GREAT

Gas Reservoir Engineering Application Toolkit Version 1.2 SiteLark LLC

Technical Support: support@sitelark.com Website: www.sitelark.com

GREAT Gas Reservoir Engineering Application Toolkit

1. Introduction............................................................................................ 3 2. Descriptions ............................................................................................ 4 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 Decline Curves................................................................................. 4 Flash Calculation............................................................................. 4 Fluid Property Calculation ............................................................ 5 Isochronal Testing........................................................................... 5 Bottomhole Pressure Calculation .................................................. 6 Gas Pressure Transient Analysis................................................... 6 P/Z Analysis ..................................................................................... 7 Volumetric Calculation................................................................... 7 Zfactor Calculation ......................................................................... 8

2.10 Gas Reservoir Simulator ................................................................ 8 3. Examples ................................................................................................. 9 4. General Instructions ............................................................................ 17 4.1 4.2 Installation ..................................................................................... 17 Execution........................................................................................ 18

5. Troubleshooting ................................................................................... 18 6. Contact .................................................................................................. 20 7. Book References ................................................................................... 20

GREAT Gas Reservoir Engineering Application Toolkit 1. Introduction

GREAT is an Excel-based complete set of gas reservoir engineering modules e.g. p/z, Hurst-Everdingen water influx calculation, gas sampling and phase behavior, gas injection, gas deliverability prediction, single-phase gas simulator and much more. The motivation behind this tool is to empower engineers with a host of cost-effective yet useful petroleum engineering tools that are typically used to solve day-to-day reservoir engineering problems. Although very useful in its own right, there is always a need to custombuilt modules for very specific problems at hand. GREATs Excel framework and modular structure undeniably provide a foundation for further modifications. GREAT has two versions, namely, Standard and Premium. The various tools in the Standard toolkit are: 1. Decline Curves 2. Flash Calculation 3. Fluid Property Calculation 4. Isochronal Testing 5. Bottom hole Pressure Calculation 6. Gas Pressure Transient Analysis 7. P/Z Analysis 8. Volumetric Calculation 9. Zfactor Calculation In addition, the Premium version contains the following toolkit 1. Gas Reservoir Simulator

2. Descriptions
The following sections describe each of the tools in some detail. These descriptions explain the purpose and the algorithms used in the models. By reading this section users should have a better understanding of the models. Additionally, they can further read about them in the literature1-3 should they be interested to lean more about their intricacies.

2.1 Decline Curves

Three distinct decline curve methods (Exponential, Harmonic and Hyperbolic) are presented for estimating gas recoveries and performance from long term gas production data either from individual wells or entire fields. Along with the reservoir and fluid properties, the program calculates initial rate, decline rate, ultimate recovery and time to abandon. The charts depict the match of actual data points with their corresponding model values. The decline curve tool has the following features: o o o Decline curve analysis is based on Exponential, Harmonic and Hyperbolic declines. Hyperbolic decline can be matched by adjusting model parameters (b and D). Model is fit with linear regression.

2.2 Flash Calculation

In mutlicomponent flow it is often desired to check whether the mixture composition is stable i.e. whether it would persist as a single phase or split into two-phases in equilibrium. If latter is true then the compositions of each of these phases are important to know. Such situation can arise in reservoir flow or at the surface when separator output is needed as a design parameter or to meet contractual agreement (quantity of NGL and dry gas). This module calculates the fraction composition of each components in liquid and gaseous phase given the feed compositions, pressure and temperature. An Equation of State (Peng Robinson and Soave Redlich Kwong) based approach is utilized to perform the computation. In particular, under the assumption of equilibrium, fugacity of each component is equated in both phases and solution is achieved using Successive Substitution iterative method. Additionally, this module can be further used to create phase envelops (P-T diagrams). The flash calculation tool has the following features:

o o o o o

Multicomponent flash routine Stability analysis to catch stable, single-phase mixtures EOS-based (SRK and PR) fugacity computation Successive substitution method of convergence Easy to use framework

2.3 Fluid Property Calculation

As is well known, laboratory experiments are the most reliable way to calculate fluid properties. In their absence however, correlations presented in this workbook could be very useful. For dry gas, based on component properties the specific gravity is first computed. This is then used to calculate the Zfactor and Bg (Note: This module reports Zfactor for a given temperature and pressure condition. Use other module (Sec. 2.9) to calculate Zfactor for a range of pressure values ). On the other hand, the surface separator production data is also incorporated in the case of wet gas, to compute the fraction of dry gas and its corresponding mixture properties. The fluid property tool has the following features: o o o o Mixture critical temperature and pressure Molecular weight and specific gravity of gas Zfactor, Bg and viscosity of gas Wet gas property calculation based on surface separator production information

2.4 Isochronal Testing

Three of the most common deliverability testings are presented, namely, flowafter-flow, isochronal and modified isochronal testing. Since single point testing is a special case of one of these, this is not implemented separately. Based on the constant terminal rate solution of pseudopressure based homogeneous, isotropic, radial flow diffusivity equation, various methods fit models to observed production and pressure data. The methods differ in the representation of pressure drop and rate relationship via various model parameters. Linear regression is used to compute these model parameters which are then used to predict AOF (for various estimation of static reservoir pressure). This AOF can be used to compute IPRs and also be reported to regulatory agencies to schedule prorating. Estimation of stabilization time, permeability and skin factor are also reported. The isochronal testing tool has the following features: o Isochronal, modified isochronal and flow-after-flow tests with charts

o Rawlins-Schellhardt and Houpeurt analysis techniques o Brar-Aziz and Stabilized-C methods where stabilization point is hard to obtain o Pseudopressure based computation o Reports AOF under multiple static pressure conditions

2.5 Bottomhole Pressure Calculation

This tool computes the bottomhole static/flowing pressure given the surface pressure, temperature and gas properties. Each segments of the well (vertical or inclined) is discretized into compartments. The number of compartments is denoted by the "number of increments" input data. Starting from the surface static/flowing wellhead pressure and temperature, the algorithm iteratively calculates the pressure in each compartment. It is iterative because Zfactor and friction factor which are needed to calculate the next pressure are functions of pressure. Therefore, both these parameters and the pressure need to be determined simultaneously such that the pressure gradient equation is satisfied. Each compartment pressure is sequentially computed as described above. The final pressure is the static/flowing bottomhole pressure for this well. The bottomhole pressure calculation tool has the following features: o Incremental pressure (static and flowing) calculation based on surface P and T o IPR based on the reservoir properties o VLP computation for varying tubing sizes o Wells can have multiple segments of varying lengths and inclinations

2.6 Gas Pressure Transient Analysis

Over the years, starting from the Ei-function solution of radial, single-phase diffusivity equation for homogeneous reservoirs, analysis techniques have been developed to analyze drawdown and buildup test results. This module implements three such techniques with special consideration to gas well testing. First, drawdown testing methodology is implemented where based on rate and pressure response both skin and permeability can be estimated. Second, methodology to estimate non-darcy flow coefficient based on pressure response of a single yet high rate is incorporated. This iterative technique calculates the composite skin and then reports the individual components, non-darcy skin and darcy skin. Finally, a buildup test analysis procedure is also implemented. Here, the actual pressure vs time data is regressed to obtain a straight line which is subsequently used to compute permeability and skin. All calculations are done based on adjusted pressure i.e. modified pseudopressures.

The bottomhole pressure calculation tool has the following features: o Multirate drawdown test, single high constant rate drawdown for non-darcy flow and buildup test with prior constant rate production o Linear regression to fit straight lines to measured data o Estimate skin, permeability and non-darcy coefficient o User control to ignore points for linear regression

2.7 P/Z Analysis

In a gas reservoir with water influx the pressure behavior is affected by both gas and water production and water influx. A typical P/Z straight line approximation is no longer valid. Eye-balling raw data and fitting a line to account for the water influx may also lead to erroneous in-place numbers, in some cases significantly. This module solves the problem numerically. The problem is framed such that for every time-step the gas material balance equation is iteratively solved with water influx equation. A Newton's method is employed for better convergence. P/Z are calculated and automatically plotted against observed values. In practice, however, the first approximation of inputs might not give a good match of P/Z. Appropriate inputs (e.g. in-place gas, aquifer size and shape) can be manually changed to obtain a good match and thereby converge to a meaningful and accurate value of OGIP and aquifer geometry. For geopressured reservoirs normal OGIP computation is supplemented by two other methods (geopress I and geopress II). I is where formation compressibility is known and II is where formation compressibility is calculated as part of the analysis. The P/Z analysis tool has the following features: o o o o o o o P/Z calculation Water influx calculation Comparison to actual production data Iteration between gas MB and water influx Geopressured reservoirs Newton's Method for Faster Convergence Output Numerical and Graphical Format

2.8 Volumetric Calculation

For dry gas, volumetric algorithm calculates the volume at initial conditions. For wet gas and gas condensate cases, the initial productions at separator

conditions are also required. At most, three stage separators can be used. Based on the data, dry gas fraction at reservoir conditions can be estimated. Subsequently, the algorithm computes the recoveries at various abandonment pressure conditions. Similar approach is taken for water drive reservoirs where vertical sweep efficiency and residual gas saturation are additionally required. Output section presents the OGIP of dry gas or additionally condensate volumes. The volumetric calculation tool has the following features: o In-place volumes of dry gas and condensate o Depletion and water drive reservoirs can be modeled

2.9 Zfactor Calculation

Based on the chosen EOS ("Z-Calc-EOS"), gas Zfactor of the mixture is calculated by solving the appropriate cubic equation. This is done for each of the pressure points. Both Zfactor and Bg are reported as a function of pressure. On the other hand, "Z-Calc-Grav" calculates the same properties using correlations. The Zfactor calculation tool has the following features: o Bg calculation o Zfactor calculation o Viscosity calculation

2.10 Gas Reservoir Simulator

Bulk of the reservoir software available in the market caters broadly to two groups of users. On one hand, well testing software helps analysts to determine the type of the reservoir (single or double porosity), type of boundaries (faults, aquifers etc.), reservoir and wellbore properties etc. However, this is typically achieved in a constant rate or bottomhole pressure situation and within a reservoir with homogeneous properties. On the other hand, there are full-blown reservoir simulators that can handle any level of sophistication in terms of type of fluids, reservoir heterogeneity, wellbore and surface constraints, drive and phase behavior mechanisms. Unfortunately, not only these products are expensive, but they also demand a high level of expertise to run them. Moreover, in many instances the simulator seems to be an overkill. The gas reservoir simulator is strategically placed to bridge this gap. It provides a means to solve practical problems, especially when near wellbore flow potential has to be resolved.

Single phase gas diffusivity PDE is solved in two dimensions. Control Volume Finite Element method is utilized to discretize the partial Differential Equation (PDE). The difference equations are linearized using Newtons method. Reservoir properties (permeability, porosity and initial pressure) can be prescribed to be spatially varying. Well boundary conditions can be imposed as either constant rate or pressure. However, constant rate wells will be automatically switched to constant pressure when it hits the pressure constraint (maximum or minimum). Moreover, well recurrent data can be input to account for varying production history and attributes of wells. The pressure and rate histories of each well in the simulation model are reported. The gas reservoir simulator tool has the following features: o o o o o o Single phase gas reservoir simulator Spatially variable properties on a fixed grid Fully implicit and CVFE formulation Impose variable rate conditions using "Flush Well Recurrent Data" button Output well rates and pressures Easy to use framework

3. Examples
The value of a gas asset will typically be gauged by the following reservoir related questions: a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. What are the properties of my gas? What is the quality of my produced stream? How big is my reservoir? Do I have water influx? What are the properties of my reservoir? How much can I produce from a typical well? How long can I produce from my asset? Can I integrate all available knowledge of fluid and reservoir properties and determine the longer term productivity potential of my wells in the presence of offset wells?

Following exercises show how the different toolkits within GREAT can be used to systematically answer the above questions. What are the properties of my gas? Following figure shows a typical gas composition measured from a produced stream. The respective critical temperature, pressure and molecular weights are also listed. Common pure component properties can easily be found from literature.

Component Name N2 CO2 H2S CH4 C2H6 C3H8 i-C4H10 n-C4H10 i-C5H12 n-C5H12 C6H14 C7+

Liq Mole Fraction 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Vap Mole Fraction 0.0236 0.0164 0.1841 0.77 0.0042 0.0005 0.0003 0.0003 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0003

Molecular Weight 28.013 44.01 34.08 16.043 30.07 44.097 58.123 58.123 72.15 72.15 86.177 114.231

Crit Temp R Crit Press psia 227.16 547.58 672.35 343 549.59 665.73 734.13 765.29 828.77 845.47 913.27 493.1 1071 1306 666.4 706.5 616 527.9 550.6 490.4 488.6 436.9

Figure 1. Component mole fractions and properties

The fluid property module (FluidProp.xls) was then utilized to compute the mixture (gas) properties, Zfactor, Bg and viscosity at 2000 psia and 200 F. The results are shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2. Output from GREAT (FluidProp.xls)

Often times it is desired to get the properties (Zfactor, Bg, viscosity etc.) as a function of pressure. This is typically true to create input PVT data sets for simulation. In such an occasion it is beneficial to utilize the Zfactor.xls toolkit of GREAT. This toolkit can calculate these properties both from correlations and gas specific gravity (when compositions are not available) or from EOS based computations. Following table exhibits a typical output of this toolkit.

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Figure 3. GREAT output showing gas properties as a function of pressure

What is the quality of my produced stream? Related to gas properties it is often desirable to know if the produced stream would split into liquid and gas at separator pressure and temperature conditions. Given the feed compositions and the properties of the components, Flash.xls can be used to compute the liquid and vapor mole fractions, if the feed stream splits into two phases. Also, the fraction of each component in liquid and vapor can also be computed. Alternatively, this tool can also be used to generate P-T diagrams to understand the reservoir fluid conditions during a recovery path (pressure decline). How big is my reservoir and do I have water influx? These two questions are better answered in conjunction with each other. The pzCalc.xls toolkit can be used to determine the in-place gas based on production data and fluid properties. The algorithm incorporates effects of water influx as well. The size of the aquifer can be adjusted to obtain a desirable match. Figure 4 shows an example match of model to observed pressure and production data.

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5150

5100

5050

5000

4950 P/Z

P/Z (Obs) P/Z (Calc)

4900

4850

4800

4750

4700 0 5 10 Gp (Bcf) 15 20 25

Figure 4. P/Z match of observed data points to model as a function of cumulative production

Furthermore, two additional algorithms are included for geopressured reservoirs. These algorithms provide means to control number of points to choose to fit a straight line. This manual adjustment of selection of points improves matching model to data. Volumetreic.xls can be used to compute the gas in place based on volumetric assumptions. In case of wet-gas, based on additional information of initial production at the surface, fraction of dry gas in the reservoir can also be calculated. Additionally, if volumetric sweep efficiency is known, then recovery factor in the presence of water influx can also be obtained. Following is a typical output of Volumetreic.xls:
Original Condensate in Place (MMSTB)

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Original Gas in Place (Bcf) Dry Gas Reserves 4.339 5.661 6.096 6.526 6.952 7.371 7.579 8.192 8.592 8.986 9.372 9.752 10.124

10.488

Abandonment Pressure (psia) 1500 1200 1100 1000 900 800 750 600 500 400 300 200 100

Original Gas in Place (Bcf) Dry Gas with Water Influx Reserves 7.619 8.236 8.439 8.639 8.838 9.034 9.130 9.417 9.604 9.787 9.968 10.144 10.318

10.488

Original Gas in Place (Bcf) Wet Gas

10.354

0.173

Recovery Factor 0.414 0.540 0.581 0.622 0.663 0.703 0.723 0.781 0.819 0.857 0.894 0.930 0.965

Recovery Factor 0.726 0.785 0.805 0.824 0.843 0.861 0.871 0.898 0.916 0.933 0.950 0.967 0.984

Gas Reserves 7.485 8.102 8.305 8.506 8.704 8.900 8.997 9.283 9.470 9.653 9.834 10.011 10.184

Recovery Factor 0.726 0.785 0.805 0.824 0.843 0.861 0.871 0.898 0.916 0.933 0.950 0.967 0.984

Figure 5. GREAT output showing recovery factors as a function of abandonment pressures and OGIP

What are the properties of my reservoir? PTransient.xls toolkit provides three different ways to estimate properties of reservoir (permeability, skin and non-Darcy flow coefficients), namely, multi-rate drawdown, 12

single, high constant rate drawdown for non-Darcy coefficient and constant rate buildup test. Depending upon the well management decisions (whether shut-in is feasible), one or the other type of information is usually available. The algorithm calculates the composite skin and reports the true skin as well.
Time (hrs) 0 0.01 0.0149 0.0221 0.0329 0.0489 0.0728 0.108 0.161 0.24 0.356 0.53 0.788 1.17 1.74 2.59 3.86 5.74 8.53 12.7 18.9 28.1 41.8 62.1 92.4 137 204 304 452 672 1000 Pwf (psia) 6287.1 6296.6 6301.1 6307.8 6317.7 6332.1 6353.1 6383.5 6427.1 6488.6 6573.6 6687.9 6834.7 7011.8 7208.3 7405.9 7586 7738.7 7864.9 7971.4 8065.6 8153.2 8234.4 8313.4 8389.6 8463.7 8534.9 8602.9 8666.6 8725.3 8777.6 Q (MSCF/D) PlotY Function 4,855.98 4,855.98 4,865.77 4,870.40 4,877.31 4,887.51 4,902.35 4,923.98 4,955.30 5,000.21 5,063.54 5,151.02 5,268.59 5,419.43 5,601.16 5,802.44 6,004.42 6,188.12 6,343.56 6,471.80 6,579.86 6,675.31 6,763.96 6,846.05 6,925.82 7,002.67 7,077.34 7,149.00 7,217.37 7,281.36 7,340.28 PlotX Function 200,001.00 134,229.19 90,498.74 60,791.27 40,900.80 27,473.53 18,519.52 12,423.36 8,334.33 5,618.98 3,774.58 2,539.07 1,710.40 1,150.43 773.20 519.13 349.43 235.47 158.48 106.82 72.17 48.85 33.21 22.65 15.60 10.80 7.58 5.42 3.98 3.00

Properties Permeability (mD) Composite Skin Non-Darcy Coeff (D/MSCF) True Skin

0.030 -0.468 0.000E+00

Figure 6. GREAT input and output for the pressure transient toolkit, reporting skin and non-darcy flow information

How long can I produce from my asset? Regulatory obligations mandate AOF reporting by operators. Isochronal.xls toolkit provides three distinct algorithms, namely, Isochronal, modified Isochronal and flow after flow tests. These methods, based on the test information (time, pressure and rate), compute AOF as a function of static drainage pressures. Algorithms like Brar and Aziz and Stabilized C methods are more useful when either stabilized point is not available or it is not practical to get stabilized data because of very high stabilization time. Following is a typical output from this toolkit.

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R a w l i n s-S c h e l l h a r d t n (a v e r a g e ) C 0.64 4 . 3 3 E -0 4

H o u p e u rt

a
b (a v e r a g e )

8.98 E+ 0 5 1.87 E + 0 4

A O F (M M S C F / D ) 6 S t a ti c D r a i n a g e P r e ssu r e (p si a ) 350 0.00 300 0.00 250 0.00 200 0.00 150 0.00 100 0.00

23 4.19

A O F (M M S C F / D ) 6 S t a ti c D r a i n a g e P r e ssu r e (p si a ) 350 0.00 300 0.00 250 0.00 200 0.00 150 0.00 100 0.00

2 1 2 .0 6

A O F (M M S C F / D ) 18 5.61 4 15 6.72 1 12 7.34 6 9 7.91 1 6 9.05 6 4 1.72 1

A O F (M M S C F / D ) 1 7 3 .0 8 4 1 4 8 .9 2 8 1 2 3 .4 4 1 96 .729 69 .071 41 .100

Figure 7. GREAT output showing AOF as a function of pressure for two different methods

PressureInWellbore.xls is another module in the toolkit that can be used to compute static and flowing bottom hole pressures given the surface conditions. The wellbore can be approximated by several segments of any lengths and deviations. In addition, this tool can also be used to obtain Inflow Performance Curves and Vertical Lift Profiles. Figure 8 shows such an example
7000

6000

5000 IPR-1 Bottomhole Pressure (psia) IPR-2 4000 IPR-3 IPR-4 IPR-5 VLP-1 3000 VLP-2 VLP-3 VLP-4 VLP-5 2000

1000

0 0 2 4 6 8 Rate (MMSCF/D) 10 12 14 16

Figure 8. GREAT output of IPR and VLP for an example well

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Finally, to answer the question of this section, DeclineCurves.xls can be used to fit observed production data using Arps (Hyperbolic, Exponential and Harmonic declines) methods.
450.00

400.00

350.00

300.00

Rate (MSCF/D)

250.00 Actual Model 200.00

150.00

100.00

50.00

0.00 0 1000 2000 3000 Time (Days) 4000 5000 6000

Figure 9. Hyperbolic decline curve example from GREAT. Both D and b can be adjusted to fit the observed rate data

Can I simulate my reservoir? Standard version of GREAT provides all the above mentioned toolkits that among other things help determine fluid and reservoir properties, extent of the reservoir, volumes and well deliverability. Sometimes it is necessary to witness the subject well performance in the presence of other neighboring wells (interference effect) with spatially varying reservoir properties. Moreover, this model typically needs to be calibrated to historical production of the wells included in the study (history matching). This calibrated model is then utilized to forecast the performance of the gas reservoir. To provide a seamless platform to model this coupled, complex scenario of reservoir heterogeneity in the midst of multiple well productions, GREAT-Premium provides Simulator xxx.xls, a gas reservoir simulator. The simulation model can be posed by introducing all the necessary geologic, fluid and well attributes. Figure 10 shows the well input section of Gas Reservoir Simulator (GRS).

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Max Number of Wells Variable Name WellIndex

4 Well No. (1) 1 PROD-1

Max Number of Recurrent Well No. (2) 2 PROD-2

2 Well No. (3) 3 PROD-3

Current Recurrent Well No. (4) 4 INJ-1

Starting Recurrent Time

150 Well No. (9) 0 Well No. (10) 0

Well No. Well No. Well No. Well No. (6) (5) (7) (8) 0 0 0 0

Well Name 0 WellType 1.00E+05 Rate (SCF/D) X-Direction Location (ft) Y-Direction Location (ft) 333.33 933.33 1666.67 600 0 0 0 0 0 0 6.00E+04 6.00E+04 8.00E+04 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

250

250

250

450

0.25 Radius (ft) 1060 BHPMax (psi) BHPMin (psi) Skin X-Direction Ending Location (ft) Y-Direction Ending Location (ft) PI Factor Num of Completions 100 0

0.25

0.25

0.25

1060 100 0

1060 100 0

8000 100 0

0 0 0

0 0 0

0 0 0

0 0 0

0 0 0

0 0 0

333.33

933.33

1666.67

1200

250 1 1

250 1 1

250 1 1

450 1 1

0 1 1

0 1 1

0 1 1

0 1 1

0 1 1

0 1 1

Figure 10. Well input section of GRS. Notice that upto 10 wells can be simultaneously simulated

The simulator then prescribes the rates, bottomhole pressure and the well block pressure, for each of the wells (see Figure 11).

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Well No. 1 Rate (MSCF/D) Block Pressure Pressure (psia) (psia) Rate (MSCF/D)

Well No. 2 Pressure (psia) Block Pressure (psia) Rate (MSCF/D)

Well No. 3 Pressure (psia) Block Pressure (psia)

Well No. 4 Rate Pressure (MSCF/D) (psia) Block Pressure (psia)

Time (Days)

0.01 0.02 0.03 0.69 4.34 23.64 43.64 63.64 83.64 103.64 123.64 143.64 163.64 183.64 203.64 223.64 243.64 263.64 283.64 303.64 323.64 343.64 363.64 383.64 403.64 423.64 443.64 463.64

100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

5647.22 5647.22 5641.21 5569.50 5494.52 5367.88 5343.45 5266.87 5250.57 5188.13 5174.39 5118.40 5105.99 5058.52 5047.13 5006.80 4995.86 4959.91 4949.40 4916.90 4906.72 4876.39 4866.45 4837.44 4827.69 4799.94 4790.41 4763.58

5992.13 5992.13 5986.07 5913.77 5838.13 5710.44 5685.80 5608.56 5592.13 5529.29 5515.46 5459.07 5446.57 5398.75 5387.27 5346.61 5335.58 5299.33 5288.74 5255.95 5245.68 5215.08 5205.04 5175.88 5166.08 5138.20 5128.61 5101.64

60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60

5788.32 5788.32 5784.70 5741.55 5697.52 5629.78 5616.79 5574.97 5565.82 5528.45 5520.07 5483.97 5475.93 5485.51 5477.53 5484.35 5476.48 5477.85 5470.11 5466.98 5459.36 5452.67 5445.17 5435.69 5428.31 5416.69 5409.42 5395.96

5995.28 5995.28 5991.64 5948.28 5904.03 5835.93 5822.88 5780.84 5771.64 5734.09 5725.67 5689.40 5681.32 5690.94 5682.93 5689.78 5681.87 5683.25 5675.47 5672.32 5664.66 5657.94 5650.40 5640.87 5633.45 5621.77 5614.46 5600.93

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 60.00 60.00 60.00 60.00 60.00 60.00 60.00 60.00 60.00 60.00 60.00 60.00 60.00 60.00 60.00

6000.00 6000.00 6000.00 6000.00 6000.00 5999.51 5999.36 5997.82 5997.40 5994.47 5993.73 5989.25 5988.15 5605.83 5604.39 5538.33 5536.56 5486.45 5484.39 5441.34 5439.03 5399.76 5397.21 5360.54 5357.79 5323.16 5320.22 5287.17

6000.00 6000.00 6000.00 6000.00 6000.00 5999.51 5999.36 5997.82 5997.40 5994.47 5993.73 5989.25 5988.15 5811.85 5810.40 5744.03 5742.25 5691.89 5689.82 5646.55 5644.23 5604.75 5602.19 5565.38 5562.62 5527.85 5524.90 5491.71

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 80.00 80.00 80.00 80.00 80.00 80.00 80.00 80.00 80.00 80.00 80.00 80.00 80.00 80.00 80.00

6000.00 6000.00 6000.00 5999.73 5994.75 5959.89 5951.84 5915.43 5907.15 5870.44 5862.14 5825.69 5817.53 5878.77 5870.71 5876.52 5868.57 5866.79 5858.98 5853.00 5845.31 5836.25 5828.69 5817.30 5809.88 5796.77 5789.47 5774.71

6000.00 6000.00 6000.00 5999.93 5997.27 5963.59 5955.51 5915.57 5906.45 5865.49 5856.25 5816.02 5807.02 5830.88 5822.14 5821.80 5813.26 5807.26 5798.94 5789.99 5781.84 5770.52 5762.49 5749.28 5741.42 5726.87 5719.18 5703.26

Figure 11. GRS output of rates, well block pressure and bottomhole pressures for an example simulation study

4.

General Instructions

This section first describes the installation related instructions and then how to execute the different tools in the software.

4.1 Installation
There are no specific steps for installation for this package. The package comes as a Windows zip file (WinZip is readily available as a freeware from sites like www.zdnet.com). Once unzipped there are two top level directories; 1. GREATStandard and 2. GREAT-Premium, the second will appear only if the premium version of the software is purchased. Inside GREAT-Standard there are nine directories, one each for the modules as described in Section 2. Inside each of these directories are the Excel files that are pertinent to that module. For instance, inside DeclineCurves directory, DeclineCurves.xls is the driver workbook which when opened presents the module. In some directories, e.g. Flash and Zfactor, there are other sub-directories and batch files as well which for the purposes of execution (as described in the next Section) can be safely ignored. These directories are used to store intermediate files and the batch files are used to run the executables residing in the same directory. Once again, the file of interest is the Excel file. In particular, for the Flash directory it is Flash.xls and for the Zfactor directory it is the Zfactor.xls file.

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4.2 Execution
Execution of the modules is equally simple and intuitive. Each module has an introduction page (first page). This page is designed to provide three helpful sections i.e. 1. Features 2. Instructions and 3. Algorithm. Features briefly list the crucial characteristics and deliverables of the module. Instructions guide the user through the typical steps to input, execute and observe outputs. Finally, algorithm section briefly describes the numerical/analytical techniques utilized to obtain the solution. Interested users are requested to review the References (listed at the bottom of this document) for further information on algorithms and methods. In general, the WHITE cells are for input, GREY cells are for outputs from the module (do NOT enter any values here since they will be overwritten) and finally, cells of any other color are either headers or variable description. Typical steps are to enter admissible values in the WHITE cells, click on the execution button specific to the method of choice and observe the outputs, both tabular and graphical. For some algorithms, iterations are needed to converge to the solution. For instance, in pzCalc.xls, one has to perturb aquifer geometry, gas reservoir extent etc. to obtain a good match between observed and model parameters. Perhaps the most challenging of all inputs is the Gas Simulator which is part of GREATPremium. The input, execution and output parts of this module are explained in details in the next section. However, even here, first, values are entered in the WHITE cells, inputs are created by appending time dependent data and finally the program is executed to generate output.

5.

Troubleshooting

I have downloaded the zip file but where are the modules? You have to unzip the file to get either GREAT-Standard alone or with GREATPremium directories. I have unzipped the file, now what do I do? You are ready to use the tools. Lets say, you want to know the properties of the gas using correlations. You should go into the FluidProp directory and double-click on FluidProp.xls to open the Excel workbook. (Note: The assumption is you have Excel 2000 or higher on your machine.) Enter values in the WHITE cells and click on the button to obtain the results. It is that simple! I have entered values, clicked the button yet I get an Excel error message? Check the values for admissible entries. Each method expects certain types of inputs (of which some are mandatory). Perhaps either some data is missing or you have entered 18

values that are not allowed. support@sitelark.com.

In any case, please contact technical support at

I have entered the values, clicked on the execution button but cant find my output? Sometimes based on your screen resolution, you could be limited to how much you can see on the monitor screen. If both input and output do not fit into one viewing area, please scroll right and/or down to get to the output section. The tabular outputs are, in general, on the same page as the inputs. The graphical outputs, however, are presented on separate worksheets. Could you explain how to run the simulator? From the Gas-Simulator directory open the Simulator xxx.xls file (where xxx is the version number). First step is to enter the reservoir properties and then click the Write Constant Grid Prop button to propagate properties to the entire grid. It can be visualized in the GridProp worksheet. Interestingly, during the history match phase, one can come back to this page to perturb grid properties at appropriate locations. Next, the fluid and simulation option properties are entered at the respective WHITE cells. Next is to create the well data. The well data (especially during history matching) typically occurs in recurrent data sets i.e. in several intervals of time. From one interval to the next many events can happen to a well. For instance, the completions can change, rates can change, productivity can improve because of workover operations or a producer can be changed into an injector or vice versa. Additionally, wells can be put on production at a certain time1. To incorporate these changes, first click the Reset Recurrent Data button to clean all previous recurrent information and start afresh. Then enter the well information for the first recurrent time interval. After finishing data entry, click Flush Well Recurrent Data to write this section into memory. Thereafter, move on to the next recurrent interval and incrementally alter/modify the information pertinent to that particular time interval. Once again, click Flush Well Recurrent Data to write this section into memory. Repeat this until maximum number of recurrent intervals is reached. Scroll down to the section marked OUTPUTS. In Step 1, click Generate Input button to collect and parse the input information built so far into Simulator input format. In Step 2, click Simulate button to run the simulator. An MS-DOS window will surface and show several intermediate outputs of the simulation run2. At the successful completion of this simulation run, click Generate Output button. This will write the output (well rates, bottom hole flowing pressures and well block pressures) for each well. This can then be plotted for history match. Training is available at request.

Important: Remember to enter the maximum numbers of wells and recurrent time intervals at the beginning of the simulation 2 Do NOT disturb this MS-DOS window while the simulation is in progress

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6.

Contact
Mailing Address: Deepankar Biswas SiteLark LLC 5939 Smoke Glass Dallas TX 75252 Phone: 972-818-7450 (o) 469-222-5436 (cell) Email info@sitelark.com author@sitelark.com

www.sitelark.com

7.
1.

Book References
Lee, J. and R. Wattenbarger: Gas Reservoir Engineering, SPE Textbook Series Vol. 5, Second Printing, 2002. 2. Poston, S.W. and R.B. Robert: Overpressured Gas Reservoirs, Society of Petroleum Engineers, Second Printing, 2002. 3. Ertekin, T., J.H. Abou-Kassem and G.R.. King: Basic Applied Reservoir Simulation, SPE Textbook Series Vol. 7, 2001.

Note: Only some book references are listed here which could be a good starting point. There are countless other SPE paper references that can be obtained either from the books or from the SPE library and therefore, are not enumerated here.

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