CIVIL ENGINEERING PRACTICE

ASSIGNMENT: - Construction Machinery

Presented to :- Sir Ammd &

Sir.Irfan
Made by:- 2007-Civil-140 &
2007-Civil-148 Sec.(D)
 Submitted By:-

What is meant by “Construction Machinery”?

• Construction Machinery are heavy-duty vehicles, specially designed for executing
construction tasks, most frequently, ones involving earth moving.
• They are also known as construction equipment, earth movers, heavy equipment or just
plain equipment.
• They usually comprise five equipment systems: implement, traction, structure, power
train, control and information.
Working Mechanism & History
• Through the mechanical advantage of a simple machine, the ratio between input force
applied and force exerted is multiplied.
• Currently most equipment use hydraulics as a primary source of transferring power.
• The use of heavy equipment has a long history. Vitruvius a 1st century B.C. engineer
gives detailed descriptions of Roman heavy equipment and Roman cranes in his treatise
De Architectura.
Structure
• This system connects components, transmits loads, provides attachment points for
implements, and allows the machine to travel over uneven ground.
• The machine’s frame, articulation, and steering for wheeled equipment are the major
parts of this system."

Manufacturers
The leading global manufacturers of construction equipment (in order):[citation needed]
1. Caterpillar Inc.
2. Komatsu
3. Terex
4. CNH Global (CASE, New Holland, Kobelco)
5. Volvo Construction Equipment
6. Deere & Company
7. Doosan Group (Bobcat Company)
8. Hitachi Construction Machinery(a subsidiary of Hitachi, Ltd.; inc: Euclid Trucks)
9. Bell Equipment
10. Hitachi Construction Machinery (Europe)
 Excavator
USAGE
Excavators are used in many ways:
• Digging of trenches, holes,
foundations
• Material handling
• Brush cutting with hydraulic
attachments
• Demolition
• General grading/landscaping
• Heavy lift, e.g. lifting and
placing of pipes
• Mining, especially, but not
only open-pit mining
• River dredging
• Driving piles, in conjunction with a Pile Driver

Major manufacturers
• Abelco website
• Ammann-Yanmar
• Bobcat Company
• Case CE
• Caterpillar Inc.
• CNH Global
• Doosan Infracore (formerly Daewoo Heavy Industries & Machinery)
• Hanix Europe : Hanix Mini Excavators
• Hidromek
• Hitachi Construction Machinery
Bulldozer
USAGE
• used to push large
quantities of soil, sand,
rubble, etc., during
construction work
• Clearing the site from trees,
obstructions even land mines (military use)

Manufacturers
• Caterpillar Inc
• JCB vehicles
• Liebherr vehicles
 Scraper
In civil engineering, a wheel tractor-
scraper is a piece of heavy equipment
used for earthmoving. The rear part has a
vertically moveable hopper (also known
as the bowl) with a sharp horizontal front
edge. The hopper can be hydraulically
lowered and raised. When the hopper is
lowered, the front edge cuts into the soil
or clay like a cheese slicer and fills the
hopper. When the hopper is full (8 to 34
m³ (10 to 45 yd³) heaped, depending on
type) it is raised, and closed with a
vertical blade (known as the apron). The
scraper can transport its load to the fill
area where the blade is raised, the back
panel of the hopper, or the ejector, is
hydraulically pushed forward and the
soil or clay load tumbles out. Then the
empty scraper returns to the cut site and
repeats the cycle.
Scrapers can be very efficient on short
hauls where the cut and fill areas are
close together and have sufficient length
to fill the hopper. The heavier scraper
types have two engines ('tandem powered'), one driving the front wheels, one driving the rear
wheels, with engines up to 400 kW (550 horsepower).
Self propelled scrapers were invented by R. G. LeTourneau in the 1930s.[1] His company called
them Tournahoppers.
Manufacturers
• K-Tec Earthmovers Inc
• Reynolds Scrapers
• IMC Scrapers
• Terex - Scrapers
• K D Sales Scraper Parts
• Miskin
• Caterpillar - Scrapers

Roller
Usage
• used to compact soil, gravel,
concrete, or asphalt in the
construction of roads and
foundations.
• also used in landfill compaction.

Types
• Manual walk-behind
• Powered walk-behind (electric or
diesel/gas powered)
• Trench roller (manual units or
radio-frequency remote control)
• Ride-on
• Ride-on with knock-down bar
• Ride-on articulating-swivel
• Vibratory
• Pneumatic-tyre
• Tractor mounted and powered

Manufacturers
• Aveling-Barford
• Bomag
• Case CE
• Caterpillar
• CMI-Terex
• Dynapac ( Atlas Copco)
• Galion

Dump truck
A dump truck or production truck
is a truck used for transporting loose
material (such as sand, gravel, or
dirt) for construction. A typical
dump truck is equipped with a
hydraulically operated open-box bed
hinged at the rear, the front of which
can be lifted up to allow the
contents to be deposited on the
ground behind the truck at the site
of delivery. In the UK and Australia
the term applies to off-road
construction plant only, and the road
vehicle is known as a tipper, tipper
lorry(UK) or tip truck(Au).

Vehicle types
• Dumper
• Semi-trailer and semi-trailer
truck
• Tractor unit
• Train
• Waste collection vehicle

Manufacturers
• BelAZ
• Kenworth
• Caterpillar Inc.
• Euclid Trucks
• GHH Fahrzeuge
• Liebherr
• Hitachi Construction Machinery

Loader
A loader is an engineering vehicle (often used in construction) that is primarily used to "load"
material (asphalt, demolition debris, dirt, feed, gravel, logs, raw minerals, recycled material,
rock, sand, wood chips, etc.) into or onto another type of machinery (dump truck, conveyor belt,
feed-hooper, rail-car, etc.).
Loaders are used mainly for uploading materials into trucks, laying pipe, clearing rubble, and
digging. A loader is not the most efficient machine for digging as it cannot dig very deep below
the level of its wheels, like a backhoe
can. Their deep bucket can usually store
about 3-6 cubic meters (exact number
varies with the model) of earth. The
front loader's bucket capacity is much
bigger than a bucket capacity of a
backhoe loader. Loaders are not
classified as earthmoving machinery, as
their primary purpose is other than
earthmoving.
Unlike most bulldozers, most loaders are
wheeled and not tracked, although track
loaders are common. They are
successful where sharp edged materials
in construction debris would damage
rubber wheels, or where the ground is
soft and muddy. Wheels provide better
mobility and speed and do not damage
paved roads as much as tracks, but
provide less traction.
In construction areas loaders are also
used to transport building materials -
such as bricks, pipe, metal bars, and
digging tools - over short distances.
Manufacturers
• Case
• Coyote
• Caterpillar
• JCB
• Komatsu

Paver
A paver (paver finisher, asphalt finisher) is an engineering vehicle used to lay asphalt
on roadways. It is normally fed by a dump truck. A separate machine, a roller, is then
used to press the hot asphalt mix, resulting a smooth, even surface. The sub-base being
prepared by use of a grader to trim crushed stone to profile after rolling.
Manufacturers
• Volvo Construction Equipment (took over Ingersoll Rands paving division in 2007) -
VOLVO CE
• Dynapac - DYNAPAC
 • Terex - Terex - Asphalt Production &
Paving
• Caterpillar Inc.

Grader
A grader, also commonly referred to as
a road grader, a blade, a maintainer, or a motor grader, is an engineering vehicle with a long
blade used to create a flat surface. Typical models have three axles, with the engine and cab
situated above the rear axles at one end of the vehicle and a third axle at the front end of the
vehicle, with the blade in between. Some hard hats refer to this machine as "the blade".
In civil engineering, the grader's purpose is to "finish grade" (refine, set precisely) the "rough
grading" performed by heavy equipment or engineering vehicles such as scrapers and
bulldozers.
Graders can produce inclined surfaces and surfaces with cambered cross-sections for roads. In
some countries they are used to produce drainage ditches with shallow V-shaped cross-sections
on either side of highways.
Graders are commonly used in the construction and maintenance of dirt roads and gravel roads.
In the construction of paved roads they are used to prepare the base course to create a wide flat
surface for the asphalt to be placed on. Graders are also used to set native soil foundation pads
to finish grade prior to the construction of large buildings.
In some locales such as Northern Europe, Canada, and places in the United States, graders are
often used in municipal and residential snow removal
Manufacturers
• John Deere
• Caterpillar Inc.
 • Case
• Grove
• Komatsu
• New Holland

Tankers
USAGE
• Carrying Large Quantities of
water to remote areas
• Providing specific quantities
of water for construction
activities e.g. concreting,
compaction
• Drinking water for drought
hit areas
 Concrete pump
A concrete pump is a tool for
transferring liquid concrete by pumping.
There are two main classifications of
concrete pumps.
The first type of concrete pump is
attached to a truck. It is known as a truck-
mounted boom pump because it uses a
remote-controlled articulating robotic arm
(called a boom) to place concrete with
pinpoint accuracy. Boom pumps are used
on most of the larger construction projects
as they are capable of pumping at very
high volumes and because of the labor
saving nature of the robotic arm.
The second main type of concrete pump is
mounted on a trailer, and it is commonly
referred to as a trailer pump or line pump.
This pump requires steel or rubber
concrete placing hoses to be manually
attached to the outlet of the machine.
Those hoses are linked together and lead
to wherever the concrete needs to be placed. Trailer pumps normally pump concrete at lower
volumes than boom pumps and are used for smaller volume concrete placing applications such
as swimming pools, sidewalks, and single family home concrete slabs.
There are also skid-mounted and rail mounted concrete pumps, but these are uncommon and
only used on specialized jobsites such as mines and tunnels.