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Reaction Kinetics and Mechanism of Copper(II) Catalyzed Oxidative Deamination and Decarboxylation of Ornithine by Peroxomonosulfate
Paramasivam Suresh Kumar, Radhakrishnan Mohan Raj, Srinivasalu Kutti Rani, and Deivanayagam Easwaramoorthy*
Department of Chemistry, B.S. Abdur Rahman University, Chennai 600048, India ABSTRACT: Copper(II) catalyzed and uncatalyzed oxidation of ornithine by peroxomonosulfate (PMS) was studied in acetic acidsodium acetate buered medium (pH 3.65.2). The catalyzed reaction was 2.6 times faster than the uncatalyzed reaction. The catalytic constant kc obtained in this study was 0.15 mol1 dm3 s1. A negative value of entropy of activation obtained in this reaction revealed that the transition state was more rigid than the reactants. ESR spectral data ruled out the participation of free radical intermediate. Cyclic voltammetric and absorption studies conrmed the formation of copperornithinePMS complex. HPLC analysis revealed that the product formed in this reaction was 4-aminobutanal, which was conrmed by NMR spectra.

1. INTRODUCTION Peroxomonosulfate ion (HSO5), the anion of Caros acid (H2SO5), is an inexpensive and environmentally friendly oxidant and has wide applications.13 Oxidation studies of peroxomonosulfate (PMS) with several compounds such as hypophosphorous acid,4 indole-3-acetic acid,5 oxovanadium(IV) and its aminopolycarboxylate,6 aromatic aldehydes,7 alkyl thiocyanates,8 tris(1,10-phenanthroline)iron(II),9 hydroxylamine,10 ascorbic acid,11 nickel(II) lactate,12 vanillin,13 and amino acids,14,15 have been reported. During the citric acid cycle, arginine, a protonic amino acid, is broken down to ornithine, which is a non-protein amino acid. Ornithine helps to build muscles and reduce body fat, especially in combination with arginine and carnitine. Ornithine helps to remove toxic ammonia from the liver and reduces the eects of cirrhosis of the liver and other disorders associated with malfunctioning of the liver. It is the major source of polyamines in mammalian physiological systems. Hence studies on the oxidation of ornithine are gaining importance. Few reports are available in the literature regarding the kinetics and oxidation of ornithine.1618 Transition metals are known to catalyze many oxidationreduction reactions, since they exhibit multiple oxidation states. Copper complexes have a major role in oxidation chemistry, due to their abundance and relevance in biological chemistry. Though copper(II) was used as the catalyst for several oxidation reactions,1921 it has not been explored in the oxidation of -amino acids by PMS. Hence the title study was carried out and the results obtained are discussed in this paper. 2. EXPERIMENTAL SECTION 2.1. Materials and Reagents. All the solutions used in this study were prepared with double-distilled water, and the solutions were freshly prepared every day from the reagent before starting the experiments. PMS was obtained from Aldrich, USA, and the purity of the sample was found to be 98% when tested by iodometric estimation22 and hence used without further
2012 American Chemical Society

purication. PMS solution was freshly prepared every day, stored in a blackened vessel to prevent photodecomposition, and standardized iodometrically. Ornithine was obtained from Merck, India, and used as received. The chemicals such as sodium acetate and sodium perchlorate were of analar grade and used as received. Acetic acid was distilled to remove impurities and used to make the buer solution. Analar grade solvents such as acetonitrile and 2-methyl-2-propanol were distilled and used for the reactions. 2.2. Kinetic Measurements. The kinetics of oxidation of ornithine by PMS, both in the presence and absence of copper(II) sulfate catalyst in acetic acidsodium acetate buered medium, was studied under pseudo-rst-order conditions, i.e., [ornithine] [PMS] at various time intervals. A known volume of PMS solution, thermostatted at the desired temperature, was pipetted out into the reaction mixture of ornithine in buer, and simultaneously a timer was started. Consumption of PMS in this reaction mixture was monitored by the iodometric method. The rate of the reaction followed rst-order kinetics as shown in Figure 1, and the rate constant kobs was calculated from the linear plot of log [PMS]t vs time according to eq 1.
log [PMS]t = log [PMS]0 kt /2.303
(1)

The method of least squares was used to calculate the slope and intercept. The relative standard errors of the above mentioned rate constant for a single run and the relative standard errors of the mean were about 2%. The same methodology was adopted for the Cu(II) catalyzed oxidation. 2.3. Catalytic System. Copper sulfate pentahydrate was used as a homogeneous catalyst. The concentration of Cu(II) in the reaction mixture was kept at 2.5 103 mol dm3.
Received: Revised: Accepted: Published:
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October 20, 2011 March 30, 2012 March 31, 2012 March 31, 2012
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Figure 1. Plot of log [PMS]t vs time in the presence and absence of copper(II). (A) In the absence of copper(II): [ornithine] = 0.05 mol dm3; [sodium acetate] = 0.085 mol dm3; [Cu(II)] = 2.5 103 mol dm3; pH 4.0 0.1; [PMS] = 3.84 103 mol dm3. (B) In the presence of copper(II): [ornithine] = 0.05 mol dm3; [sodium acetate] = 0.085 mol dm3; pH 4.0 0.1; [PMS] = 3.84 103 mol dm3.

Table 1. Eect of Varying Concentrations on the Reaction Rate at 308 K

103[PMS] (mol dm3) 1.92 3.84 5.76 7.68 9.60 3.84 3.84 3.84 3.84 3.84 3.84 3.84 3.84 3.84 3.84 3.84 3.84 3.84 3.84 3.84 3.84 3.84 3.84 3.84 3.84 3.84 3.84 3.84 3.84 3.84
a

102[ornithine] (mol dm3) 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 2.50 5.00 6.25 7.50 10.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00

102[NaOAc] (mol dm3) 8.50 8.50 8.50 8.50 8.50 8.50 8.50 8.50 8.50 8.50 2.13 4.25 6.38 8.50 10.63 8.50 8.50 8.50 8.50 8.50 8.50 8.50 8.50 8.50 8.50 8.50 8.50 8.50 8.50 8.50

pH 0.1 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 3.6 4.0 4.4 4.6 4.8 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0

104kobsa (s1) 2.49 2.42 2.15 2.26 2.34 1.46 2.42 3.07 3.68 4.38 2.03 2.11 2.26 2.42 2.53 2.07 2.42 2.88 3.15 3.26 2.42 2.42 2.42 2.42 2.42 1.34 2.42 3.64 5.14 8.33

103[Cu(II)] (mol dm3) 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 1.25 2.50 3.75 5.00 6.25 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50

104kobsb (s1) 5.10 6.26 5.87 5.68 5.57 3.84 6.26 8.06 8.56 9.44 8.14 7.33 6.64 6.26 5.83 3.65 6.26 11.78 17.58 23.53 7.68 9.79 12.40 14.20 16.66 4.11 6.26 9.58 12.36 22.91

temp (K) 308 308 308 308 308 308 308 308 308 308 308 308 308 308 308 308 308 308 308 308 308 308 308 308 308 303 308 313 318 323

10kc 1.04 1.54 1.49 1.37 1.29 0.95 1.54 2.00 2.00 2.02 2.44 2.09 1.75 1.54 1.32 1.58 1.54 3.56 5.77 8.11 4.21 2.95 2.67 2.36 2.28 1.11 1.54 2.38 2.89 5.83

Without Cu(II). bWith Cu(II).

2.4. Spectral Analysis. The reaction mixture containing ornithine in buer and PMS was scanned in the ultraviolet and visible regions on a Perkin-Elmer LS 25 UV spectrophotometer in order to unravel the intermediate formed during the course of the reaction. Spectra were taken for both copper(II) catalyzed and uncatalyzed reactions. The concentrations of ornithine and PMS in the spectral solution in both cases were kept in the ratio 10:1.5. The spectra were taken immediately after preparation of the reaction mixture in a 1 cm cell at room temperature (298 K). The time history of the absorption spectra was monitored at dierent time intervals.
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2.4.1. ESR Spectral Analysis. The reaction mixture was scanned in the electron spin resonance spectrometer on a Varian E-112 (microwave power 20 W; DPPH; g value = 2.002 32; magnetic eld strength 3300 G) to decipher the types of intermediate (molecule/free radical) formed during the course of the reaction. The spectrum was taken immediately after preparation of the reaction mixture and monitored at dierent time intervals as well. ESR spectra were taken for the copper(II) catalyzed and uncatalyzed reactions at room temperature (298 K). Interestingly, an ESR signal was obtained for the Cu(II) catalyzed reaction only.
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Figure 2. Plot of kobs vs [ornithine] in the presence and absence of copper(II). (A) In the presence of copper(II): [sodium acetate] = 0.085 mol dm3; [Cu(II)] = 2.5 103 mol dm3; pH 4.0 0.1; [PMS] = 3.84 103 mol dm3. (B) In the absence of copper(II): [sodium acetate] = 0.085 mol dm3 ; pH 4.0 0.1; [PMS] = 3.84 103 mol dm3.

Figure 3. Plot of kobs[H+] vs [H+] in the presence and absence of copper(II). (A) In the presence of copper(II): [ornithine] = 0.05 mol dm3; [sodium acetate] = 0.085 mol dm3; [Cu(II)] = 2.5 103 mol dm3; [PMS] = 3.84 103 mol dm3. (B) In the absence of copper(II): [ornithine] = 0.05 mol dm3; [sodium acetate] = 0.085 mol dm3; [PMS] = 3.84 103 mol dm3.

2.4.2. Cyclic Voltammetric Studies. Electrochemical studies were carried out with a CHI 760C (CH Instruments, Inc., USA). Cyclic voltammetric measurements were performed at room temperature in an undivided cell (C-3 cell stand) with a glassy carbon electrode, platinum counter electrode, and a calomel reference electrode. All potentials were reported with respect to the saturated calomel electrode (SCE). Prior to the experiment, the solutions were deoxygenated by passing dry nitrogen for 30 min, and during the experiments the nitrogen ow was maintained.

when [PMS] > [ornithine] and [ornithine] > [PMS] was represented by eq 2.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1. Stoichiometry and Product Analysis. The stoichiometries of the reactions were determined for both copper(II) catalyzed and uncatalyzed reactions for the reaction mixtures containing a large excess of [PMS] over [ornithine]. Then the reaction mixture was allowed to stand for 48 h and the unconsumed PMS was estimated iodometrically. Corrections for the self-decomposition of PMS were made from the values obtained from the control experiments. The stoichiometry of the reaction was determined for the reaction mixture containing a large excess of [ornithine] over [PMS] in buer as well. The excess [ornithine] was determined spectrophotometrically. The observed stoichiometry of the reaction in both copper(II) catalyzed and uncatalyzed reaction (ornithine:PMS = 1:1)
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Qualitative tests were carried out to identify the products of oxidation of ornithine by PMS. The reaction mixture containing a large excess of PMS over ornithine was allowed to stand for 48 h in a blackened vessel at room temperature. Excess PMS present in the reaction mixture was destroyed by adding sodium bisulte, and then the mixture was extracted with dichloromethane. The organic layer was separated, dried, and given for IR analysis. From the IR data, absorption at 3427 cm1 is due to amine, 2900 cm1 is due to CH stretching, and 1711 cm1 is due to CO of carbonyl group. The product was further conrmed by NMR studies. NMR studies were carried out with a JEOL AL 300 MHz spectrometer. The NMR data were given below 1.62 (CH2, 2H, m), 1.81 (CH2, 2H, m), 2.92 (CH2, 2H, t), and 9.47 (CHO, 1H, s), which conrmed the formation of 4-aminobutanal. The evolution of oxygen during the self-decomposition of PMS was conrmed by the color change with alkaline sodium dithionite activated by indigo carmine.23 3.2. Eect of [PMS] on kobs. The values of kobs were calculated for dierent concentrations of PMS by maintaining the other parameters at constant values. The results showed that the rate constant was unaected with increase in [PMS] in
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Figure 4. Plot of 1/kobs vs [NaOAc]. [ornithine] = 0.05 mol dm3; [Cu(II)] = 2.5 103 mol dm3; pH 4.0 0.1; [PMS] = 3.84 103 mol dm3.

Figure 5. Plot of kobs vs [copper(II)]. [ornithine] = 0.05 mol dm 3; [sodium acetate] = 0.085 mol dm3; pH 4.0 0.1; [PMS] = 3.84 103 mol dm 3.

Table 2. Kinetic and Thermodynamic Parameters for the Oxidation of Ornithine at 308 K
ornithine without Cu(II) catalyst with Cu(II) catalyst catalytic constant, kc Ea (kJ mol1) 31.08 29.01 27.91 H (kJ mol1) 29.96 27.89 26.64 (J K
1

S mol1)

G (kJ mol1) 76.56 75.43 69.27

103k1K1 (m s1) 0.87

104k2 (s1) 1.85

104k3 (s1) 2.37

102k2K2K3 (m2 s3) 5.75

151.28 154.34 138.39

both the presence and absence of copper(II) ion, presented in Table 1. This result ruled out the dimerization of PMS. 3.3. Eect of [Ornithine] on kobs. The values of kobs were calculated for the reactions conducted both in the presence and absence of copper(II) catalyst for dierent concentrations of ornithine, by keeping other parameters at constant values. Perusal of the kinetic results showed that the rate constant increased with increase in [ornithine] as presented in Table 1. Further, the plots of kobs vs [ornithine] were linear, in both cases shown in Figure 2. The positive intercept obtained in the above plots revealed that the reaction proceeded in two steps: one dependent on [ornithine] and the other independent of [ornithine]. The ornithine-independent step was due to the self-decomposition of PMS under the experimental conditions employed in this study. This was conrmed by conducting the reactions without ornithine in the reaction mixture at the same conditions. 3.4. Eect of pH on kobs. In order to ascertain the eect of pH on the rate of the reaction, reactions in the presence and absence of copper(II) ions at dierent pH values were carried out. The rate constant (kobs) values increased with an increase
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in pH values in both cases. The plot of kobs[H+] vs [H+] gave a straight line with a high correlation coecient (Figure 3). 3.5. Eect of [Sodium Acetate] on kobs. The eect of [sodium acetate] on kobs was studied by determining the values of kobs at dierent [sodium acetate], keeping other parameters constant. In this experiment, the ratio of acetic acid/sodium acetate was maintained at constant value to keep the pH constant. The values of kobs were unaected in the absence of copper(II). However, in the presence of copper(II), the rate constant decreased with increase in [sodium acetate] as shown in Table 1. The plot of kobs1 vs [sodium acetate] was linear with a positive intercept as shown in Figure 4, which suggested that the reaction was inhibited by acetate ion in the presence of copper(II) ions. 3.6. Eect of [Copper(II)] on kobs. The eect of [copper(II)] on the rate was studied by determining the values of kobs at dierent [copper(II)], by keeping other parameters at predetermined values. The kinetic results showed that the rate increased with an increase in [copper(II)] (Table 1), and the plot of kobs vs [copper(II)] was linear with a positive intercept (Figure 5).
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Figure 6. (A) ESR spectrum of copper(II). (a) ESR spectrum of Cu(II) in water only. (b) ESR spectrum of Cu(II) in acetate buer medium. (c) ESR spectrum of ornithine, Cu(II), and acetate buer in the absence of peroxomonosulfate. (d) ESR spectrum of ornithine, Cu(II), acetate buer, and peroxomonosulfate at 0 min after the addition of peroxomonosulfate. (B) ESR spectrum of ornithine in the presence of copper(II). (a) ESR spectrum of ornithine in the presence of copper(II) and acetate buer in the absence of PMS. (bd) ESR spectra of ornithine, Cu(II), acetate buer, and peroxomonosulfate at (b) 0, (c) 11, and (d) 22 min, respectively, after the addition of peroxomonosulfate.

3.7. Eect of Temperature on kobs. The reaction was studied at ve dierent temperatures, viz., 303, 308, 313, 318, and 323 K, by keeping all other parameters constant. The kobs increased with the increase in temperature, and the plot of log kobs vs 1/T was a straight line (Arrhenius plot). A plot of log kobs/T vs 1/T was drawn, which was also linear (Eyrings plot). From the slope and intercept of the straight line, the thermodynamic parameters were calculated which are shown in Table 2. The positive values of free energy of activation (G) and enthalpy of activation (H) obtained in this study indicated that transition state was highly solvated, while the negative values of entropy of activation (S) suggested the formation of a rigid transition state with reduction of degree of freedom of molecules. 3.8. Eect of Dielectric Constant on kobs. The eect of the dielectric constant () of the reaction mixture on the reaction rate was studied by using two dierent solvents, such as 2-methylpropan-2-ol ( tert-butyl alcohol) and acetonitrile. The kobs remained unaected with the increase
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in composition of the solvents, ruling out the formation of a polar intermediate. 3.9. Eect of Ionic Strength on kobs. The eect of ionic strength on the reaction rate was studied by varying the ionic strength of the medium from 0.05 to 0.2 mol dm3, maintaining the other parameters at constant values. The increase in the ionic strength had no eect on the kobs value. This ruled out any interaction between the ions of the reactant. 3.10. Catalytic Activity. According to Moelwyn-Hughes24 the catalytic constant was calculated from eq 3.
kc = k T kU [Cu(II)]x
(3)

where kT is the observed pseudo-rst-order rate constant in the presence of Cu(II) catalyst, kU is the pseudo-rst-order rate constant for the uncatalyzed reaction, kc is the catalytic constant, and x is the order of the reaction with respect to copper(II). In the present investigation, the x value was found to be unity.
dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie202409p | Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2012, 51, 63106319

Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research The values of kc were calculated from eq 3. The values of kc were evaluated for copper(II) catalyzed reaction at dierent temperatures. Further, kc vs 1/T and log kc/T vs 1/T were linear. From the slopes and intercepts of the above plots, H and S were also calculated and are presented in Table 2. kc was 1.54 101 at 308 K. 3.11. Test for Free Radical Intermediates. The reaction mixture failed to initiate the polymerization of acrylonitrile when added to the reaction mixture, which ruled out the formation of free radical intermediates. Moreover, with the addition of tertbutyl alcohol, the rate of the reaction was not aected, which clearly indicated the absence of sulfate free radicals, since tertbutyl alcohol is an eective scavenger of sulfate free radicals. The absence of free radicals in this reaction was further conrmed from ESR studies (Figure 6). Table 3. g and A Values for the ESR Spectrum
g descriptiona 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
a

Article

A (G) site II 2.11 site I 40.28 42.00 58.42 58.61 59.18 58.03 site II 55.94

site I 2.19 2.17 2.18 2.14 2.14 2.14 2.14

4. DISCUSSION Ornithine exists as a dipolar ion in aqueous solutions. The dissociation of ornithine depends on the pH of the medium. The pKa values of ornithine are 1.71, 8.69, and 10.76.25 Hence, at pH 4.0, ornithine exists both in the protonated form and as zwitterions as shown in eq 4.

1, g value for the ESR spectrum of copper(II) (2.5 103 mol dm3) only; 2, g and A values for the ESR spectrum of copper(II) in buered (pH 4.0) medium; 3, g and A values for the ESR spectrum of copper(II) in buered medium with PMS (3.86 106 mol dm3); 4, g and A values for the ESR spectrum of ornithine (5 102 mol dm3) with copper(II) (2.5 103 mol dm3) in buered (pH 4.0) medium; 5, g and A values for the ESR spectrum of ornithine with copper(II) in buered medium at 0 min after the addition of PMS (3.86 103 mol dm3); 6, g and A values for the ESR spectrum of ornithine with copper(II) in buered medium at 11 min after the addition of PMS; 7, g and A values for the ESR spectrum of ornithine with copper(II) in buered medium at 22 min after the addition of PMS.

Peroxomonosulfate ion (HSO5) is a weak acid with pKa = 9.4. The standard potentials of HSO5/SO42 and SO52/ SO42 couples are 1.75 and 1.22 V, respectively. PMS exist as HSO5 in acidic condition, i.e., pH 36.26 ESR spectra were taken for the copper(II) catalyzed and uncatalyzed reactions at room temperature (298 K). Interestingly, no ESR signal was obtained for the reaction mixture in the absence of copper(II); however, an ESR signal was obtained for the reaction mixture in the presence of copper(II) ions. The ESR spectra are shown in Figure 6. The ESR spectrum of copper(II) in water showed only one signal; however, copper(II) in acetate buer showed four signals revealing the formation of copperacetate complex. ESR spectra were taken for the mixtures containing ornithine in buered medium in both the the presence and absence of copper(II). There was no ESR signal for ornithine molecular species. However, the signal obtained in the presence of copper(II) corresponds to the formation of copperornithine complex. The ESR spectrum taken at various time intervals did not aect the position of the signal (g value) and the nature of the signal (Figure 6 and Table 3). This conrmed that the structure and oxidation state of Cu(II) remained unchanged throughout the reaction. The existence of site I and site II in the ESR spectrum was due to the equilibrium between the Cu(II)ornithine monomer and the Cu(II) ornithine dimer complex. When PMS was added to the reaction mixture, site II disappeared since the dynamic equilibrium of the above complexes was prevented. UVvisible spectral studies conrmed the formation of ornithinecopper(II) complex. The UVvisible spectrum of the mixture containing ornithine and PMS in acetic acid and sodium acetate buered medium showed max at 236 nm. Scanning at dierent time intervals showed an increase in absorbance due to the formation of the intermediate imine, as shown in Figure 7. However, in the presence of copper(II), two absorption maxima were
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obtained, one at 236 nm and another domain containing a wide band centered at 692 nm. max at 692 nm was due to the formation of ornithinecopper(II) complex; interestingly the peak was observed only at higher concentrations of [Cu] > 5 102 M and was attributed to the dd transition (2Eg 2T2g), specic for Cu(II) complexes with tetragonally distorted octahedral complex due to the JahnTeller eect. Further, copper(II) in water has max at 804 nm, whereas copper(II) in buer has max at 761 nm, copper(II) with ornithine has max at 695 nm, and copper(II) with ornithine and peroxomonosulfate in acetate buer has max at 682 nm, which indicates a hypsochromic shift revealing the formation of copper(II)acetate complex initially, followed by formation of complexes with ornithine and PMS, viz., copper acetate ornithine complex and copper acetate ornithine PMS complex. The cyclic voltammogram of Cu(II) ornithinePMS system is presented in Figure 8, which shows three peak potentials: 0.25, 0.45, and 0.77 V. The peak potential of Cu(II) in the Cu(II)ornithine complex remained the same as that of free copper(II), whereas the peak potential of ornithine complex had shifted from 0.55 to 0.45 V for free ornithine. The peak potential of Cu(II) in Cu(II)ornithine PMS complex was 0.77 V compared to the peak potential of Cu(II) in Cu(II)ornithine complex (0.80 V) (Table 4). This establishes that Cu(II) forms complexes with ornithine which in turn forms complexes with PMS. The lowering of the peak potential of the Cu(II)ornithine complex suggested that, although PMS donated electrons to form a complex with Cu(II), back-donation might be predominant, in order to decrease the reduction potential of Cu(II). Hence it is established that PMS interacts with free ornithine and also with Cu(II)ornithine complex. ESR spectral data also conrmed distorted octahedron geometry. Further, the structure of copperacetate complex has been arrived at by considering the eect of acetate on the rate of the reaction. The eect of acetate on the rate of the reaction revealed that there was no acetate eect on the rate in the absence of copper(II), whereas the rate decreased while the
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Figure 7. (a) Absorption spectra of the reaction mixture in the absence of copper(II) at various time intervals. [ornithine] = 0.05 mol dm3; [sodium acetate] = 0.085 mol dm3; pH 4.0 0.1; [PMS] = 3.98 103 mol dm3. (b) Absorption spectra of the reaction mixture in the presence of copper(II) at various time intervals. [ornithine] = 0.05 mol dm3; [sodium acetate] = 0.085 mol dm3; [Cu(II)] = 2.5 105 mol dm3; pH 4.0 0.1; [PMS] = 3.98 103 mol dm3. (c) Absorption spectra of copper(II) in dierent reagents. [ornithine] = 0.05 mol dm3; [sodium acetate] = 0.085 mol dm3; [Cu(II)] = 2.5 103 mol dm3; pH 4.0 0.1; [PMS] = 3.98 103 mol dm3.

concentration of acetate increased. This observation suggested the existence of the equilibrium of eq 5.

Scheme 1. Mechanism of the Uncatalyzed Reaction Pathway

The involvement of the -NH2 terminal group of ornithine in the complexation of copper(II) has already been established by means of potentiometry, calorimetry, and UVvisible and ESR techniques.27 It is already been established that a monomer complex between copper and ornithine was predominant at pH 46 and a dimer complex between ornithine and copper was predominant only above pH 7. Hence the structure of the complex (copperornithinePMS) for the reaction conditions employed for our studies is given by

Based on the above discussion, the detailed mechanism of the uncatalyzed reaction pathway is given in Scheme 1. The
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Figure 8. Cyclic voltammogram of ornithine with Cu(II) in acetate buered medium in both the absence and presence of peroxomonosulfate. [ornithine] = 2.5 102 mol dm3; [Cu2+] = 5 105 mol dm3; pH 4.0 0.1; [sodium acetate] = 8.5 102 mol dm3; [PMS] = 8.0 104 mol dm3.

Figure 9. NMR spectrum of the reaction mixture. [ornithine] = 2.5 102 mol dm3; pH 4.0 0.1; [sodium acetate] = 8.5 102 mol dm3; [PMS] = 8.0 102 mol dm3.
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Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research Table 4. Potential E (V) Values of the Cyclic Voltammogram
E (V) description 1 2 3 4 5
a
a

Article

On linearizing eq 21
kobs[H+] = k 2K 2K3[ornithine][Cu 2 +] + k1K1[ornithine] [OAc] + k 3[H+]
(22)

peak I 0.71 0.55 0.80 0.25 0.25

peak II 0.45 0.45

peak III 0.80 0.77

From eq 22 values of k2K2K3, k1K1, and k3 were calculated from dierent plots, and average values are given in Table 2.

1, E value for the cyclic voltammogram of copper(II) (5 105 mol dm3) in buered (pH 4.0) medium; 2, E value for the cyclic voltammogram of ornithine in buered medium; 3, E value for the cyclic voltammogram of PMS (8 104 mol dm3) in buered medium; 4, E value for the cyclic voltammogram of ornithine (2.5 102 mol dm3) with copper(II) (5 105 mol dm3) in buered medium; 5, E value for the cyclic voltammogram of ornithine (2.5 102 mol dm3) with copper(II) (5 105 mol dm3) and PMS (8 104 mol dm3) in buered medium.

detailed mechanism for the copper(II) catalyzed reaction pathway is given in Scheme 2. The product obtained in both copper(II) catalyzed and uncatalyzed reaction was 4-aminobutanal and 1H NMR spectrum is shown in Figure 9. kobs for Scheme 1 was derived as
k1K1[ornithine] + k2 H+ On linearizing eq 11 kobs =
kobs[H+] = k1K1[ornithine] + k 2[H+]
(11)

5. CONCLUSION The kinetics of the oxidation of ornithine by peroxomonosulfate in acetic acidsodium acetate buered medium (pH 3.65.2) in the presence and absence of copper(II) catalyst was studied at 308 K. The rate of the catalyzed reaction is 2.6 times faster than that of the uncatalyzed reaction. Variation of ionic strength did not show any eect on the rate of reaction. The formation of polar intermediate was ruled out since the solvent polarity did not aect the reaction rate. The reaction was carried out at ve dierent temperatures, and the activation and thermodynamic parameters were calculated. A suitable reaction mechanism was proposed to explain the experimental observation. The time history of the ESR spectra conrmed that the reaction proceeded through a molecular intermediate. Cyclic voltammetric studies and absorption studies conrmed the formation of copper(II)ornithinePMS complex, the structure of which was also proposed.

(12)

Scheme 2. Mechanism for Copper(II) Catalyzed Reaction Pathway

AUTHOR INFORMATION

Corresponding Author

*E-mail: easwar@bsauniv.ac.in. Fax: +91 44 22750520.

Notes

The authors declare no competing nancial interest.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors acknowledge the authorities of B.S. Abdur Rahman University for their constant encouragement and support. REFERENCES

From eq 12 k1K1 and k2 were calculated from dierent plots, and the average values are given in Table 2. The mechanism for copper(II) catalyzed oxidation of ornithine by PMS is given in Scheme 2. kobs for Scheme 2 was derived as
kobs = k 2K 2K3[ornithine][Cu 2 +] k K [ornithine] + 1 1 + + k3 [OAc][H+] [H ]

(21)
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