DUCTILITY BASED DESIGN AND STRUCTURAL CONTROL SYSTEM Mileen Laghate, Reader in CE-AMD, S.G.S.

Institute of Technology and Sc, Indore

1. Behavior of Ductile Buil i!" The earthquake resistant design practice and construction of buildings has been in active practice for the past three decades worldwide The RC is highl! non-ho"ogeneous #ence, the behavior of RC building is criticall! dependent on their design, detailing and construction The failure of RC $uilding can be classified in to the following broad categories% & 'ailure due to $uilding (tructures i ii * $uilding as a whole )ndividual "e"bers

'ailure due to soil Condition

'urther, the e+tent of failure can be either of the following% co"plete collapse, ,artiall! collapse, severe da"age, "oderate da"age, "inor da"age or locali-ed failure The earthquake resistant design is based on dual design philosoph!% 1. Safet# Level e$i"!% (afet! of building .or its occupants/ should not be co"pro"ised under e+tre"e earthquake events %. Servicea&ilit# level e$i"!% (erviceabilit! of building should not be une+pectedl! disrupted under the "ore regular occurring earthquake events The building is per"itted to undergo in to inelastic range, hence its behavior "ust be ensure to prevent the structure fro" collapse

The uctilit# of structures refers to the capacit! of structure and its ele"ents to undergo large defor"ations without loosing either strength or stiffness 'ro" strength viewpoint, a conservative designer "a! not be te"pted to design MR's for relativel! high forces #owever, over designed structures need not necessaril! de"onstrate good ductilit!

Deflection

P1

Strong

Force

Force
P2
Ductile

Deflection

Ductility v/s Strength The (tructures with higher ductilit! are able to undergo stronger earthquake and e+hibit better seis"ic response Ductilit! "a! be defined for structures . e g store! ductilit!/ as a whole or for individual "e"ber ."e"ber ductilit!/ or ductilit! of section .sectional ductilit!/ Ductility of the structure depends on ductility of the Individual members, but there is no way to establish direct correlation between the two. The structure designed with strong

Strong Column-Weak Beam Beam failure but no collapse

Column failure Collapse

colu"n weak girder concept i"proves ductilit! A fle+ural "e"ber should have adequate ductilit! to dissipate energ! under seis"ic force

The Capacit! based design procedure is likel! to give a large degree of protection against brittle failures and colu"n !ielding

%. Structural Co!trol The seis"ic design philosoph! accepts certain a"ount of da"age in building #owever, (pecial buildings like #ospital, 0uclear ,ower ,lant etc do not accept sa"e level of da"age The conventional approach to seis"ic resistant design- na"el! rel!ing on ductile behavior of the structural "e"bers for energ! dissipation 1 has the obvious disadvantage that the structure will be da"aged during "a2or earthquake and will need to be repaired An alternate approach to separate load-carr!ing function fro" energ! dissipating function, b! incorporating a special devices for dissipation of energ! generated b! the earthquake "otion These devices would protect the structure fro" da"age The structural control techniques can be broadl! classified in to two t!pes 0a"el!, ,assive control and Active control

)n ,assive control "ethod, special "e"bers are added to the structure The strength and stiffness characteristics of these "e"bers depend on the level of structural response e+perienced b! the" 0o e+ternal forces or energ! applied to control the structural response during earthquake shaking These "e"bers are called passive control devices 3n the other hand, in Active control "ethod, ground "otion and structural response are "easured through sensors These inputs are fed to a co"puter, which calculate the forces required to be applied through special "e"bers to "odif! the building response to desirable level 'A( )ASSI*E CONTROL+ The conventional approach to earthquake resistant design of buildings depends upon providing the building with strength, stiffness and inelastic defor"ation capacit!, which are great enough to withstand a given level of earthquake-generated force This is generall! acco"plished through the selection of an appropriate structural

configuration and the careful detailing of structural "e"bers, such as bea"s and colu"ns, and the connections between the" )n contrast, we can sa! that the basic approach underl!ing "ore advanced techniques for earthquake resistance is not to strengthen the building, but to reduce the earthquake-generated forces acting upon it A"ong the "ost i"portant advanced techniques of earthquake resistant design and construction are%

$ase )solation Energ! Dissipation Devices

'i( Ba$e I$olatio!+ )n recent !ears base isolation has beco"e an increasingl! applied structural design technique in abroad for buildings and bridges in highl! seis"ic areas The base isolation s!ste" follows two basic approaches with certain co""on features )n the first approach the isolation s!ste" introduces a la!er of low lateral (tiffness between the structure and foundation The s!ste" that has been adopted "ost widel! in recent !ears is t!pified b! the use of Elasto"eric bearings, the elasto"er "ade of either natural rubber or neoprene )n this approach, the building or structure is decoupled fro" the hori-ontal co"ponents of the earthquake ground "otion b! interposing a la!er with low hori-ontal stiffness between the structure and the foundation This la!er gives the structure a funda"ental frequenc! that is "uch lower than its fi+ed-base frequenc! and also "uch lower than the predo"inant frequencies of the ground "otion The first d!na"ic "ode of the isolated structure involves defor"ation onl! in the isolation s!ste", the structure above being to all intents and purposes rigid The higher "odes that will produce defor"ation in the structure are orthogonal to the first "ode and consequentl! also to the ground "otion These higher "odes do not participate in the "otion, so that if there is high energ! in the ground "otion at these higher frequencies, this energ! cannot be trans"itted into the structure The isolation s!ste" does not absorb the earthquake energ!, but rather deflects it through the d!na"ics of the s!ste" This t!pe of isolation works when

the s!ste" is linear and even when un-da"ped4 however, so"e da"ping is beneficial to suppress an! possible resonance at the isolation frequenc! The second "ost co""on t!pe of isolation s!ste" uses sliding ele"ents between foundation and the base of the s!ste" This works b! li"iting the transfer of shear across the isolation interface Man! sliding s!ste"s have been proposed and so"e have been used The 'riction ,endulu" (!ste" .',(/ is a sliding isolation s!ste" Buil i!"$ ,ith Ba$e I$olatio!+ The first base-isolated building in the 5nited (tates is the 6'oothill Co""unities 7aw and 8ustice Center9is a :;< "illion legal services center in Rancho Cuca"onga (an $ernardino Count!, about => k" .?< "iles/ east of downtown 7os Angeles )t was Co"pleted in &=@A The building is four stories high with a full base"ent and sub-base"ent for the isolation s!ste", which consists of =@ isolators of "ultila!ered natural rubber bearings reinforced with steel plates The Center is located *< k" .&* "iles/ fro" the (an Andreas fault, asked that the building be designed for a Richter "agnitude @ ; earthquake, the "a+i"u" credible earthquake for that site The $earing used in the Indonesian demonstration building are "ade b! vulcani-ation bonding of sheets of rubber to thin steel reinforcing plates $ecause the bearings are ver! stiff in the vertical direction and ver! fle+ible in the hori-ontal direction, under seis"ic loading the bearing la!er isolates the building fro" the hori-ontal co"ponents of the ground "ove"ent while the vertical co"ponents are trans"itted to the structure relativel! unchanged Although vertical accelerations do not affect "ost buildings, the bearings also isolate the building fro" unwanted high-frequenc! vertical vibrations produced b! underground railwa!s and local traffic Rubber bearings are nor"all! suitable for stiff buildings up to seven stories in height 'or this t!pe of building, uplift on the bearings will not occur and wind load will be uni"portant This high-da"ping rubber s!ste" was also adopted for the 6'ire Depart"ent Co""and and Control 'acilit!9 .'CC'/ of 7os Angeles Count!, co"pleted in &==< .The sa"e t!pe of high-da"ping rubber bearing was also used for the )talian telephone co"pan!, ( ) , , Ancona, )tal!, the first "odern base-isolated building in Europe / The 'CC' building houses

the co"puter s!ste"s for the e"ergenc! services of the count! and is therefore required to re"ain functional after an e+tre"e event The decision to use base isolation for this pro2ect 'ire Depart"ent Co""and and Control 'acilit! building, was reached b! co"paring conventional and isolation sche"es designed to provide the sa"e degree of protection )n "ost pro2ects, the isolation design costs about five percent "ore 0ot onl! was the isolation design esti"ate app+ ? percent less in this case but also is less for an! building when equivalent levels of protection are considered 'urther"ore, these costs are first costs 7ife-c!cle costs are even "ore favorable Also noteworth! is that the conventional code design requires onl! a "ini"al level of protection that the structure not collapses4 whereas isolation design provides a higher level of protection The 65niversit! of (outhern California Teaching #ospital9 in eastern 7os Angeles is an eight-stor! concentricall! braced steel fra"e supported on ?@ lead rubber isolators and @& elasto"eric isolators The building was instru"ented b! the 6California (trong Motion )nstru"entation ,rogra"9 soon after its co"pletion in &==& The foundation s!ste" consists of spread footings and grade bea"s on rock $ecause of functional require"ents, both the building plan and elevation are highl! irregular with nu"erous setbacks over the height Two wings at either side of the building are connected through what is referred to as the BneckeddownB portion of the building, and in the original fi+ed-base design the irregular configuration led to both coupling between the lateral and torsional vibration "odes and ver! large shear force de"ands in the slender region between the two rings .Even in the isolated design steel trusses are required to carr! the shears in the necked-down region / These were two of the "ain reasons that seis"ic isolation was eventuall! chosen for this structure The 5niversit! of (outhern California .5(C/ Teaching hospital was ;? k" .*; "iles/ fro" the epicenter of the Mw ? @ &==C 0orthridge earthquake The peak ground acceleration outside the building was < C= g, and the accelerations inside the building were around < &< to < &; g )n this earthquake the structure was effectivel! isolated fro" ground "otions strong enough to cause significant da"age to other buildings in the "edical center The records obtained fro" the 5(C hospital are particularl! encouraging in that the! represent the "ost severe test of an isolated building to date

)solation used in conventional nuclear plants greatl! si"plifies the e+pensive and ti"econsu"ing design and qualification of the equip"ent, piping, and supports for seis"ic loading )n addition, when seis"ic design criteria are increased due to the discover! of nearb! faults, for e+a"ple, the plant need not be redesigned4 upgrading the isolation s!ste" is sufficient )n China there are at least three buildings on sliding s!ste"s that use speciall! selected sand at the sliding interface A t!pe of isolation containing a lead-bron-e plate sliding on stainless steel with an elasto"eric bearing has been used for a nuclear power plant in (outh Africa After a slow start, base isolation research and develop"ent in 8apan increased rapidl! The first large base-isolated building was co"pleted in &=@? Although such buildings in 8apan require special approval fro" the Ministr! of Construction, as of 8une ;<, &==@, AA< baseisolated buildings had been approved Currentl! the largest base-isolated building in the world is the Dest 8apan ,ostal Co"puter Center, located in (anda, Eobe ,refecture This si+-stor!, C>,<<< " square .A<<,<<< ft square/ structure is supported on &*< elasto"eric isolators with a nu"ber of additional steel and lead da"pers The building, which has an isolated period of ; = sec, is located appro+i"atel! ;< k" .&= "iles/ fro" the epicenter of the &==A #!ogoken 0anbu .Eobe/ earthquake, and e+perienced severe ground "otion The peak ground acceleration under the isolators was C<< c"Fsec square .< C& g/ but was reduced b! the isolation s!ste" to &*> c"Fsec square .< &; g/ at the si+th floor The esti"ate of the displace"ent of the isolators is around &* c" .C @ in / A fi+ed-base building ad2acent to the co"puter center e+perienced so"e da"age, but there was no da"age to the isolated building The use of isolation in 8apan continues to increase, especiall! in the after"ath of the Eobe earthquake As a result of superior perfor"ance of the Dest 8apan ,ostal Co"puter Center, there has been a rapid increase in the nu"ber of per"its for base-isolated buildings, including "an! apart"ents and condo"iniu"s 3ngoing research has i"proved the effectiveness of isolators in decreasing proble"s of stabilit!, roll-out, failure of the isolators, or une+pected response and the trend awa! fro" add-on "echanical da"pers Additionall!, the difficulties of "anufacturing large isolators

have di"inished )t is now possible to "ake bearings as large as ?< in .& A "/ in dia"eter The >< natural rubber bearings built for the M 7 EingFC R Diagnostics Trau"a Center in Dillowbrook, California, were at the ti"e of their "anufacture the largest isolation bearings in the 5 ( The isolators are & < " .C< in / in dia"eter The co"bination of increased si-e with low-"odulus rubber has resulted in highl! reliable isolation s!ste"s There are several local applications of seis"ic isolation s!ste"s The 3akland Cit! #all was retrofitted after the &=@= 7o"a ,rieta, California, earthquake with about &&< large isolators A new public safet! building for $erkele! is now under construction and will use seis"ic isolators The Martin 7uther Eing 8r Civic Center $uilding in $erkele! will be retrofitted using isolation, as will the #earst Me"orial Mining $uilding on the 5niversit! of California at $erkele! ca"pus The classic $eau+ Arts architecture and interior fi+tures will be untouched b! the retrofitting process, while the seis"ic resistance will be substantiall! enhanced 'rot! five base-isolated buildings in the 5 ( are planned, under construction, or co"pletedG for new construction and for retrofitting The use of base isolation applications up to this ti"e in the 5 ( has been for structures with critical or e+pensive contents, but there is increasing interest in appl!ing this technolog! to public housing, schools, and hospitals in developing countries, where the replace"ent cost due to earthquake da"age can be a significant part of the gross national product The cooperation between EERC and MR,RA led to a new 2oint effort supported b! the 5nited 0ations )ndustrial Develop"ent 3rgani-ation .50)D3/ that developed low-cost isolation s!ste"s for such countries, and several de"onstration pro2ects are in place in )ndonesia, the ,eopleHs Republic of China, and Ar"enia The research progra" at EERC, initiall! supported b! MR,RA, was instru"ental in "aking the base isolation approach to earthquake-resistant design a realit!

'ii(

E!er"# Di$$i-ati!" Device$+

)nstead of isolating the building fro" ground "otion, seis"ic energ! can be allowed to trans"it to the higher level )t is also possible to convert this energ! in to other for"s like heat

A wide range of e!er"# i$$i-atio! evice$ have been developed and are now being installed in real buildings Energ! dissipation devices are also often called a.-i!" evice$. The large nu"ber of da"ping devices that have been developed can be grouped into three broad categories% /rictio! Da.-er$% these utili-e frictional forces to dissipate energ! Metallic Da.-er$ % utili-e the defor"ation of "etal ele"ents within the da"per *i$coela$tic Da.-er$+ utili-e the controlled shearing of solids *i$cou$ Da.-er$% utili-ed the forced "ove"ent .orificing/ of fluids within the da"per

Ne, Tech!olo"ie$+ 1. MR Da.-er+ MR technolog! has "oved out of the laborator! and into co""ercial applications includes seis"ic "itigation Magneto-rheological .MR/ fluids respond to a "agnetic field with a dra"atic change in rheological behavior These fluids can reversibl! and instantaneousl! change fro" a free-flowing liquid to a se"i-solid with controllable !ield strength when e+posed to a "agnetic field %. Tu!e Ma$$ Da.-er+ Tuned "ass da"pers stabili-e against violent "otion caused b! har"onic vibration The presence of a tuned da"per forces a co"parativel! lightweight structure to overco"e the inertia of a great "ass, such as a giant concrete block, placed in such a wa! that the "ass onl! begins to "ove in one direction 2ust as the structure begins to "ove in the other, thus da"ping the structureHs oscillation The counterweight "a! be "ounted using "assive spring coils and h!draulic da"pers, and if the a+is of the vibration is funda"entall! hori-ontal or torsional, leaf springs and pendulu"-"ounted weights are e"plo!ed Tuned "ass da"pers are engineered, or BtunedB to specificall! counter har"ful frequencies of oscillation or vibration 'B( ACTI*E CONTROL

(eis"ic wave generated at the base of the building, take a short duration to reach the top of the building )n the "ean ti"e, the ground "otion and the response of the building are "onitored b! seis"o"eters These signals are fed to a co"puter, which perfor" on-line d!na"ic nonlinear ti"e histor! anal!sis of the building, and esti"ates the lateral force that are likel! to be generated when the wave reaches different floor level $ased on co"puted negative forces, actuator at different floor level acted to annul the seis"ic effect The "a2or proble"s, which are still unanswered, are reliabilit! of the control "echanis", when "ost of the ti"e it re"ains idle, and need of large e+ternal power