefly discuss the sources of both noise factors.

Solution:
a) Sourcesofbothnoisefactorsareshowninthefiguregivenbelow:

 Correlatednoise: Thistypeofnoiseexistsonlywhensignalispresent. Uncorrelatednoise: This type of noise exists all the time, whether there is any signal or not. There are two broad categories of uncorrelated noise which are internal noise and external noise. Externalnoise: Generated outside the device or circuit. Three primary sources are atmospheric,extraterrestrialandmanmade. Atmosphericnoise: o Naturally occurring electrical disturbance originate within Earths atmosphere o Commonlycalledstaticelectricity o Most static electricity is naturally occurring electrical conditions, such as lighting o Intheformofimpulse,spreadenergythroughwiderangeoffrequency o Insignificantatfrequencyabove30MHz Extraterrestrialnoise: o Consists of electrical signals that originate from outside earth atmosphere, deepspacenoise.Dividefurtherintotwo,solarnoiseandcosmicnoise. i. Solarnoise: Generated directly from suns heat. There are 2 parts to solarnoise. Quite condition when constant radiation intensity exist and highintensity. Sporadic disturbance caused by sun spot activities and solar flareupswhichoccurevery11years. ii. Cosmicnoise: Continuously distributed throughout the galaxies, small noise intensity because the sources of galactic noise are

locatedmuchfurtherawayfromsun.It'salsooftencalledas blackbodynoise. Manmadenoise: o Source sparkproducing mechanism such as from commutators in electric motors,automobileignitionetc o Impulsive in nature, contains wide range of frequency that propagate throughspacethesamemannerasradiowaves o Mostintenseinpopulatedmetropolitanandindustrialareasandistherefore sometimescalledindustrialnoise. Impulsenoise: o High amplitude peaks of short duration in the total noise spectrum. Consistsofsuddenburstofirregularlyshapedpulses. o Moredevastatingondigitaldata, o Producefromelectromechanicalswitches,electricmotoretc. Interference: o Externalnoise o Signalfromonesourceinterferewithanothersignal. o It occurs when harmonics or cross product frequencies from one source fall intothepassbandoftheneighboringchannel. o Usuallyoccursinradiofrequencyspectrum Internalnoise:

Generated within a device or circuit. 3 primary kinds, shot noise, transit-time noise and thermal noise
o Shotnoise: Caused by random arrival of carriers (hole and electron) at the output element of an electronic device such as diode, field effect transistor or bipolartransistor. The currents carriers (ac and dc) are not moving in a continuous, steady flow, as the distance they travel varies because of their random paths of motion. Shotnoiserandomlyvaryingandissuperimposedontoanysignalpresent. When amplified, shot noise sounds similar to metal pellets falling on a tin roof. Sometimescalledtransistornoise Transittimenoise(Ttn): Any modification to a stream of carriers as they pass from the input to the output of a device produces irregular, random variation (emitter to the collectorintransistor).

o o o o

o o o o

o o o o o o

Time it takes for a carrier to propagate through a device is an appreciable partofthetimeofonecycleofthesignal,thenoisebecomenoticeable. Ttn is transistors are determined by carrier mobility, bias voltage, and transistorconstruction. Carriers traveling from emitter to collector suffer from emitter delay, base Ttn,andcollectorrecombinationtimeandpropagationtimedelays. If transmit delays are excessive at high frequencies, the device may add morenoisethanamplificationofthesignal. Thermalnoise: Due to rapid and random movement of electrons within a conductor due to thermalagitation Presentinallelectroniccomponentsandcommunicationsystem. Uniformly distributed across the entire electromagnetic frequency spectrum,oftenreferredaswhitenoise. Form of additive noise, meaning that it cannot be eliminated, and it increasesinintensitywiththenumberofdevicesandcircuitlength. Setasupperboundontheperformanceofcommunicationsystem. Temperature dependent, random and continuous and occurs at all frequencies.

(5 marks)

(b)

A miniaturized electronic device is designed with a bandwidth performance of 25 MHz operating at a room temperature. Given a load resistance of 100 , determine: i. The thermal noise power in dBW. ii. The noise voltage if there is an additional resistor connected in parallel to the existing one. Assume R2 = 75 . iii. The signal to noise ratio (DB) if the signal voltage is 25 V.

Solution: i. B=25MHz Loadresistance=R=100

 ii.

Thermalnoisepower= PN = kTB Where k = 1.38 1023 AndTatroomtemperatureisequalto290K Therefore:

PN = 1.38 1023 290 25 106 PN = 1 10 W

13

WhereaspowerindBWcanbecalculatedas:

PN = 10 log1 10 13W

PN = 130dBW

Nownoisevoltagecanbecalculatedas:

N Given that is an additional resistor R2 = 75 connected in parallel to the existingone thereforeforparallelcombinationofresistorswehave:

V = 4 RkTB

iii.

R=

100 75 100 + 75
7500 175

R=

R = 42.8
So VN =

4 42.8 1 1013

VN = 4.1V
Now signal voltage is given as 25V therefore signal to noise ratio can be calculatedas:

V S (dB ) = 10 log S N VN S 25V (dB) = 10 log 4.1V N

S (dB) = 67.8dB N

(15 marks)

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