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Objectives
1. To conclude if a certain body can affect the temperature of a certain experiment 2. To establish the discrepancies between the standard values and the experimental values. 3. To spectate how does temperature changes by means of utilizing a certain body. 4. To implicate the use of specific heat capacity

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Theory
Heat capacity (usually denoted by a capital C, often with subscripts) is the measurable physical quantity that characterizes the amount of heat required to change a body's temperature by a given amount. In the International System of Units, heat capacity is expressed in units of joules per kelvin. Derived quantities that specify heat capacity as an intensive property, independent of the size of a sample, are the molar heat capacity, which is the heat capacity per mole of a pure substance, and the specific heat capacity, often called simply specific heat, which is the heat capacity per unit mass of a material. Temperature reflects the average total kinetic energy of particles in matter. Heat is transfer of thermal energy; it flows from regions of high temperature to regions of low temperature. Thermal energy is stored as kinetic energy in the random modes of translation in monatomic substances, and translations and rotations of polyatomic molecules in gases. Additionally, some thermal energy may be stored as the potential energy associated with higher-energy-modes of vibration, whenever they occur in interatomic bonds in any substance. Translation, rotation, and the two types of energy in vibration (kinetic and potential) represent the degrees of freedom of motion which classically contribute to the heat capacity of a thermodynamic system For quantum mechanical reasons, some of these degrees of freedom may not be available, or only partially available to store thermal energy, at a given temperature. As the temperature approaches absolute zero, the specific heat capacity of a system also approaches zero, due to loss of available degrees of freedom due to the quantum mechanical effect. Quantum theory can be used to quantitatively predict specific heat capacities in simple systems. For any given substance, the heat capacity of a body is directly proportional to the amount of substance it contains (measured in terms of mass or moles or volume). Doubling the amount of substance in a body doubles its heat capacity, etc. However, when this effect has been corrected for, by dividing the heat capacity by the quantity of substance in a body, the resulting specific heat capacity is a function of the structure of the substance itself. In particular, it depends on the number of degrees of freedom that are available to the particles in the substance, each of which type of freedom allows substance particles to store energy.

Heat it up The translational kinetic energy of substance particles is only one of the many possible degrees of freedom which manifests as temperature change, and thus the larger the number of degrees of freedom available to the particles of a substance other than translational kinetic energy, the larger will be the specific heat capacity for the substance. For example, rotational kinetic energy of gas molecules stores heat energy in a way that increases heat capacity, since this energy does not contribute to temperature. In addition, quantum effects require that whenever energy be stored in any mechanism associated with a bound system which confers a degree of freedom, it must be stored in certain minimalsized deposits (quanta) of energy, or else not stored at all. Such effects limit the full ability of some degrees of freedom to store energy when their lowest energy storage quantum amount is not easily supplied at the average energy of particles at a given temperature. In general, for this reason, specific heat capacities tend to fall at lower temperatures where the average thermal energy available to each particle degree of freedom is smaller, and thermal energy storage begins to be limited by these quantum effects. Due to this process, as temperature falls toward absolute zero, so also does heat capacity. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_heat_capacity#Theory_of_heat_capacity http://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Specific_heat_capacity.h tml

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Summary of the Procedures

First of all, we prepared all the materials that we need in doing this said activity. One of them is the Heat Source (Bunsen burner and Alcohol burner), another is the tripod together with the wire gauze, a 250 mL beaker, two identical paper cups, two metal specimens, a platform balance, thermometer, a pair of tongs and, lastly, a 150 mL of water. Subsequently, we started to weighed our 2 specimens, an iron (nail) and a copper (coin) using the platform balance; then, after we weighed the two specimens, we boiled a 150mL of water in the 250mL beaker, and then we placed the two metal specimens into the boiling water for around 10 minutes. Afterwards, we labeled each paper cups Specimen 1 and Specimen 2, and to get the two specimens in the 250mL beaker, we utilized a tong, then we carefully placed the 2 metals separately into the paper cups. For your information, we first measured the temperature of the tap water for us to able to get the initial temperature of the tap water; next, we measured and recorded the final temperature of the tap water in the paper cups after we put the two metal specimens. Later, we recorded all the data and informations that we gathered, then we calculated the specific heat capacity of the two metal specimens.

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Example Phenomena

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Data and Results

Initial Temperature

Final Temperature

Mass(kg)

Specific Heat Capacity(J/kg C)

Water (H2O)

29

30

0.1392

4190

Metal 1 (Iron)

100

30

0.0008

10 415.14

Water (H2O)

29

31

0.1392

4190

Metal 2 (Copper)

100

31

0.008

2 113.22

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Discussion
When we finished our latest experiment Heat it up! We obtained and gained knowledge of our topic, specific heat capacity. We learned the true significance of specific capacities affecting other certain bodies. While doing this experiment, I find it hard, because we need everybodys cooperation for us to finish this experiment. In spite of the fact that we encountered tough interference and we need to be tremendously careful in doing this said activity, still, we learned and finished it productively. Of course, the perks of learning the specific heat capacity is that we will able to know if a firm object will rise its temperature for at least 1C according to its specific heat capacity. Based on our experience, when the temperature of our tap water is 29 C, and we applied our 2 specimens, the temperature level of the to tap water increases to 31C and 30C. Correspondingly, doing this experiment is extremely useful and we find it easier to understand because we applied it. As a result, we apprehend it clearly and learned the significance and implication of our topic, specific heat capacity.

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Set Up
We first measured our 2 specimens

Then we lit the fluorescent lamp and we started heating the water

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This is when the water is already at 100C

Then we put our 2 specimen into the boiling water.

Then we struggled to get the two specimen out of the water by using a tong

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Calculations
Metal 1 (Iron) Given: H20: m = 0.1392 kg C = 4190 J/kg Tf = 30 C Ti = 29 C T = 1 C Heat gained H20 = mc( T) = (0.1392 kg)(4190 J/kg)(1 C) = 583.248 J

Metal 1: m = (0.0008 kg) Tf = 30 c Ti = 100 C T = -70 C

Heat lost metal = mc T = (0.0008 kg)(c)(-70 C) = -0.056 kg c c heat gained + heat lost = 0

(583.248) + (-0.056 kgc c) = 0 = % error = J/kg C = C

X100

x 100

10,415.14

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= -2115.99%

Metal 2 (Copper) Given: H20: m = 0.1392 kg C = 4190 J/kg Tf = 31 C Ti = 29 C T = 2 C Heat gained H20 = mcT = (0.1392 kg)(4190 J/kg)(2 C) = 1166.496 J

Metal 1: m = (0.0008 kg) Tf = 31 c Ti = 100 C T = -69 C

Heat lost metal = mc T = (0.0008 kg)(c)(-69 C)

= -0.552 kg c C.
heat gained + heat lost = 0

(116.496J) + (-0.552 kg c C) = 0 = 2113.22 J/kg C = C

% error=

x 100

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X100 = -441.85

Discussion
Questions:
1. Explain any discrepancy observed in the experimental value for the specific heat capacity and the standard values. 2. What modifications in the experiment can you suggest to minimize the discrepancy between the experimental values and the standard values for the specific heat capacity of the metal specimens?

Answers:
1. After we held an experiment of specific heat capacity, we came up to an experimental value of heat capacity of 10,415 is 470 . We used the standard value which to solve for the percent error and we ascertained that we have a high percent

error. The percentage error on metal 1 was -2115.99%, which is very high. We also did the same procedure to Metal 2, and we perceived that this time our percent error is not that high compared to Metal 1, and the value is -441.85%. Over all, we have observed that we have a high percent error which shows that there is an error on what we did in this experiment. 2. After all this, there were a lot of factors affecting the result. I have determined quite a few things that could affect our discrepancy. First of all, we need to consider the mass of the object. Because our mass were very light, as a matter of fact it didnt even weigh 20g; another is the accuracy and precision of the instruments that we utilized in

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this experiment; But the most important factor is us, because the whole experiment will depend on our performance. Thus, next time we will be very careful and diligent and we will have a good outcome; lastly, we should follow the instructions strictly! Because if we dont, our performance will be a disaster!

Conclusion